PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com
The document discusses three principles for European community pharmacy: monopoly on distributing medicine, ownership of pharmacies restricted to pharmacists, and geographical distribution of pharmacies. It then examines how the political, economic, and scientific landscape has changed since these principles were established. Finally, it argues that knowledge and the ability to apply knowledge will be key to addressing modern healthcare challenges in both developing and affluent countries.
The document discusses rational use of medicines and the role of pharmacists in promoting rational use. It defines rational use of medicines according to WHO as ensuring patients receive appropriate medicines based on their clinical needs at the lowest cost. Pharmacists can promote rational use by properly managing drug stocks, dispensing medications correctly with patient education, and participating in pharmacovigilance programs. The document also outlines several other strategies to improve rational use, including developing treatment guidelines, regulating drug promotion, and educating both healthcare providers and the public.
Pharmaceutical Care of Patients with Infections | 29/03/2010NES
The document discusses the role of pharmacists in promoting prudent antibiotic use and stewardship. It covers common bacterial infections seen in primary and secondary care, highlighting appropriate first-line antibiotic choices. It also describes current problems with MRSA and C. difficile infections, and the pharmacist's role in managing and preventing the spread of these infections.
The document summarizes guidelines for providing information about diseases and prescription medicines to the public in the Netherlands. It outlines the Dutch regulatory system for pharmaceutical advertising and promotion. The guidelines were developed in response to increased disease awareness campaigns and public demand for prescription medicine information. They establish standards for balanced, complete information about diseases and technical information about prescription medicines. The guidelines apply to all parties providing such information and include conditions like not misleading the public or leading to unnecessary medical treatment. A transitional period was provided for adjusting existing information to the new guidelines.
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE,CUSTOMIZED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM ,3D PRINTING ,TELEPHARM...GOKULAKRISHNAN S
Personalized medicine aims to provide the right drug to the right patient at the right time and dose based on their genetic profile. It enables more effective and safer medicines by better matching patients to drugs and eliminating adverse reactions. Developments like 3D printing, telepharmacy, and bioelectronic devices can help deliver customized medicine. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics study how genetic factors affect individual drug responses and are important to personalized medicine.
This document discusses the emerging field of personalized or tailored medicine. It begins with an introduction to personalized medicine, defining it as tailoring medical treatments to an individual's characteristics. The document then covers the history and driving factors behind personalized medicine. It discusses the goals and benefits of personalized medicine, as well as some limitations. Potential applications discussed include pharmacogenetics, pharmacometabonomics, and cancer management. Several examples of personalized cancer treatments and diagnostics are provided. The document emphasizes that a one-size-fits-all approach to medicine is often ineffective and can cause harm, whereas personalized medicine aims to provide each patient with the right treatment.
Rational use of medicine aims to ensure patients receive appropriate medications based on their needs. Irrational use can occur when there is polypharmacy, unnecessary or incorrect medications, underuse of effective medicines, or unsafe drug use. This presentation identifies factors contributing to irrational use at the international, national, health systems, prescriber, dispensing, and patient levels. These include issues like drug promotion, regulations, infrastructure, education and adherence. Strategies to improve rational use involve educational programs for prescribers and patients, management techniques, economic approaches, and regulatory policies like essential drug lists and multi-disciplinary oversight bodies.
Quality Use of Medicines means:
• Selecting management options wisely by:
Considering the place of medicines in treating illness and maintaining health, and
recognising that there may be better ways than medicine to manage many disorders.
• Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is considered necessary so that the best available option is selected by taking into account:
- the individual
- the clinical condition
- risks and benefits
- dosage and length of treatment
- any co-existing conditions
- other therapies
- monitoring considerations
- costs for the individual, the community and the health system as a whole.
The document discusses three principles for European community pharmacy: monopoly on distributing medicine, ownership of pharmacies restricted to pharmacists, and geographical distribution of pharmacies. It then examines how the political, economic, and scientific landscape has changed since these principles were established. Finally, it argues that knowledge and the ability to apply knowledge will be key to addressing modern healthcare challenges in both developing and affluent countries.
The document discusses rational use of medicines and the role of pharmacists in promoting rational use. It defines rational use of medicines according to WHO as ensuring patients receive appropriate medicines based on their clinical needs at the lowest cost. Pharmacists can promote rational use by properly managing drug stocks, dispensing medications correctly with patient education, and participating in pharmacovigilance programs. The document also outlines several other strategies to improve rational use, including developing treatment guidelines, regulating drug promotion, and educating both healthcare providers and the public.
Pharmaceutical Care of Patients with Infections | 29/03/2010NES
The document discusses the role of pharmacists in promoting prudent antibiotic use and stewardship. It covers common bacterial infections seen in primary and secondary care, highlighting appropriate first-line antibiotic choices. It also describes current problems with MRSA and C. difficile infections, and the pharmacist's role in managing and preventing the spread of these infections.
The document summarizes guidelines for providing information about diseases and prescription medicines to the public in the Netherlands. It outlines the Dutch regulatory system for pharmaceutical advertising and promotion. The guidelines were developed in response to increased disease awareness campaigns and public demand for prescription medicine information. They establish standards for balanced, complete information about diseases and technical information about prescription medicines. The guidelines apply to all parties providing such information and include conditions like not misleading the public or leading to unnecessary medical treatment. A transitional period was provided for adjusting existing information to the new guidelines.
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE,CUSTOMIZED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM ,3D PRINTING ,TELEPHARM...GOKULAKRISHNAN S
Personalized medicine aims to provide the right drug to the right patient at the right time and dose based on their genetic profile. It enables more effective and safer medicines by better matching patients to drugs and eliminating adverse reactions. Developments like 3D printing, telepharmacy, and bioelectronic devices can help deliver customized medicine. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics study how genetic factors affect individual drug responses and are important to personalized medicine.
This document discusses the emerging field of personalized or tailored medicine. It begins with an introduction to personalized medicine, defining it as tailoring medical treatments to an individual's characteristics. The document then covers the history and driving factors behind personalized medicine. It discusses the goals and benefits of personalized medicine, as well as some limitations. Potential applications discussed include pharmacogenetics, pharmacometabonomics, and cancer management. Several examples of personalized cancer treatments and diagnostics are provided. The document emphasizes that a one-size-fits-all approach to medicine is often ineffective and can cause harm, whereas personalized medicine aims to provide each patient with the right treatment.
Rational use of medicine aims to ensure patients receive appropriate medications based on their needs. Irrational use can occur when there is polypharmacy, unnecessary or incorrect medications, underuse of effective medicines, or unsafe drug use. This presentation identifies factors contributing to irrational use at the international, national, health systems, prescriber, dispensing, and patient levels. These include issues like drug promotion, regulations, infrastructure, education and adherence. Strategies to improve rational use involve educational programs for prescribers and patients, management techniques, economic approaches, and regulatory policies like essential drug lists and multi-disciplinary oversight bodies.
Quality Use of Medicines means:
• Selecting management options wisely by:
Considering the place of medicines in treating illness and maintaining health, and
recognising that there may be better ways than medicine to manage many disorders.
• Choosing suitable medicines if a medicine is considered necessary so that the best available option is selected by taking into account:
- the individual
- the clinical condition
- risks and benefits
- dosage and length of treatment
- any co-existing conditions
- other therapies
- monitoring considerations
- costs for the individual, the community and the health system as a whole.
This document discusses promoting rational drug use in India under the National Rural Health Mission. It begins by outlining the objectives and defining the problem of irrational drug use in India. Some key points made include that India accounts for 22% of the global disease burden but only produces 2% of global drugs. It then discusses the reasons for irrational drug use, including factors related to patients, prescribers, drug regulation, and the drug supply system. Strategies presented to promote rational drug use include ensuring availability of essential drugs, access and affordability, and rational prescriptions. The challenges of implementation are also acknowledged.
Clinical pharmacist Managed Oncology Clinic In University Hospitalfathy alazhary
The document discusses the role and history of clinical pharmacists in managing oncology clinics. It describes how clinical pharmacists began in the 1960s and their role has expanded over the years. The main goals of clinical pharmacists are to assist physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy, assist medical staff, and maximize patient compliance. Oncology pharmacists play a vital role on the healthcare team by ensuring optimal medication regimens for cancer patients, educating patients, and monitoring patients for side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
This document summarizes a presentation on promoting rational use of medicines. It discusses:
1) The definition of rational drug use and the magnitude of irrational use globally. Interventions like standard treatment guidelines and educational strategies are discussed.
2) Data on inadequate diagnosis and overuse of injections in developing countries is presented.
3) Strategies to promote rational use include educational, managerial, economic and regulatory approaches. Educational strategies target both providers and consumers. Managerial strategies include essential drug lists and supervision. Economic strategies aim to remove financial incentives for irrational prescribing.
4) Studies evaluating the impact of various interventions like training, supervision, guidelines and public policies generally find a significant positive effect on rational drug use outcomes. Multi-
The Future of pharmacogenomics applications in Alberta Community PharmaciesDalia A. Hamdy
The document discusses current efforts in Alberta, Canada to implement pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in community pharmacies. A few pharmacies started offering PGx testing services in 2016. A 2018 study found that while patients are open to PGx testing, pharmacists lack confidence in counseling on genetic results and PGx education is needed in pharmacy curricula. Alberta regulatory and educational organizations are working to increase PGx implementation and awareness among pharmacists and patients. A 2020-2021 study will expand PGx services to rural areas and assess clinical outcomes to support wider adoption across Alberta pharmacies.
The document discusses Quality Use of Medicines (QUM), which aims to ensure optimal health outcomes from medication use. QUM focuses on selecting management options wisely, choosing suitable medicines appropriately, and using medicines safely and effectively. The National Medicines Policy also aims to ensure timely access to medicines, quality products, quality use, and a viable medicines industry. Key partners in achieving QUM include healthcare providers and recipients, as well as governments, industry, and educators.
This document provides an introduction to clinical pharmacy presented by Ian and Judith Coombes to students in Sri Lanka. In 3 sentences:
The presentation discusses the role of clinical pharmacy in improving patient care by identifying and resolving medication-related issues, outlines differences between healthcare systems in Australia and Sri Lanka, and emphasizes the need for pharmacists to adopt a patient-centered approach through effective communication and consultation to optimize drug therapy and prevent adverse events.
Detection, reporting and management of adverse eventsKatla Swapna
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions, classifications, detection, reporting, and management. It notes that ADRs are a major clinical problem that can cause suffering and increased healthcare costs. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reporting ADRs to improve patient safety. Pharmacists can play an important role by monitoring high-risk patients and drugs, educating on ADR reporting, and assisting in the detection and assessment of ADRs. Timely reporting of ADRs is crucial to help prevent human suffering and unnecessary costs from drug-related injuries.
The document describes Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM), a method of pharmacovigilance that involves collecting information on patient outcomes after being prescribed new medications. PEM was developed in the 1980s in the UK to address limitations of spontaneous adverse event reporting. It involves sending questionnaires to prescribers to obtain follow-up data on patients. Analysis of the data provides incidence rates of adverse events and allows detection of potential safety issues with new drugs. Modified PEM (M-PEM) expands the method to collect additional targeted safety information.
This document provides guidelines for physicians, pharmacists, nurses and medical auxiliaries on essential drugs. It includes an introduction by the Director of the World Health Organization's Essential Drugs and Other Medicines department, as well as sections on the editorial committee, contributors, preface, foreword, and use of the guide.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines. It begins by defining essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the majority of the population and should be available at all times in adequate amounts and affordable price. It then outlines the history of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, criteria for selecting essential medicines, guidelines for establishing national essential medicines programs, and advantages and disadvantages of essential medicines lists. It also summarizes recommendations from the 18th WHO Model List and 4th Essential Medicines List for Children from 2013.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Definitions and Aim, Objectives, Scopes or services of Clinical Pharmacy, Functions and Roles of Clinical Pharmacy, Qualities of Clinical Pharmacy.
Introduction to rational use of drugs and role of pharmacist in rational use...Adhin Antony Xavier
This document discusses strategies for promoting rational use of drugs in healthcare systems. It recommends establishing a national drug regulatory authority to oversee drug quality, developing treatment guidelines and an essential drug list. Healthcare professionals should be provided drug information and undergo continuing education on rational prescribing. Generic names should be used and drugs prescribed according to their intended therapeutic uses and appropriate dosages. Quality of drugs must be ensured and irrational self-medication discouraged through public education. Monitoring drug use through indicators can help evaluate prescribing practices and promote rational drug utilization.
This document discusses clinical practice guidelines for oncology treatment. It defines what guidelines are and their purpose in helping clinicians make complex treatment decisions. Guidelines should be based on systematic reviews of evidence, developed by multidisciplinary experts, and provide recommendations along with ratings of evidence quality. The document notes limitations of guidelines and the need for them to be relevant to the local healthcare system and population. It advocates for guidelines developed through a transparent process with management of conflicts of interest.
Most healthcare systems across Europe are not set up to jointly assess personalised medicines and their companion diagnostics in a holistic way. This can lead to lower reimbursement prices and slower uptake of these novel drugs. There are three main challenges: 1) current systems focus on organs and diseases rather than biological pathways, 2) payers and policymakers are skeptical of claims of increased pricing and unfamiliar evidence, and 3) systems consider drugs and diagnostics separately rather than together. To address this, companies must understand countries' assessment approaches and generate evidence to demonstrate the value of jointly assessing personalized treatments and diagnostics.
The document discusses the history and development of essential medicines. It outlines key events like the growth of new drugs post-WWII, the thalidomide tragedy of 1960, and the 1978 Alma-Ata declaration which established primary health care and inclusion of essential drugs. The WHO defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the majority of a population's health needs. Selection criteria include disease patterns, treatment facilities, and financial resources. National drug policies aim to ensure appropriate access to and use of essential medicines.
Essential drug concept and rational use of medicinesPravin Prasad
This document discusses the essential medicine concept and rational use of medicines. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the health needs of a population based on effectiveness, safety, and cost. Essential medicine lists include generic drug names, dosage forms, strengths, and indications. Irrational medicine use can lead to ineffective or unsafe treatment, increased costs and resistance. Rational use means using medicines appropriately for each patient's needs in terms of drug choice, dosage, duration, and cost. The document outlines various educational, managerial, regulatory and economic strategies to promote rational medicine use.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines and rational use of drugs. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own national lists. Educational, managerial, economic and regulatory strategies can be used to promote rational drug use and selection of cost-effective treatments. Pharmacists can play a role through drug selection, inventory control, patient education, and pharmaceutical care.
Personalized Medicine – From Theory to Practice as presented by keynote speaker Ralph Snyderman, MD; Director of the Center for Research on Prospective Health Care, James B. Duke Professor of Medicine, Chancellor Emeritus, Duke University
Concept of essential medicines and rational use of medicinesVivek Nayak
This document discusses essential medicines and rational drug use. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population based on efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a model list of essential medicines that is divided into core and complementary items. Rational drug use means using the appropriate medicine at the right dose for the correct duration. Promoting rational use involves training, continuing education, and formulary guidance. Irrational use increases costs and harms patients.
Ppt for staff training on biomedical waste mgmtMukhit Kazi
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated from medical facilities that can be hazardous to humans and the environment. The rules for handling biomedical waste in India are outlined, which require proper sorting, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of wastes. Biomedical waste must be categorized and disposed of appropriately to avoid health risks like infections, injuries, and transmission of diseases. The document emphasizes the need for waste management plans in medical facilities to safely dispose of biomedical waste.
This document provides an overview of Immuno-Polymerase chain reaction (Immuno-PCR or IPCR). Immuno-PCR combines antigen-antibody binding with PCR amplification to detect antigens. It was developed in 1992 by Sano, Smith, and Cantor. Immuno-PCR attaches a marker DNA molecule to an antigen-antibody complex, then amplifies the attached DNA via PCR. This provides ultrasensitive detection, with 10-1000 times greater sensitivity than ELISA. Key steps involve immobilizing antibodies, adding the sample, adding a second antibody coupled to DNA, amplifying the DNA, and detecting the amplified DNA product. Benefits include improved sensitivity for detecting low antigen quantities and applications in disease diagnosis
This document discusses promoting rational drug use in India under the National Rural Health Mission. It begins by outlining the objectives and defining the problem of irrational drug use in India. Some key points made include that India accounts for 22% of the global disease burden but only produces 2% of global drugs. It then discusses the reasons for irrational drug use, including factors related to patients, prescribers, drug regulation, and the drug supply system. Strategies presented to promote rational drug use include ensuring availability of essential drugs, access and affordability, and rational prescriptions. The challenges of implementation are also acknowledged.
Clinical pharmacist Managed Oncology Clinic In University Hospitalfathy alazhary
The document discusses the role and history of clinical pharmacists in managing oncology clinics. It describes how clinical pharmacists began in the 1960s and their role has expanded over the years. The main goals of clinical pharmacists are to assist physicians in prescribing and monitoring drug therapy, assist medical staff, and maximize patient compliance. Oncology pharmacists play a vital role on the healthcare team by ensuring optimal medication regimens for cancer patients, educating patients, and monitoring patients for side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
This document summarizes a presentation on promoting rational use of medicines. It discusses:
1) The definition of rational drug use and the magnitude of irrational use globally. Interventions like standard treatment guidelines and educational strategies are discussed.
2) Data on inadequate diagnosis and overuse of injections in developing countries is presented.
3) Strategies to promote rational use include educational, managerial, economic and regulatory approaches. Educational strategies target both providers and consumers. Managerial strategies include essential drug lists and supervision. Economic strategies aim to remove financial incentives for irrational prescribing.
4) Studies evaluating the impact of various interventions like training, supervision, guidelines and public policies generally find a significant positive effect on rational drug use outcomes. Multi-
The Future of pharmacogenomics applications in Alberta Community PharmaciesDalia A. Hamdy
The document discusses current efforts in Alberta, Canada to implement pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in community pharmacies. A few pharmacies started offering PGx testing services in 2016. A 2018 study found that while patients are open to PGx testing, pharmacists lack confidence in counseling on genetic results and PGx education is needed in pharmacy curricula. Alberta regulatory and educational organizations are working to increase PGx implementation and awareness among pharmacists and patients. A 2020-2021 study will expand PGx services to rural areas and assess clinical outcomes to support wider adoption across Alberta pharmacies.
The document discusses Quality Use of Medicines (QUM), which aims to ensure optimal health outcomes from medication use. QUM focuses on selecting management options wisely, choosing suitable medicines appropriately, and using medicines safely and effectively. The National Medicines Policy also aims to ensure timely access to medicines, quality products, quality use, and a viable medicines industry. Key partners in achieving QUM include healthcare providers and recipients, as well as governments, industry, and educators.
This document provides an introduction to clinical pharmacy presented by Ian and Judith Coombes to students in Sri Lanka. In 3 sentences:
The presentation discusses the role of clinical pharmacy in improving patient care by identifying and resolving medication-related issues, outlines differences between healthcare systems in Australia and Sri Lanka, and emphasizes the need for pharmacists to adopt a patient-centered approach through effective communication and consultation to optimize drug therapy and prevent adverse events.
Detection, reporting and management of adverse eventsKatla Swapna
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions, classifications, detection, reporting, and management. It notes that ADRs are a major clinical problem that can cause suffering and increased healthcare costs. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring and reporting ADRs to improve patient safety. Pharmacists can play an important role by monitoring high-risk patients and drugs, educating on ADR reporting, and assisting in the detection and assessment of ADRs. Timely reporting of ADRs is crucial to help prevent human suffering and unnecessary costs from drug-related injuries.
The document describes Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM), a method of pharmacovigilance that involves collecting information on patient outcomes after being prescribed new medications. PEM was developed in the 1980s in the UK to address limitations of spontaneous adverse event reporting. It involves sending questionnaires to prescribers to obtain follow-up data on patients. Analysis of the data provides incidence rates of adverse events and allows detection of potential safety issues with new drugs. Modified PEM (M-PEM) expands the method to collect additional targeted safety information.
This document provides guidelines for physicians, pharmacists, nurses and medical auxiliaries on essential drugs. It includes an introduction by the Director of the World Health Organization's Essential Drugs and Other Medicines department, as well as sections on the editorial committee, contributors, preface, foreword, and use of the guide.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines. It begins by defining essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the majority of the population and should be available at all times in adequate amounts and affordable price. It then outlines the history of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, criteria for selecting essential medicines, guidelines for establishing national essential medicines programs, and advantages and disadvantages of essential medicines lists. It also summarizes recommendations from the 18th WHO Model List and 4th Essential Medicines List for Children from 2013.
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Definitions and Aim, Objectives, Scopes or services of Clinical Pharmacy, Functions and Roles of Clinical Pharmacy, Qualities of Clinical Pharmacy.
Introduction to rational use of drugs and role of pharmacist in rational use...Adhin Antony Xavier
This document discusses strategies for promoting rational use of drugs in healthcare systems. It recommends establishing a national drug regulatory authority to oversee drug quality, developing treatment guidelines and an essential drug list. Healthcare professionals should be provided drug information and undergo continuing education on rational prescribing. Generic names should be used and drugs prescribed according to their intended therapeutic uses and appropriate dosages. Quality of drugs must be ensured and irrational self-medication discouraged through public education. Monitoring drug use through indicators can help evaluate prescribing practices and promote rational drug utilization.
This document discusses clinical practice guidelines for oncology treatment. It defines what guidelines are and their purpose in helping clinicians make complex treatment decisions. Guidelines should be based on systematic reviews of evidence, developed by multidisciplinary experts, and provide recommendations along with ratings of evidence quality. The document notes limitations of guidelines and the need for them to be relevant to the local healthcare system and population. It advocates for guidelines developed through a transparent process with management of conflicts of interest.
Most healthcare systems across Europe are not set up to jointly assess personalised medicines and their companion diagnostics in a holistic way. This can lead to lower reimbursement prices and slower uptake of these novel drugs. There are three main challenges: 1) current systems focus on organs and diseases rather than biological pathways, 2) payers and policymakers are skeptical of claims of increased pricing and unfamiliar evidence, and 3) systems consider drugs and diagnostics separately rather than together. To address this, companies must understand countries' assessment approaches and generate evidence to demonstrate the value of jointly assessing personalized treatments and diagnostics.
The document discusses the history and development of essential medicines. It outlines key events like the growth of new drugs post-WWII, the thalidomide tragedy of 1960, and the 1978 Alma-Ata declaration which established primary health care and inclusion of essential drugs. The WHO defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the majority of a population's health needs. Selection criteria include disease patterns, treatment facilities, and financial resources. National drug policies aim to ensure appropriate access to and use of essential medicines.
Essential drug concept and rational use of medicinesPravin Prasad
This document discusses the essential medicine concept and rational use of medicines. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the health needs of a population based on effectiveness, safety, and cost. Essential medicine lists include generic drug names, dosage forms, strengths, and indications. Irrational medicine use can lead to ineffective or unsafe treatment, increased costs and resistance. Rational use means using medicines appropriately for each patient's needs in terms of drug choice, dosage, duration, and cost. The document outlines various educational, managerial, regulatory and economic strategies to promote rational medicine use.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines and rational use of drugs. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own national lists. Educational, managerial, economic and regulatory strategies can be used to promote rational drug use and selection of cost-effective treatments. Pharmacists can play a role through drug selection, inventory control, patient education, and pharmaceutical care.
Personalized Medicine – From Theory to Practice as presented by keynote speaker Ralph Snyderman, MD; Director of the Center for Research on Prospective Health Care, James B. Duke Professor of Medicine, Chancellor Emeritus, Duke University
Concept of essential medicines and rational use of medicinesVivek Nayak
This document discusses essential medicines and rational drug use. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population based on efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a model list of essential medicines that is divided into core and complementary items. Rational drug use means using the appropriate medicine at the right dose for the correct duration. Promoting rational use involves training, continuing education, and formulary guidance. Irrational use increases costs and harms patients.
Ppt for staff training on biomedical waste mgmtMukhit Kazi
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated from medical facilities that can be hazardous to humans and the environment. The rules for handling biomedical waste in India are outlined, which require proper sorting, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of wastes. Biomedical waste must be categorized and disposed of appropriately to avoid health risks like infections, injuries, and transmission of diseases. The document emphasizes the need for waste management plans in medical facilities to safely dispose of biomedical waste.
This document provides an overview of Immuno-Polymerase chain reaction (Immuno-PCR or IPCR). Immuno-PCR combines antigen-antibody binding with PCR amplification to detect antigens. It was developed in 1992 by Sano, Smith, and Cantor. Immuno-PCR attaches a marker DNA molecule to an antigen-antibody complex, then amplifies the attached DNA via PCR. This provides ultrasensitive detection, with 10-1000 times greater sensitivity than ELISA. Key steps involve immobilizing antibodies, adding the sample, adding a second antibody coupled to DNA, amplifying the DNA, and detecting the amplified DNA product. Benefits include improved sensitivity for detecting low antigen quantities and applications in disease diagnosis
Carcinoma of the endometrium is one of the most common gynecological cancers, especially in postmenopausal white women. There is no effective screening program. Risk factors include estrogen exposure, obesity, and nulliparity. Symptoms include postmenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy. Treatment depends on staging and includes surgery with radiation or chemotherapy for advanced cases. Prognosis depends on staging, histology, and treatment received.
This lecture discusses how the immune system responds to tumors and how tumors evade the immune system. It covers various types of tumor antigens recognized by the immune system, including products of mutated genes, overexpressed proteins, and oncofetal antigens. The immune system mounts cellular and humoral responses against tumors through cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and antibodies. However, tumors have developed mechanisms to evade the immune system, such as antigen loss, lack of costimulation, immunosuppression, and inducing T cell apoptosis. Understanding the immune response and evasion is crucial for developing immunotherapies against cancer.
Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response. Iryna Nováková
The document summarizes the basic principles of humoral and cellular immunity. It describes the three lines of defense of the immune system - anatomical, inflammatory, and adaptive. The adaptive immune response involves both humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells, as well as cellular immunity mediated by T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. The key steps of antigen processing, presentation to T cells, and activation of both B cells and T cells are outlined. The roles of cytokines, interferons, complement proteins, and memory cells in the immune response are also summarized.
The document discusses research into controlling inflammatory and immune responses through proteins like STAT 3 and GR. It also discusses the potential medical applications of studying the genetics of sea urchins, which share over 7,000 genes with humans. Researchers hope to better understand transcription factors and how genetic expression is regulated in order to develop new treatments for diseases. Studying other species like sea urchins and sponges that can return cells to a stem cell state may also provide insights into how humans can fight diseases through genetic manipulation and therapy.
Immuno-PCR (IPCR) is a highly sensitive method for detecting antigens that combines immunoassay and PCR. It works by attaching a marker DNA molecule to an antigen-antibody complex. A segment of the marker DNA is then amplified via PCR, demonstrating the presence of the antigen. IPCR provides dramatically improved sensitivity over ELISA, allowing detection of highly diluted samples. It also allows for quantification and uses reduced volumes and quantities of reagents while maintaining specificity. IPCR has applications in biological and medical sciences such as diagnoses, microbial detection, and measuring low levels of proteins.
Anticancer drugs work by killing cancer cells or modifying their growth. Most were discovered between 1950-1970 after nitrogen mustard was first used in the 1940s. Cancer treatment includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. The aims of cancer therapy are to cure or prolong remission, provide palliation, or use adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery/radiotherapy. Anticancer agents are classified as cytotoxic drugs, targeted drugs, or hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs include alkylating agents, platinum agents, antimetabolites, microtubule damaging agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, and antibiotics. They work by various mechanisms such as cross-linking DNA, inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis, or interfering with microtubule
This document provides an overview of the immune response and immune system. It describes the mechanisms of innate immunity including anatomical, physiological, cellular, and inflammatory barriers that provide non-specific protection. Adaptive immunity is induced when innate immunity fails, and has antigen specificity and immunological memory. B and T lymphocytes mediate humoral and cell-mediated immunity respectively. The process of phagocytosis and antibody production are explained. Primary and secondary immune responses differ in lag period, magnitude, and antibody class. Innate and adaptive immunity cooperate to eliminate pathogens.
The document summarizes recommendations for nurse follow-up of patients on oral chemotherapy at CCH Paynesville, Specialty Services-Oncology. It provides background information on oral chemotherapy and discusses the importance of patient education and monitoring by nurses. The document recommends that nurses follow-up with patients weekly for the first month, every other week for months two and three, and monthly thereafter. It also provides tips on documenting education and monitoring side effects.
This document provides an overview of cancer terminology, statistics, risk factors, causes, diagnostic tests, staging, grading, and common treatments. It discusses who is most likely to get cancer and lists some of the most common cancer types by gender. The document outlines cancer classification systems and explains staging and grading. It details various diagnostic tests and tumor boards. Common treatments discussed include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, and targeted therapies. The document covers side effects of different treatments and ways to mitigate them. It provides examples of common cancers and their typical treatment approaches.
This document provides an overview of emerging therapies for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and the clinical trials process. There are currently several FDA-approved treatments for LGS that help reduce seizures, but there remain unmet needs. New treatments are typically medications or devices developed by pharmaceutical companies or academic centers. Clinical trials go through phases to test safety, efficacy, and side effects. Some challenges in trials for LGS include accurately counting and classifying seizure types. Careful patient selection and diagnosis are important. The document reviews examples of clinical trials and considerations for different epilepsy syndromes.
This document provides an overview of addiction and pregnancy, including:
- Rates of drug and alcohol use during pregnancy range from 12-24% and pose risks to fetal development.
- Treatment includes medication-assisted therapy with methadone or buprenorphine, which can improve outcomes compared to untreated addiction.
- Babies exposed to opioids in utero may develop neonatal abstinence syndrome requiring supportive care and sometimes pharmacological treatment.
Sunitinib for the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, Moh'd sharshirMoh'd sharshir
1) Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare tumors that arise in the pancreas and often spread to the liver. Surgery is the primary treatment but many tumors are inoperable or metastasize.
2) The study examined using the drug sunitinib to treat advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, as these tumors rely on angiogenesis facilitated by growth factors like VEGF.
3) In a phase 3 clinical trial, 171 patients were randomized to receive either sunitinib or a placebo pill daily. Sunitinib was shown to significantly extend progression-free survival compared to the placebo. Overall survival and response rates were also improved with sunitinib treatment.
Clinical pharmacy is a health science discipline in which pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes medication therapy and promotes health, and disease prevention.
Community Pharmacy.
Hospital Pharmacy.
Clinical Pharmacy.
Industrial Pharmacy.
Compounding Pharmacy.
Consulting Pharmacy.
Ambulatory Care pharmacy.
Regulatory Pharmacy.
Docetaxel plus prednisone is the standard first-line chemotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cabazitaxel is an option for second-line chemotherapy.
Other options include:
- Abiraterone acetate (CYP17 inhibitor) plus prednisone
- Enzalutamide (second-generation antiandrogen)
- Radium-223 (alpha particle-emitting radiopharmaceutical) for symptomatic bone metastases
- Investigational therapies through clinical trials
Close monitoring of response and side effects is important with any of these advanced therapies. Palliative care should also be incorporated to maximize quality of life.
This document discusses a case of a patient diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Key details include:
- The patient has signs and symptoms consistent with NHL such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Imaging and labs also confirm NHL.
- The patient's disease stage is determined using an appropriate staging system. Factors like elevated LDH and low albumin affect his prognosis.
- Goals of therapy are to maximize curability while minimizing short and long term complications.
- The recommended treatment regimen is R-CHOP chemotherapy given every 3 weeks for 6 cycles. This includes rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine,
Chair and Presenters, Sumanta Kumar Pal, MD, FASCO, Pedro C. Barata, MD, MSc, FACP, David F. McDermott, MD, and Tian Zhang, MD, MHS, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to renal cell carcinoma for this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Advancing Personalized Care in RCC: Navigating Rapid Therapeutic Expansion and Sequencing Strategies.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3uvvd5X. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until February 25, 2025.
This document discusses the nurse's responsibilities regarding safe medication administration. Nurses must know the name, use, effects, interactions and monitoring needs of any drugs they administer. They are responsible for ensuring the right patient receives the right drug by the right route at the right time with right documentation. Errors must be reported to improve safety. The nursing process of assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation should be applied to medication administration.
Anesthesia for non Obstetric Surgery in Pregnancyisakakinada
This document discusses anaesthesia considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. It notes that while no anaesthetic agents have been proven to be teratogenic in humans, surgery can increase risks of preterm labour, abortion, or perturbations in uteroplacental blood flow that could impact the fetus. It emphasizes the importance of consulting an obstetrician prior to any invasive procedures or surgery during pregnancy due to their expertise in maternal-fetal physiology. Regional anaesthesia is generally preferred over general anaesthesia when possible.
The document discusses principles of pharmacology relevant to nursing care. It covers topics like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. It also describes how the nursing process is used to administer medications safely, including assessment of the patient's drug history and monitoring the effects of treatment. Special considerations for neonatal, pediatric, and elderly patients are addressed regarding how their bodies process medications differently.
Breast cancer survivors face a variety of potential long-term side effects from their treatment. These include cardiac dysfunction from chemotherapy drugs like anthracyclines and trastuzumab, neuropathy from taxanes, bone loss from aromatase inhibitors and premature menopause, neurocognitive effects from chemotherapy, sexual dysfunction and infertility from hormonal treatments, and risk of secondary malignancies from chemotherapy drugs like anthracyclines. Careful screening and monitoring of survivors can help identify and manage these late effects to improve quality of life. Lifestyle factors like exercise and diet also impact long-term health after breast cancer.
Chair and Presenters Sumanta Kumar Pal, MD, FASCO, Prof. Laurence Albiges, MD, PhD, and David F. McDermott, MD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to renal cell carcinoma for this CME/MOC/AAPA activity titled “Leveling Up Our RCC Care Strategy: Real-World Translation of Key Evidence Across Treatment Settings.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3LtPuyF. CME/MOC/AAPA credit will be available until December 10, 2024.
Nejm journal watch practice changing articles 2014Jaime dehais
This document provides a compilation of summaries of the latest practice-changing articles from NEJM Journal Watch. It includes summaries of articles on topics such as delayed or no antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory infections, physical therapy being beneficial for knee osteoarthritis, low-dose steroids being better than high-dose for COPD exacerbations, a diagnostic algorithm for upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis, evidence that meniscal tears may not require surgery, improvements in mental health with smoking cessation, doubts cast on flu drugs by meta-analyses, the 2014 recommended childhood immunization schedule, sentinel lymph node biopsies for thin melanomas, age-specific d-dimer cutoffs for pulmonary embolism, evidence that FOD
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
Pancreatic Cancer Advances in Treatment Assignment.pdfbkbk37
This document provides information on pancreatic cancer, including a description of the disease, risk factors, signs and symptoms, assessment, staging, and treatment options. It summarizes that pancreatic cancer is difficult to diagnose early and has a poor prognosis. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the type and stage of cancer. Pain management and palliative care are also important to improve quality of life.
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This document discusses the potential for using biomarkers to enable personalized therapies for osteoarthritis (OA). It defines key terms like personalized therapies, biomarkers, phenotypes, and endotypes. The presenter argues that biomarkers could help identify the right treatment for individual OA patients by enabling prognostic and predictive enrichment in clinical trials. However, moving biomarkers from discovery to clinical validation and use involves a long process including assay development, testing biological links and hypotheses, and conducting randomized controlled trials. Several studies are highlighted that have discovered potential new biomarkers and are beginning to test biological links and hypotheses regarding how biomarkers may reflect disease processes and response to treatments.
This document discusses methadone, an opioid analgesic narcotic used for moderate to severe pain. It is metabolized by the CYP3A4 and CYP-450 enzyme systems and the P-glycoprotein efflux protein. Methadone has the potential for interactions due to its metabolism and should be used cautiously in elderly cancer patients taking multiple medications. The goal for elderly cancer patients is to reduce pain and improve quality of life using appropriate assessment tools and monitoring for side effects and comorbidities.
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PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
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Focussing on cytotoxic treatment alone is not enough
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