Sidney Farber is considered the father of modern chemotherapy. The history of chemotherapy began with early experiments using heavy metals and immunostimulants in the 1500s-1800s. Significant developments occurred during World Wars I and II, including the discovery of nitrogen mustard's ability to suppress the bone marrow and lymph nodes. In the post-war decades of the 1950s-1970s, chemotherapy drugs were developed and tested through the National Cancer Institute and Children's Cancer Group. Recent decades saw the growth of targeted therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and other novel agents, while many challenges of chemotherapy discovered by early researchers remain relevant today.
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It aims to do maximum damage to cancer cells while causing minimum damage to healthy tissue. Common goals of chemotherapy include cure, increased survival, palliation of symptoms, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. Several classes of chemotherapy drugs exist including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, antibiotics, and others. While chemotherapy can be effective, some tumors develop resistance over time requiring alternative treatment approaches.
Overview and classification of chemotherapeutic agents and theorySaurabh Gupta
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy. It discusses key figures in the development of chemotherapy like Paul Ehrlich and Sidney Farber. It describes different classes of chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitubulins, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibiotics, and their mechanisms and uses for treating various cancers. Side effects of different drug classes are also outlined.
Chemotherapy involves the use of cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer. The goals of chemotherapy are to cure cancer, improve survival rates, or relieve symptoms. Key principles of chemotherapy include: (1) using drug combinations to increase efficacy and decrease resistance, (2) treating micrometastatic disease early on, and (3) dose intensity being important for response. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery or radiation has improved survival rates for several cancers like breast cancer and osteosarcoma by targeting remaining micrometastatic disease.
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer by interfering with cancer cell replication and metabolism. There are several classes of chemotherapy drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, mitotic inhibitors, hormones and antagonists, and miscellaneous agents. Chemotherapy can be used adjuvantly after surgery or neoadjuvantly before surgery or radiation to destroy micrometastases or reduce tumor size. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, bone marrow depression, alopecia, and organ toxicity.
This document provides information about various types of anti-cancer drugs, including their mechanisms of action and common side effects. It discusses alkylating agents like nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and melphalan which work by adding alkyl groups to DNA. It also covers nitrosourea derivatives, ethyleneamine derivatives like thiotepa, alkyl sulfonates like busulfan, and triazines like dacarbazine. Common side effects of anti-cancer drugs mentioned include bone marrow suppression, anemia, hair loss, and nausea/vomiting. The document also explains how certain drugs are metabolized and strategies to reduce toxicity.
This document discusses chemotherapy for cancer treatment. It describes the main types of anticancer drugs as cytotoxic, targeted, and hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs are further broken down into categories like alkylating agents, platinum coordination compounds, antimetabolites, and microtubule damaging agents. The document also covers general principles of chemotherapy like using combination therapy to achieve total tumour cell kill and targeting actively dividing cancer cells. Adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs are explained, like bone marrow depression and immunosuppression. The goal of cancer therapy is outlined as cure, prolonging remission, or palliation depending on the cancer type and stage.
This slide have the information about chemotherapy:- the treatment of disease by means of chemicals that have a specific toxic effect upon the disease-producing microorganisms or that selectively destroy cancerous tissue.Also include the drug resistance:-Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial.
The document discusses various cancer treatment methods including surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and combination/adjuvant chemotherapy. It provides details on each method such as how surgery is used for diagnosis and removal of tumors, how different types of radiation are used in radiotherapy, and how chemotherapy works by destroying cancer cells. The document also covers natural compounds that can induce apoptosis in cancer cells, including plant extracts, flavonoids, and curcumin which suppresses prostaglandin formation through COX-2 inhibition. Nanoparticles are also discussed as a means of targeted drug delivery to cancer cells to reduce side effects.
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It aims to do maximum damage to cancer cells while causing minimum damage to healthy tissue. Common goals of chemotherapy include cure, increased survival, palliation of symptoms, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. Several classes of chemotherapy drugs exist including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, antibiotics, and others. While chemotherapy can be effective, some tumors develop resistance over time requiring alternative treatment approaches.
Overview and classification of chemotherapeutic agents and theorySaurabh Gupta
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy. It discusses key figures in the development of chemotherapy like Paul Ehrlich and Sidney Farber. It describes different classes of chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitubulins, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibiotics, and their mechanisms and uses for treating various cancers. Side effects of different drug classes are also outlined.
Chemotherapy involves the use of cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer. The goals of chemotherapy are to cure cancer, improve survival rates, or relieve symptoms. Key principles of chemotherapy include: (1) using drug combinations to increase efficacy and decrease resistance, (2) treating micrometastatic disease early on, and (3) dose intensity being important for response. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery or radiation has improved survival rates for several cancers like breast cancer and osteosarcoma by targeting remaining micrometastatic disease.
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer by interfering with cancer cell replication and metabolism. There are several classes of chemotherapy drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, mitotic inhibitors, hormones and antagonists, and miscellaneous agents. Chemotherapy can be used adjuvantly after surgery or neoadjuvantly before surgery or radiation to destroy micrometastases or reduce tumor size. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, bone marrow depression, alopecia, and organ toxicity.
This document provides information about various types of anti-cancer drugs, including their mechanisms of action and common side effects. It discusses alkylating agents like nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and melphalan which work by adding alkyl groups to DNA. It also covers nitrosourea derivatives, ethyleneamine derivatives like thiotepa, alkyl sulfonates like busulfan, and triazines like dacarbazine. Common side effects of anti-cancer drugs mentioned include bone marrow suppression, anemia, hair loss, and nausea/vomiting. The document also explains how certain drugs are metabolized and strategies to reduce toxicity.
This document discusses chemotherapy for cancer treatment. It describes the main types of anticancer drugs as cytotoxic, targeted, and hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs are further broken down into categories like alkylating agents, platinum coordination compounds, antimetabolites, and microtubule damaging agents. The document also covers general principles of chemotherapy like using combination therapy to achieve total tumour cell kill and targeting actively dividing cancer cells. Adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs are explained, like bone marrow depression and immunosuppression. The goal of cancer therapy is outlined as cure, prolonging remission, or palliation depending on the cancer type and stage.
This slide have the information about chemotherapy:- the treatment of disease by means of chemicals that have a specific toxic effect upon the disease-producing microorganisms or that selectively destroy cancerous tissue.Also include the drug resistance:-Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial.
The document discusses various cancer treatment methods including surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and combination/adjuvant chemotherapy. It provides details on each method such as how surgery is used for diagnosis and removal of tumors, how different types of radiation are used in radiotherapy, and how chemotherapy works by destroying cancer cells. The document also covers natural compounds that can induce apoptosis in cancer cells, including plant extracts, flavonoids, and curcumin which suppresses prostaglandin formation through COX-2 inhibition. Nanoparticles are also discussed as a means of targeted drug delivery to cancer cells to reduce side effects.
Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. It can be curative for some cancers like leukemias, Wilms tumor, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. The drugs work by interfering with cell division through different mechanisms and can be cell cycle specific or non-specific. Alkylating agents are a common class of chemotherapy drugs that work by transferring alkyl groups to DNA, causing cross-linkages and strand breaks to damage DNA and inhibit cell proliferation. Combination chemotherapy and intermittent dosing regimens are often used to improve outcomes.
This document provides an overview of immunotherapy for cancer. It discusses how immunotherapy works by boosting the body's natural immune response against cancer cells. The main types of immunotherapy discussed are monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and non-specific immunotherapies like cytokines and interferons. Monoclonal antibodies are engineered antibodies that target specific antigens on cancer cells, while cancer vaccines are designed to trigger an immune response against tumor antigens. Together, these immunotherapies help the immune system better recognize and destroy cancer cells.
The document provides an overview of different types of chemotherapy agents including alkylating agents, antitumor antibiotics, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors, enzymes, protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and miscellaneous agents. It describes the examples, adverse effects, mode of action, and indications for each type of agent. The goal of chemotherapy is to inhibit the replication, growth, and spread of cancer cells through the use of these targeted drugs.
These treatments includes surgeries, radiations, chemical agents, or biological therapies
A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific type of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
This document discusses immunotherapy and its use in treating cancer. It defines immunotherapy as using the immune system to treat disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. Immunotherapies can activate or suppress the immune system. The document outlines several types of immunotherapy used for cancer including monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer using modified T-cells, cytokines to aid immune responses, oncolytic viruses, cancer vaccines, and BCG vaccines for bladder cancer. Common administration methods and potential side effects are also summarized.
This document discusses various aspects of anticancer drugs and chemotherapy, including:
1. Types of chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, and their mechanisms of action and cell cycle effects.
2. Goals and principles of cancer therapy like cure, remission, combination chemotherapy, and developing resistance.
3. Toxicities of chemotherapy drugs and methods to counter them, like growth factors and protective agents.
4. Targeted therapies like monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors used to treat specific cancers.
This document summarizes various chemotherapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
1. Chemopreventative drugs like tamoxifen, aspirin, and celecoxib.
2. Alkylating agents like cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin that form covalent bonds with DNA.
3. Common side effects of chemotherapy like nausea, vomiting, infertility and ways to prevent them with antiemetic drugs.
4. Targeted therapies like imatinib, crizotinib and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit specific kinases or growth factors involved in cancer.
5. Different classes of chemotherapy like alkylators, antimetabol
Paul Ehrlich was a German scientist considered the father of chemotherapy. He developed the "magic bullet" concept of targeting drugs specifically to diseased cells without harming healthy cells. Chemotherapy involves using cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer by targeting rapidly dividing cells, though it also affects other fast-dividing normal cells causing side effects like hair loss and reduced blood cell production. There are over 100 chemotherapy drugs classified into groups like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and microtubule inhibitors that work by crosslinking DNA, blocking metabolites, or stabilizing microtubules to damage cancer cells and trigger cell death. The goals of chemotherapy include eliminating cancer, shrinking tumors, preventing spread, and relieving symptoms.
This document discusses cancer chemotherapy. It begins by providing background on the origins of chemotherapy, noting that its modern era began in 1948 with the introduction of nitrogen mustard. It then covers various classifications of chemotherapeutic drugs including their mechanisms of action and side effects. Specific drugs discussed include alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and cisplatin, antimetabolites like methotrexate and purine analogues, and hormonal drugs. The objectives and cell cycle effects of chemotherapy are also summarized.
Chemotherapy works by destroying the RNA or DNA of rapidly replicating tumor cells, preventing them from continuing to divide. It is a systemic therapy, meaning the drugs travel throughout the body. There are several types of chemotherapy drugs that work in different ways, such as alkylating agents which directly damage DNA, antimetabolites which interfere with DNA and RNA growth, and anti-tumor antibiotics which alter DNA to stop cancer cell growth and multiplication. Chemotherapy can be administered orally, intravenously, via injection, or directly into body cavities, and is often given through multiple treatments to continue reducing the number of cancer cells.
Definition
Anticancer, or antineoplastic, drugs are used to treat malignancies, or cancerous growths. Drug therapy may be used alone, or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
Purpose
Anticancer drugs are used to control the growth of cancerous cells. Cancer is commonly defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells, with loss of differentiation and commonly, with metastasis, spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs. Cancers are malignant growths. In contrast, benign growths remain encapsulated and grow within a well-defined area. Although benign tumors may be fatal if untreated, due to pressure on essential organs, as in the case of a benign brain tumor, surgery or radiation are the preferred methods of treating growths which have a well defined location. Drug therapy is used when the tumor has spread, or may spread, to all areas of the body.
Chemotherapy uses chemical agents or drugs to treat cancer by destroying malignant cells. Paul Ehrlich is considered the father of chemotherapy for discovering the first effective treatment for syphilis. Chemotherapy drugs work during different phases of the cell cycle to damage DNA and prevent cell reproduction. There are several types of chemotherapy drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anti-tumor antibiotics, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and corticosteroids. Common side effects of chemotherapy include fatigue, pain, mouth sores, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.
Anticancer Drug, also called Anti-Neoplastic drug, that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease. There are several major classes of anticancer drugs; these include Alkylating Agents, Anti-metabolites, Plant Alkaloids and Hormones.
- Chemotherapy began during WWII after observing bone marrow aplasia and lymphoid tissue dissolution in soldiers exposed to nitrogen mustard.
- Chemotherapy can be used definitively, as neoadjuvant therapy before surgery/radiation, adjuvantly after other treatments, or concurrently with radiation therapy.
- Common drugs include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, platinum compounds, taxanes, and antibiotics. They work by alkylating DNA, inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis, or interfering with microtubule formation.
- Major toxicities include bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal issues like mucositis, alopecia, and increased risk of infection. Careful patient monitoring is important during chemotherapy treatment.
This document summarizes several classes of antimetabolite drugs, including their mechanisms of action and clinical uses. It discusses antifolate drugs like methotrexate and pemetrexed, which inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and other folate-dependent enzymes. It also covers fluoropyrimidines like 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine, which interfere with thymidylate synthase during DNA synthesis. Deoxycytidine analogs such as cytarabine and gemcitabine are described as inhibiting DNA polymerase. The document concludes by discussing purine antagonists including mercaptopurine, fludarabine, and cladribine, which
This document classifies and describes various anticancer drugs, including cytotoxic drugs like alkylating agents, platinum coordination drugs like cisplatin, antimetabolites, microtubule damaging agents like vincristine and vinblastine, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibiotics, targeted drugs, hormonal drugs, and miscellaneous drugs. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and common side effects of representative drugs from each class, such as how cisplatin causes DNA cross-linking, how vinca alkaloids inhibit microtubule assembly, and how paclitaxel and docetaxel inhibit beta-tubulin.
1. The document discusses various types of chemotherapy agents used to treat cancer, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant-derived products, antibiotics, and hormones.
2. It explains the mechanisms of action of alkylating agents and antimetabolites, describing how alkylating agents transfer alkyl groups to damage DNA and how antimetabolites compete for binding sites to interfere with cell growth.
3. The document provides classifications of chemotherapy drugs and examples within each classification, including cell cycle specific and non-specific agents.
Presentation on chemotherapy and medicines.IndranilBhuyan
This document presents information on chemotherapy and medicines. It discusses the objectives of chemotherapy which include maximizing cancer cell death, curing cancer patients, controlling tumor growth, and extending life. The history of chemotherapy is outlined beginning with Paul Ehrlich in the early 1900s. The different types of chemotherapy like primary, adjuvant, neoadjuvant and concurrent are defined. The document also covers chemotherapy treatment process, advantages and disadvantages, and future perspectives like less toxic drugs and combination therapies. In conclusion, chemotherapy has advanced cancer treatment significantly though progress remains slow with continued understanding of cancer at a molecular level.
Anticancer drugs work by killing cancer cells or modifying their growth. Most were discovered between 1950-1970 after nitrogen mustard was first used in the 1940s. Cancer treatment includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. The aims of cancer therapy are to cure or prolong remission, provide palliation, or use adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery/radiotherapy. Anticancer agents are classified as cytotoxic drugs, targeted drugs, or hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs include alkylating agents, platinum agents, antimetabolites, microtubule damaging agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, and antibiotics. They work by various mechanisms such as cross-linking DNA, inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis, or interfering with microtubule
Chemotherapy uses antineoplastic drugs to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cell function and reproduction. It aims to kill cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells. Chemotherapy is used as primary treatment for advanced cancer, as an adjuvant after surgery/radiation to prevent recurrence, and to palliate metastatic disease. Drugs target specific phases of the cell cycle and can be administered via various routes at doses based on body surface area. Nurses must monitor for predictable toxic effects on normal cells.
Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. It can be curative for some cancers like leukemias, Wilms tumor, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. The drugs work by interfering with cell division through different mechanisms and can be cell cycle specific or non-specific. Alkylating agents are a common class of chemotherapy drugs that work by transferring alkyl groups to DNA, causing cross-linkages and strand breaks to damage DNA and inhibit cell proliferation. Combination chemotherapy and intermittent dosing regimens are often used to improve outcomes.
This document provides an overview of immunotherapy for cancer. It discusses how immunotherapy works by boosting the body's natural immune response against cancer cells. The main types of immunotherapy discussed are monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and non-specific immunotherapies like cytokines and interferons. Monoclonal antibodies are engineered antibodies that target specific antigens on cancer cells, while cancer vaccines are designed to trigger an immune response against tumor antigens. Together, these immunotherapies help the immune system better recognize and destroy cancer cells.
The document provides an overview of different types of chemotherapy agents including alkylating agents, antitumor antibiotics, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors, enzymes, protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and miscellaneous agents. It describes the examples, adverse effects, mode of action, and indications for each type of agent. The goal of chemotherapy is to inhibit the replication, growth, and spread of cancer cells through the use of these targeted drugs.
These treatments includes surgeries, radiations, chemical agents, or biological therapies
A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific type of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
This document discusses immunotherapy and its use in treating cancer. It defines immunotherapy as using the immune system to treat disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. Immunotherapies can activate or suppress the immune system. The document outlines several types of immunotherapy used for cancer including monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer using modified T-cells, cytokines to aid immune responses, oncolytic viruses, cancer vaccines, and BCG vaccines for bladder cancer. Common administration methods and potential side effects are also summarized.
This document discusses various aspects of anticancer drugs and chemotherapy, including:
1. Types of chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, and their mechanisms of action and cell cycle effects.
2. Goals and principles of cancer therapy like cure, remission, combination chemotherapy, and developing resistance.
3. Toxicities of chemotherapy drugs and methods to counter them, like growth factors and protective agents.
4. Targeted therapies like monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors used to treat specific cancers.
This document summarizes various chemotherapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
1. Chemopreventative drugs like tamoxifen, aspirin, and celecoxib.
2. Alkylating agents like cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin that form covalent bonds with DNA.
3. Common side effects of chemotherapy like nausea, vomiting, infertility and ways to prevent them with antiemetic drugs.
4. Targeted therapies like imatinib, crizotinib and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit specific kinases or growth factors involved in cancer.
5. Different classes of chemotherapy like alkylators, antimetabol
Paul Ehrlich was a German scientist considered the father of chemotherapy. He developed the "magic bullet" concept of targeting drugs specifically to diseased cells without harming healthy cells. Chemotherapy involves using cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer by targeting rapidly dividing cells, though it also affects other fast-dividing normal cells causing side effects like hair loss and reduced blood cell production. There are over 100 chemotherapy drugs classified into groups like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and microtubule inhibitors that work by crosslinking DNA, blocking metabolites, or stabilizing microtubules to damage cancer cells and trigger cell death. The goals of chemotherapy include eliminating cancer, shrinking tumors, preventing spread, and relieving symptoms.
This document discusses cancer chemotherapy. It begins by providing background on the origins of chemotherapy, noting that its modern era began in 1948 with the introduction of nitrogen mustard. It then covers various classifications of chemotherapeutic drugs including their mechanisms of action and side effects. Specific drugs discussed include alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and cisplatin, antimetabolites like methotrexate and purine analogues, and hormonal drugs. The objectives and cell cycle effects of chemotherapy are also summarized.
Chemotherapy works by destroying the RNA or DNA of rapidly replicating tumor cells, preventing them from continuing to divide. It is a systemic therapy, meaning the drugs travel throughout the body. There are several types of chemotherapy drugs that work in different ways, such as alkylating agents which directly damage DNA, antimetabolites which interfere with DNA and RNA growth, and anti-tumor antibiotics which alter DNA to stop cancer cell growth and multiplication. Chemotherapy can be administered orally, intravenously, via injection, or directly into body cavities, and is often given through multiple treatments to continue reducing the number of cancer cells.
Definition
Anticancer, or antineoplastic, drugs are used to treat malignancies, or cancerous growths. Drug therapy may be used alone, or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
Purpose
Anticancer drugs are used to control the growth of cancerous cells. Cancer is commonly defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells, with loss of differentiation and commonly, with metastasis, spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs. Cancers are malignant growths. In contrast, benign growths remain encapsulated and grow within a well-defined area. Although benign tumors may be fatal if untreated, due to pressure on essential organs, as in the case of a benign brain tumor, surgery or radiation are the preferred methods of treating growths which have a well defined location. Drug therapy is used when the tumor has spread, or may spread, to all areas of the body.
Chemotherapy uses chemical agents or drugs to treat cancer by destroying malignant cells. Paul Ehrlich is considered the father of chemotherapy for discovering the first effective treatment for syphilis. Chemotherapy drugs work during different phases of the cell cycle to damage DNA and prevent cell reproduction. There are several types of chemotherapy drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anti-tumor antibiotics, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and corticosteroids. Common side effects of chemotherapy include fatigue, pain, mouth sores, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.
Anticancer Drug, also called Anti-Neoplastic drug, that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease. There are several major classes of anticancer drugs; these include Alkylating Agents, Anti-metabolites, Plant Alkaloids and Hormones.
- Chemotherapy began during WWII after observing bone marrow aplasia and lymphoid tissue dissolution in soldiers exposed to nitrogen mustard.
- Chemotherapy can be used definitively, as neoadjuvant therapy before surgery/radiation, adjuvantly after other treatments, or concurrently with radiation therapy.
- Common drugs include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, platinum compounds, taxanes, and antibiotics. They work by alkylating DNA, inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis, or interfering with microtubule formation.
- Major toxicities include bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal issues like mucositis, alopecia, and increased risk of infection. Careful patient monitoring is important during chemotherapy treatment.
This document summarizes several classes of antimetabolite drugs, including their mechanisms of action and clinical uses. It discusses antifolate drugs like methotrexate and pemetrexed, which inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and other folate-dependent enzymes. It also covers fluoropyrimidines like 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine, which interfere with thymidylate synthase during DNA synthesis. Deoxycytidine analogs such as cytarabine and gemcitabine are described as inhibiting DNA polymerase. The document concludes by discussing purine antagonists including mercaptopurine, fludarabine, and cladribine, which
This document classifies and describes various anticancer drugs, including cytotoxic drugs like alkylating agents, platinum coordination drugs like cisplatin, antimetabolites, microtubule damaging agents like vincristine and vinblastine, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibiotics, targeted drugs, hormonal drugs, and miscellaneous drugs. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and common side effects of representative drugs from each class, such as how cisplatin causes DNA cross-linking, how vinca alkaloids inhibit microtubule assembly, and how paclitaxel and docetaxel inhibit beta-tubulin.
1. The document discusses various types of chemotherapy agents used to treat cancer, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant-derived products, antibiotics, and hormones.
2. It explains the mechanisms of action of alkylating agents and antimetabolites, describing how alkylating agents transfer alkyl groups to damage DNA and how antimetabolites compete for binding sites to interfere with cell growth.
3. The document provides classifications of chemotherapy drugs and examples within each classification, including cell cycle specific and non-specific agents.
Presentation on chemotherapy and medicines.IndranilBhuyan
This document presents information on chemotherapy and medicines. It discusses the objectives of chemotherapy which include maximizing cancer cell death, curing cancer patients, controlling tumor growth, and extending life. The history of chemotherapy is outlined beginning with Paul Ehrlich in the early 1900s. The different types of chemotherapy like primary, adjuvant, neoadjuvant and concurrent are defined. The document also covers chemotherapy treatment process, advantages and disadvantages, and future perspectives like less toxic drugs and combination therapies. In conclusion, chemotherapy has advanced cancer treatment significantly though progress remains slow with continued understanding of cancer at a molecular level.
Anticancer drugs work by killing cancer cells or modifying their growth. Most were discovered between 1950-1970 after nitrogen mustard was first used in the 1940s. Cancer treatment includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. The aims of cancer therapy are to cure or prolong remission, provide palliation, or use adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery/radiotherapy. Anticancer agents are classified as cytotoxic drugs, targeted drugs, or hormonal drugs. Cytotoxic drugs include alkylating agents, platinum agents, antimetabolites, microtubule damaging agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, and antibiotics. They work by various mechanisms such as cross-linking DNA, inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis, or interfering with microtubule
Chemotherapy uses antineoplastic drugs to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cell function and reproduction. It aims to kill cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells. Chemotherapy is used as primary treatment for advanced cancer, as an adjuvant after surgery/radiation to prevent recurrence, and to palliate metastatic disease. Drugs target specific phases of the cell cycle and can be administered via various routes at doses based on body surface area. Nurses must monitor for predictable toxic effects on normal cells.
The document discusses various classes of chemotherapy drugs, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and toxicities. It covers alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, and other classes. For each drug class or individual drug, it provides details on the biochemical pathway affected, examples of diseases treated, and common side effects.
The slides explain introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy and history of chemotherapy. Presented at institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Punjab.
Chemotherapy safety and handling-Thao's presentationHA VO THI
This document discusses chemotherapy safety and handling guidelines. It outlines the risks of hazardous drug exposure, engineering controls like ventilation requirements, personal protective equipment, safe storage, compounding and administration practices, decontamination procedures, medical surveillance, and future steps for improving safety in Vietnam. The key points are that chemotherapy drugs pose risks and strict protocols are needed to minimize exposure for healthcare workers handling these agents.
CANCER: A group of disease involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other part of the body.
CHEMOTHERAPY: the term chemotherapy is describe as the use of chemicals or drugs to treat cancer.
CYTOTOXIC DRUG: lysis both normal and cancer cells
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapy. It begins with an introduction to cancer classification and targeted therapy. It then discusses epidemiology, signs and symptoms, and risk factors of cancer. It describes the goals and challenges of targeted therapy development. Targets for targeted therapy include monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors that target proteins involved in cancer signaling pathways. Treatment involves administration of targeted drugs through intravenous methods. Side effects can include skin, gastrointestinal and blood problems. Limitations include cancer cells developing resistance. Present therapies also include immunotherapy and nanotechnology.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapy. It begins with an introduction to cancer classification and targeted therapy. It then discusses the epidemiology, signs and symptoms, and risk factors of cancer. It describes the goals and challenges of targeted therapy development. Targets for targeted therapy include monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors that target proteins involved in cancer signaling pathways. Treatment involves targeted drugs administered through pills or IV. Side effects and limitations of targeted therapy are also discussed. The document concludes that targeted therapies provide a more selective treatment approach compared to chemotherapy.
This document discusses targeted cancer therapy. It begins with an introduction to cancer classification and targeted therapy. It then discusses the epidemiology of cancer in India, signs and symptoms, and risk factors. It describes the goals and challenges of targeted therapy development. Targets for targeted therapy include monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors that target proteins involved in cancer signaling pathways. Treatment involves administration of targeted drugs through pills or IV. Side effects and limitations of targeted therapy are also discussed. The document concludes that targeted therapies provide more selective treatment compared to chemotherapy.
This document summarizes principles of cancer chemotherapy and immunosuppressant drugs. It discusses how chemotherapy aims to cause cytotoxic effects in cancer cells through DNA damage or inhibiting cell replication. Common side effects include vomiting, bone marrow suppression and hair loss. It also outlines mechanisms of immunosuppressants like cyclosporine, tacrolimus and sirolimus which inhibit T-cell activation and cytokine production to prevent transplant rejection. Specific adverse effects and therapeutic uses of different classes of chemotherapeutics and immunosuppressants are also summarized.
Oncology treatment of cancer: Chemotherapy.pptxRinkupatel55
it help to gain the knwoledge about the cancer treatment about the chemotherapy. in also provide the knowledge regarding criteria for the selection of chemo drug, route, dose, team, preparation of drug, and protection from the side effect of the chemotherapy during the drug prepartion & person itself.
Chemotherapy is a type of treatment to cancer patients in a way to reduce the risk of cancer and stops the severity of level
for more Visit surgicaltechie.com
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It works by damaging cells that replicate quickly, including both cancer and healthy cells, though cancer cells are less able to recover. Common drug classes include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, and antibiotics. While chemotherapy can cure cancer or prolong survival, resistance sometimes develops as cancer mutations allow cells to survive treatment. Doctors consider tumor and patient factors to determine the most appropriate treatment.
Cancer chemotherapy- General IntroductionpptxAbarna Ravi
General introduction..References from pharmacology text books
1. KD TRIPATHY-ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
2.LIPPINCOTT'S ILLUSTRATED REVIEWS -PHARMACOLOGY
Cancer chemotherapy originated from observations of mustard gas exposure during World Wars I and II. Luis Goodman and Alfred Gillmen first demonstrated anti-cancer effects of chemotherapy drugs in 1943. Currently, nearly all successful cancer chemotherapy regimens use combination chemotherapy with multiple drugs given simultaneously to achieve synergistic tumor cell kill. Chemotherapy drugs can be classified based on their mechanism of action and cell cycle specificity. Alkylating agents are commonly used chemotherapy drugs that produce reactive carbonium ions to alkylate cellular macromolecules like DNA, causing cytotoxic and radiomimetic effects on both dividing and resting cells. Individual alkylating agent drugs have different dosing schedules and are used to treat various cancer types.
This document discusses anti-cancer or neoplastic drugs and is presented by Dr. Homan. It covers topics such as the definition of cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, characteristics, types, cell cycle, carcinogenesis, diagnosis, classification of anti-cancer drugs, mechanisms of action, and toxic effects. The document provides information on various classes of anti-cancer drugs including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytotoxic antibiotics, hormones, and their mechanisms of treating cancer by affecting DNA, RNA, or microtubules.
Chemotherapy drugs are hazardous to healthy individuals. They can cause DNA changes, birth defects if exposed to fetuses or embryos, and potentially cause other cancers. Nurses and doctors administering chemotherapy take precautions like wearing protective gloves, goggles, and gowns. Chemotherapy drugs are also prepared in special ventilated areas to avoid inhalation or skin exposure. The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the proportion of actively dividing tumor cells, as cell cycle-specific drugs only work on replicating cells. Non-replicating tumor cells can survive chemotherapy and continue to grow.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for disseminated cancers. It involves using multiple drugs in cycles to target rapidly dividing cancer cells. Common drugs include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, microtubule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. Combination chemotherapy aims to maximize responses while avoiding overlapping toxicities. Doses are based on body surface area and adjusted for individual factors. Treatment intervals allow time for normal tissues to recover between cycles. Toxicities include myelosuppression, nausea/vomiting, and alopecia. Response is evaluated based on tumor shrinkage or progression.
Diploma nursing Extension student International institute of health science jinja,Uganda presenting the Antineoplastic drugs, the main objectives is
1.definition.
2.classes of Antineoplastic drugs.
3.Different types of drugs in each class.
4Different forms,dosage,indication,Adverse effects of some common Antineoplastic.
Nursing interventions in Antineoplastic drugs.
This document provides information on chemotherapy including its classifications, administration routes, settings, and common side effects. Chemotherapy is classified based on its mechanism of action and includes alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, plant alkaloids, hormones, and biological therapies. It can be administered through various routes depending on the treatment plan and is often given in cycles with rest periods in between. The setting for chemotherapy may be a hospital, clinic, or patient's home depending on factors like the drug and patient's condition. Common side effects involve the blood, gastrointestinal system, and other organs.
Biological agents are substances derived from living organisms that are used clinically for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This document discusses several types of biological agents including monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, interferons, and protein kinase inhibitors. It provides examples of specific drugs, describes their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. While biological agents demonstrate promising results in cancer treatment, their development and production is complex and costs are currently high compared to conventional chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy uses drugs to treat cancer by interfering with rapidly dividing cells. There are four main classes of chemotherapeutic agents: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant derivatives, and anti-tumor antibiotics. Alkylating agents directly damage DNA to prevent cancer cell reproduction. Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA growth. Plant derivatives stop mitosis or inhibit protein production needed for cell reproduction. Anti-tumor antibiotics interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication. While chemotherapy can be effective, it also has side effects due to its effects on normal cells. Research continues to develop new drugs and improve treatment outcomes and side effect profiles.
Biologcals basics and their uses in rheumatological disorders pptNilesh Jadhav
Biological therapies are proteins manufactured similarly to human molecules that target specific components of the immune system. They include monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins that selectively target pro-inflammatory cytokines and molecules involved in immune cell activation and maturation. This results in better control of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Examples of biological therapies approved by regulatory agencies include TNF-alpha inhibitors like infliximab and etanercept for rheumatoid arthritis, and rituximab for cancers. Biological therapies aim to modify disease courses, limit complications from conventional treatments, and provide options for treatment-refractory disease.
Chemotherapeutic Agents And an Antibiotic Amjad Afridi
This document discusses chemotherapy and antibiotics. It defines chemotherapy as the treatment of diseases, like cancer, using chemical compounds that selectively target abnormal cells. Chemotherapy drugs work by stopping cancer cell growth and reproduction. Common side effects are also discussed. The document also defines antibiotics as molecules that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. It discusses the medical and non-medical uses of antibiotics and provides an overview of how antibiotics are classified based on their producing microorganisms, activity spectrum, metabolic pathways, and chemical structures.
Mode of Action of an antibiotic on MicroorganismsAmjad Afridi
This document discusses chemotherapy and antibiotics. It defines chemotherapy as the treatment of diseases, like cancer, using chemical compounds that selectively target abnormal cells. Chemotherapy drugs work by stopping cancer cell growth and reproduction. Common side effects are also discussed. The document also defines antibiotics as molecules that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. It discusses the medical and non-medical uses of antibiotics and provides an overview of how antibiotics are classified based on their producing microorganisms, activity spectrum, metabolic pathways, and chemical structures.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Chemotherapy
1.
2. History of Chemotherapy
-Sidney Farber, a pathologist at Harvard
Medical School is regarded as the father
of modern chemotherapy.
3. History of Chemotherapy
Pre 20th Century
1. 1500s– Heavy metals are used systematically to treat
cancers; however, that effectiveness is limited and their
toxicity is great.
2. 1890s– William Coley, MD, develops and explores the use
of Coley’s tonics, the first nonspecific immunostimulants
used to treat cancer.
World War I
1. Sulfur-mustard gas is used for chemical warfare;
servicemen who are exposed to nitrogenmustard
experience bone marrow and lymphnoid suppression.
4. History of Chemotherapy
World War II
1. US Congress passes National Cancer Institute Act in 1937
(NCI)
2. Alkylating agents are recognized for their antineoplastic
effect
3. Thioguanine and mercaptopurine are developed
4.Research by NCI was started
5. Folic acid antagonists are found to be effective against
childhood acute leukemia
5. History of Chemotherapy
1950s
1. National Chemotherapy Program, developed with
congressional funding, is founded to develop and test
new chemotherapy drugs
2. Interferon was discovered
3.The Children’s Cancer Group was started- cooperative
group dedicated to finding effective treatments for
pediatric cancer.
6. History of Chemotherapy
1960s-1970s
1. Doxorubicin trial begins
2. Adjuvant chemotherapy begins to be a common cancer
treatment
1980s
1. Community Clinical Oncology Program are developed
2. Use of multimodal therapies increase
3. Research begins to investigate recombinant DNA
technology
4.Multiclonal antibodies and cytokines begin
7. History of Chemotherapy
1990s
1. New classifications of drugs are developed
2. Clinical trials of gene therapy and antiangiogenic agents begin
3. The genetic basis of cancers become an important factor in cancer
risk research
2000s
1. Scientists complete a working draft of the human genome
2. Trials involving tumor necrosis factor, angiogenic inhibitors, and
monoclonal antibodies continue
3. FDA approves imatinib, the first molecularly targeted anticancer
drug, for use against chronic myelogenous leukemia
8. History of Chemotherapy
Cancer drug development has exploded
since then into a multi-billion dollar
industry. The targeted therapy revolution
has arrived, but many of the principles and
limitations of chemotherapy discovered by
early researchers still apply.
9. WHAT IS CANCER?
Large group of malignant diseases
with some or all of the ff
characteristics:
a. Abnormal cell proliferation
b. Lack of controlled growth and
division
c. Ability to metastasize
10. WHAT IS CANCER?
-A few diseases that result
from faulty or abnormal
genetic expression caused
by changes that have
occurred in the DNA.
11. WHAT IS CANCER?
-The uncontrolled growth of
cells due to damage to DNA
(mutations) and,
ocassionally due to an
inherited propensity to
develop tumors.
12. STAGING OF CANCER
Stage I – Tumor less than 2 cm, (-)
lymph node involvement, no
detectable metastases.
Stage II – Tumor greater than 2cm but
less than 5 cm, (-) or (+) unfixed lymph
node involvement, no detectable
metastases.
13. STAGING OF CANCER
Stage III – Large tumor greater than 5 cm,
or a tumor of any size with invasion of
the skin or chest wall or (+) fixed lymph
node involvement in the clavicular area
without incidence of metastases.
Stage IV – Tumor of any size, (+) or (-)
lymph node involvement, and distant
metastases.
14. Chemotherapy
A systemic intervention used in the
treatment of certain disease
conditions
In modern-day use, refers primarily to
the use of cytotoxic agents to treat
CANCER.
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS-Used
only when disease prognosis
shows that patient would benefit from
the treatment
16. • Broadly, most chemotherapeutic drugs
work by impairing mitosis (cell division),
effectively targeting fast-dividing cells.
• In cancer, cells rapidly divide and does
not enter the resting phase because they
are unresponsive to growth-inhibitory
signals.
• Only a percentage of the cancer cells are
killed with each course of chemotherapy.
Therefore, repeated doses—or cycles of
chemotherapy must be done.
17. SITES OF ACTION OOFF CCYYTTOOTTOOXXIICC AAGGEENNTTSS
Antibiotics
Antimetabolites
S
(2-6h)
G2
(2-32h)
M
(0.5-2h)
Alkylating agents
G1
(2-¥h)
G0
Vinca alkaloids
Mitotic inhibitors
Taxoids
21. Chemotherapy may be used as
1.) Adjuvant therapy
-Refers to surgery followed by chemo- or radio
therapy to decrease the risk of cancer
recurring
2.) Neoadjuvant therapy
-First step in cancer treatment process
-It’s objective is to shrink a tumor before the
main treatment is given and bolster a
response to the main treatment
22. 3.) Chemoprevention
-Use of drugs, Vitamins, or other agents
to reduce the risk or delay the
development of cancer
4.)Myeloablation
-Decreased activity of the bone marrow,
resulting in fewer red blood cells, and
platelets
-Also called myelosuppression
23. Classification of Chemotherapy
Drugs
CYCLE-SPECIFIC
Antimetabolites
interfere with nucleic acid synthesis
Attack during S phase of cell cycle
Cytatabine, floxuridine, fluorouracil, hydroxyurea,
methotrexate, thioguanine
Enzymes
Useful only for leukemias
Asparaginase
Plant Alkaloids
Cycle-specific to M Phase
Prevent mitotic spindle formation
Vinblastine, vincristine
24. Classification of Chemotherapy
Drugs
CYCLE-NONSPECIFIC
Alkylating Agents
› Disrupt deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Carboplatin, Cisplatin,
Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Thiotepa
Antibiotics
› Bind with DNA to inhibit synthesis of
DNA and RNA
Bleomycin, doxorubicin, idarubicin,
mitomycin, mitoxantrone
25. Classification of Chemotherapy Drugs
CYTOPROTECTIVE AGENTS
Protect normal tissue by binding with metabolites
of other cytotoxic drugs
Dexrazoxane
Mesna
FOLIC ACID ANALOGS
Antidote for methotrexate toxicity
Leucovorin
26. HORMONE AND HORMONE
INHIBITORS
›Interfere with binding of normal
hormones to receptor proteins
›Manipulate hormone levels
›After hormone environment
›Usually palliative,not curative
Androgens, Antiandrogens,
Antiestrogens, Estrogens,
Gonadotropin, Progestins
28. BIOLOGICAL THERAPY
Consists mostly of the administration of biological
response modifiers
Also includes the use of immunotherapy
Biological response modifiers
› Alter the body’s response to therapy
› May cause direct cytotoxicity
Immunotherapy
› Uses drugs to enhance the body’s ability to destroy
cancer cells
› Seeks to evoke effective immune response to human
tumors by altering the way cells grow, mature, and
respond to cancer cells
› May include the administration of monoclonal
antibodies and immunomodulatory cytokines
29. Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibodies
› Specifically target tumor cells
› More recent form of biotherapy that
manipulates the body’s natural resources
instead of introducing toxic substances
that aren’t selective and can’t
differentiate between normal and
abnormal processes or cells
› Recognizes only a single unique antigen
Rituximab (Rituxan)
Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
31. Routes of Administration • Oral Route
• Subcutaneous and Intramuscular
• IV administration
IV push
IV piggy back (large volume)
• Direct Introduction
Intrathecal-Brain and spinal cord
Intrapleural
Intraperitoneal
Chemoembolization-Blocking the blood supply to
the tumor, trapping the anti cancer drug at the site
and depressing the tumor of oxygen and nutrient
Ommaya reservoir-Chemo direct to brain tumors
32. Safehandling
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Chemotherapeutic Drugs are hazardous
drugs.
a hazardous drug is defined as an agent
that presents a danger to healthcare
personnel due to its inherent toxicity.
They are carcinogenic
They are mutagenic
They are teratogenic
33. PREPARING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
• GATHERING THE EQUIPMENT
• Before preparing chemotherapeutic drugs, be sure to gather all the
necessary equipment, including:
– Patient’s medication order or record
– Prescribed drugs
– Appropriate diluent (if necessary)
– Medication labels
– Long-sleeved gown
– Chemotherapy gloves
– Face shield or goggles and face mask
– 20G needles
– Hydrophobic filter or dispensing pin
34. PREPARING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
GATHERING THE EQUIPMENT (continuation)
› Syringes with luer-lock fittings and
needles of various sizes
› IV tubing with luer-lock fittings
› 70% alcohol
› Sterile gauze pads
› Plastic bags with “hazardous drug”
labels
› Sharps disposal container
› Hazardous waste container
› Chemotherapy spill kit
35. PREPARING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
ORGANIZING DRUG PREPARATION AREAS
› Prepare chemotherapeutic drugs in well-ventilated
workspace
› Perform all drug admixing or compounding within a
Class II Biological Safety Cabinet or a “vertical”
laminar airflow hood with a HEPA filter, which is
vented to the outside
› If a Class II Biological Safety Cabinet isn’t available, it
is recommended to use a special respirator
› Have close access to a sink, alcohol pads, and gauze
pads as well as Chemotherapy hazardous waste
containers, sharps containers, and chemotherapy
spill kits
36.
37.
38. PREPARING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
ORGANIZING DRUG PREPARATION AREAS
(cont.)
–Make sure that all hazardous waste
containers are made of punctureproof,
shatterproof, leakproof plastic
–Make sure that yellow biohazard labels are
available for labeling all chemotherapy-contaminated
IV bags, tubings, filters, and
syringes
–Make sure that red sharps containers are
available for disposal of all contaminated
sharps such as needles.
39. PREPARING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
WEAR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Essential protective clothing includes a cuffed gown,
gloves, and a face shield or goggles and a face mask
Gowns should be disposable, water-resistant, and
lint-free with long sleeves, knitted cuffs, and a closed
front
Gloves should be disposable, powder-free, and made
of thick latex or thick nonlatex material
Double gloving is an option when the gloves aren’t of
the best quality
40.
41.
42. SAFETY MEASURES GENERAL MEASURES
At the local level, most health care
facilities require nurses and pharmacists
involved in the preparation and delivery
of chemotherapeutic drugs and care of
the patient with cancer.
Take care to protect staff, patients and
the environment from unnecessary
exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs.
43. SAFETY MEASURES
Make sure your facility’s protocols for
spills are available in all areas where
chemotherapeutic drugs are handled,
including patient-care areas
Refrain from eating, drinking,
smoking or applying cosmetics in the
drug-preparation area.
44.
45. SAFETY MEASURES
ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE
If a chemotherapeutic drug comes in
contact with your skin, wash the area
thoroughly with soap and water to
prevent drug absorption into the skin
If the drug comes in contact with your
eye, immediately flush the eye with
water or isotonic eyewash for at least 5
minutes, while holding the eyelid open
After an accidental exposure, notify your
supervisor immediately
46. SAFETY MEASURES
WASTE DISPOSAL
› Place all contaminated needles in the sharps
container; don’t recap needles
› Use only syringes and IV sets that have a
luer-lock fitting
› Label all chemotherapeutic drugs with a
yellow biohazard label
› Transport the prepared chemotherapeutic
drugs in a sealable plastic bag that’s
prominently labeled with a yellow
chemotherapy biohazard label
› Don’t leave the drug-preparation area while
wearing the protective gear you wore during
drug preparation
47. SAFETY MEASURES
HANDLING A
CHEMOTHERAPY SPILL
Put on protective garments, if
you aren’t already wearing
them
Isolate the area and contain the
spill with absorbent materials
from a chemotherapy spill kit
Use the disposable dustpan
and scraper to collect broken
glass or desiccant absorbing
powder
48. SAFETY MEASURES
HANDLING A CHEMOTHERAPY
SPILL (cont’n)
Carefully place the dustpan, scraper
and collected spill in a leakproof,
punctureproof, chemotherapy-designated
hazardous waste container
Prevent aerosolization of the drug at
all times
Clean the spill area with a detergent
or bleach solution
49. ADMINISTERING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
• Gathering the equipment
– Prescribed drugs
– IV access supplies
– Sterile PNSS
– IV syringes and tubings with luer lock
–Leakproof chemical waste container
–Chemotherapy gloves
–Chemotherapy spill kit
– Extravasation kit
50. ADMINISTERING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
Preventing Infiltration
Use a low-pressure infusion pump to
administer vesicants through a
peripheral vein, to decrease the risk of
extravasation
Use a central venous catheter for
continuous vesicant infusions
51. ADMINISTERING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
Guidelines in giving vesicants
Use a distal vein that allows successive
proximal venipunctures
Avoid using the hand, antecubital space,
damaged areas, or areas with
compromised circulation
Don’t probe or “fish” for veins
Place a transparent dressing over the
site
52. ADMINISTERING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
Guidelines in giving vesicants (cont’n)
Start the push delivery or the
infusion with normal saline solution
Inspect the site for swelling and
erythema
Tell the patient to report burning,
stinging, pain, pruritus, or
temperature changes near the site
After drug administration, flush the
line with 20mL of NSS
53.
54. ADMINISTERING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
Concluding Treatment
• Dispose of all used needles and contaminated
sharps in the orange sharps container
• Dispose of PPE’s in yellow chemotherapeutic
waste container
• Dispose of unused medications, considered
hazardous waste, according to your facility’s
policy
55. ADMINISTERING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
Concluding treatment (cont)
• Wash hands thoroughly
• Document the ff.
– sequence in which the drugs were administered
– site accessed, the gauge and length of the catheter, and
the number of attempts
– name, dose, and route of the administered drugs
– Type and volume of the IV solutions and adverse
reactions and nursing interventions
• According to facility policy, wear protective clothing when
handling body fluids from the patient for 48 hours after
56. MANAGING COMPLICATIONS OF
CHEMOTHERAPY
ALOPECIA
Hair loss that occurs as chemotherapeutic drugs
destroy the rapidly growing cells of hair follicles
May be minimal or severe
Occurs 2-3 weeks after treatment begins
Almost always temporary
Signs and Symptoms
Hair loss that may include eyebrows, lashes and
body hair
57. Nursing Interventions
Minimize shock and distress by warning the patient
of this possibility
Discuss with the patient why it occurs
Describe to the patient how much hair loss to expect
Emphasize to the patient the need for appropriate
head protection against sunburn
Inform the patient that new hair may be a different
texture or color
Give the patient sufficient time to decide whether to
order a wig
Inform the patient that his scalp will become sore at
times due to follicles swelling
Prevention measures
For patients with long hair, suggest cutting hair
shorter before treatment because washing and
brushing cause more hair loss
58. ANEMIA
Occurs as chemo drugs destroy healthy cells and
cancer cells
RBCs are destroyed and can’t be replaced by the bone
marrow
Signs and symptoms
Dizziness, fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath
after minimal exertion
Low hemoglobin level and hematocrit
May develop slowly over several courses of treatment
59. Nursing Interventions
Monitor hemoglobin level, hematocrit, RBC count;
report dropping values
Be prepared to administer a blood transfusion or
erythropoietin
Prevention Measures
Instruct the patient to take frequent rests, increase
his intake of iron-rich foods, and take a
multivitamin with iron as prescribed
If the patient has been prescribed a drug such as
epoetin, make sure he understands how to take the
drug and what adverse effects he should watch for
and report
60. DIARRHEA
Occurs because the rapidly dividing cells of the
intestinal mucosa are killed
Complications include weight loss, F&E
imbalance, and malnutrition
Signs and symptoms
An increase in the volume of stool compared
with the patient’s normal bowel habits
Nursing Interventions
Assess frequency, color, and consistency of stool
Encourage fluids, give IV fluids and potassium
supplements as ordered
Prevention measures
Use dietary adjustments and antidiarrheal meds
Provide good perianal skin care
61. EXTRAVASATION
The inadvertent leakage of a vesicant solution into
the surrounding tissue
Signs and Symptoms
Initial signs and symptoms may resemble those of
infiltration – blanching, pain, swelling
Symptoms possibly progressing to blisters; to skin,
muscle, tissue and fat necrosis; and to tissue
sloughing
Blood return is an INCONCLUSIVE test and
shouldn’t be used to determine if IV catheter is
correctly seated in the peripheral vein. To assess
peripheral IV placement, flush the vein with NSS
and observe site for swelling.
64. Nursing Interventions
Stop the infusion
Check your facility’s policy to determine if the IV
catheter is to be removed or left in place to infuse
corticosteroids or a specific antidote.
Notify the physician
Instill the appropriate antidote according to facility
policy. Usually, you’ll give the antidote for
extravasation either by instilling it through the
existing IV catheter or by using a 1 mL syringe to
inject small amounts subcutaneously in a circle
around the extravasated area
After the antidote has been given, remove the IV
catheter
65. Preventive measures
Verify IV line patency and
placement by flushing with normal
saline sol’n
Remember, “When in doubt, take
it out!”
Use a transparent, semi-permeable
dressing for inspection of site.
66. INFILTRATION
The inadvertent leakage of a nonvesicant solution or
medication into the surrounding tissue
Infusion-site related
Signs and symptoms
Blanching
Change in IV flow rate
Numbness and tingling in swollen area due to nerve
compression injury leading to compartment
syndrome
Swelling around IV site (the swollen area will be cool
to touch)
67. Nursing Interventions
Remove the IV catheter
Insert a new IV catheter in a different
location
Prevention Measures
Check for infiltration before, during,
and after the infusion by flushing the
vein with normal saline solution
68. LEUKOPENIA
Reduced leukocytes or WBCs
Occurs as WBCs and cancer cells are destroyed by
chemo drugs
Signs and Symptoms
Susceptibility to Infections
Neutropenia
Nursing Interventions
Watch for the nadir, the point of lowest blood cell
count
Be prepared to administer colony-stimulating
factors
Institute neutropenic precautions
69. Teach the patient and caregiver about:
Good hygiene practices
Signs and symptoms of infection
The importance of checking the patient’s
temperature regularly
How to prepare low-microbe diet
How to care for vascular access devices
Instruct the patient to avoid
Crowds
People with colds or respiratory infections
Fresh fruit
Fresh flowers
plants
70. NAUSEA and VOMITING
Can appear in 3 different patterns
Anticipatory
Acute
Delayed
71. ANTICIPATORY NAUSEA and VOMITING
Signs and Symptoms
Nausea and vomiting that’s a learned response
from prior nausea and vomiting after a dose of
chemotherapy
High anxiety levels (acts as a trigger)
Nursing Interventions
Posttreatment control of nausea and vomiting
may prevent future anticipatory episodes
Prevention measures
Pretreat the patient with lorazepam (Ativan)
at least 1 hr before arriving for treatment
Patients with overwhelming anxiety may need
IV lorazepam before chemo is administered
72. ACUTE NAUSEA and VOMITING
Signs and symptoms
Nausea and vomiting occurring within the first 24
hours of treatment
Nursing Interventions
Treat the patient with acute nausea and vomiting
with antiemetic drugs
Dexamethasone
Granisetron
Lorazepam
Metoclopramide
Ondansetron
73. DELAYED NAUSEA and VOMITING
Signs and Symtoms
Nausea or vomiting starting or continuing beyond
24 hours after chemo has begun
Nursing Interventions
The administration of serotonin antagoninsts,
corticosteroids, various antihistamines,
benzodiapines, and and metoclopramide is usually
effective in treating patients
Prevention Measures
Administer antiemetic before chemo begins
Some patients with delayed nause and vomiting are
treated with an antiemetic for 3 days or longer
74. STOMATITIS
Inflammation of the lining of the oral
mucosa
Can spread into the esophagus and
pharynx
Signs and Symptoms
Painful mouth ulcers that range from
mild to severe appearing 3 to 7 days
after certain chemotherapeutic drugs
are given
75. Nursing Intervention
Instruct the patient to perform meticulous oral
hygiene
Administer topical anesthetic mixtures as
appropriate
If pain is severe, opioid analgesics may be
prescribed until the ulcers heal
Prevention Measures
Instruct the patient to suck on ice chips while
receiving certain drugs that cause stomatitis; this
decreases the blood supply to the mouth, thus
decreasing ulcer formation
77. If an IM injection or venipuncture is necessary,
apply pressure for at least 5 minutes; apply a
pressure to the site.
Instruct the patient to
Avoid cuts and bruises
Shave with an electric razor
Avoid blowing his nose
Stay away from irritants that would trigger sneezing
Avoid using rectal thermometers
Instruct the patient to report sudden headaches
(which could indicate potentially fatal intracranial
bleeding)
78. VEIN FLARE
Occurs during infusion of an irritant into the vein
Signs and Symptoms
Bright redness possibly appearing in the vein along
with blotches or hives on the affected arm
Burning pain or aching along the vein as well as up
through the arm
Nursing Interventions
If the reaction is severe, injection of an IV steroid
may be required
If the patient complains of pain or burning during
the infusion:
› Increase the dilution of the infused medication
› Decrease the infusion rate
› Restart the IV in a different vein