This document provides information about referencing styles and guidelines. It discusses the purpose of referencing, which is to avoid plagiarism, acknowledge others' work, and validate arguments. It then describes several common referencing styles used in different academic disciplines, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and AMA styles. The document gives detailed guidelines for formatting references according to the APA style, including how to cite different publication types like books, journal articles, websites, and more.

1. Presented to
SIR TANVEER KHAN
Presented by
ZAINAB JAVED
MPhil Pharmacognosy
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

3. “Referencing is a standardized way
of acknowledging the sources of
information and ideas that have
been used in assignment and
allows
the
sources
to
be
identified”.

4. Using others images and
videos
Quoting
others words
REFER IT
Paraphrasing
other words
and ideas

6.  To
avoid plagiarism.
 To trace origin of ideas.
 To support our voice in academic
writing.
 To validate arguments.
 To acknowledge others work.

7. STYLES
DISCIPLINES
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)
Psychology, nursing, education and
other social sciences
MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION (MLA)
Literature, arts and humanities
CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE
History, information science and
journalism
AMERICAN MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION (AMA)
Health sciences
AMERICAN CHEMICAL
SOCIETY (ACS)
Chemistry
AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL
SOCIETY (AMS)
Mathematics
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS (ASCE)
Engineering

10. 
Abbreviation of
AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION.
 Set
of specific formatting
conventions.
 Origin
in 1929.

11. FORMAT

12. MARGIN:

14. FONT TYPE AND
SIZE:

16. SPACING:

18. NUMBER THE PAGES
CONSECUTIVELY STARTING WITH
PAGE 1.
 PAGE 1: TITLE PAGE
 PAGE 2: ABSTRACT
 PAGE 3: BEGINNING OF TEXT

19. References
Main Body
Abstract
Title page

20. Running head: APA FORMATTING GUIDE
PAGE HEADER
•Use “Insert Page
Header” to set this up.
•Title must be flush
left + page number
flush right.
TITLE:
•Centered.
•Includes titles, author
name and institutional
affiliation
APA Formatting Guide
Student Name
Colorado Christian University
1

23. APA uses a system of five heading levels
LEVEL OF
HEADING
1
FORMAT
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
2
Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
3
Indented, boldface, lowercase with a period.
4
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase with a
period.
5
Indented, italicized, lowercase with a period.

24.  Parenthetical
citation
 Author-date method of citation
Example 1:
When the APA style was first conceived eighty
years ago, the main purpose was to develop
standards for the publication of articles in the
fields of anthropology and psychology
(American Psychological Association, 2001).
Example 2:
According to Fox (2007), the internet has played
a significant role in the increase of plagiarism
in academia today.

25. AUTHORS
FIRST CITATION
IN TEXT
SUBSEQUENT
CITATION IN
TEXT
PARENTHETICAL
FORMAT, FIRST
CITATION IN TEXT
PARENTHETICAL FORMAT,
SUBSEQUENT CITATION IN TEXT
One author
Morse (1996)
Morse (1996)
(Morse, 1996)
(Morse, 1996)
Two authors
Ringsven and
Bond (1996)
Ringsven and
Bond (1996)
(Ringsven &
Bond, 1996)
(Ringsven & Bond, 1996)
Three to five
authors
Johnson,
Brunn and
Platt (2002)
Johnson et al.
(2002)
(Johnson,
Brunn, & Platt,
2002)
(Johnson et al., 2002)
Six or more
authors
Arpin et al.
(2001)
Arpin et al.
(2001)
(Arpin et al.,
2001)
(Arpin et al., 2001)
Group
(identified
abbreviation) as
authors
Centers for
Disease
Control and
Prevention
(CDC, 2009)
CDC (2009)
(Centers for
Disease
Control and
Prevention
[CDC], 2009)
(CDC, 2009)
Group (no
abbreviation) as
authors
The Michener
Institute
(2002)
The Michener
Institute
(2002)
(The Michener (The Michener Institute,
Institute, 2002) 2002)

26. 
A similar study was done of students learning to format
research paper (“Using APA,” 2001).
MORE THAN ONE WORK BY SAME
AUTHOR IN SAME YEAR:

Research by Durgin (2003b) has yielded new findings
about the role of counseling in treating childhood
obesity.
PARENTHETICAL CITATION WITH 2 OR
MORE WORKS:

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
AUTHOR WITH SAME LAST NAME:
 (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

27.  (T.
K. Lutes, personal communication, September
28,1998). OR
T. K. Lutes (personal communication, September
28, 1998)
ELECTRONIC SOURCES:
 Kenneth
(2000) OR (Kenneth, 2000).
 Global warming 101, (2012) OR ("Global
warming 101," 2012).
 Smith, (n.d.) OR (Smith, n.d.).
INDIRECT SOURCES:
 Johnson
argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003).

28. 
Less than 40 words:
Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of
overweight Americans, many health care providers still
“remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the
health danger to the poor and the young” (p. 5). OR
(Critser, 2003, p. 5).
 More than 40 words:
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask
their teacher for help. (p.199)

29.  Alphabetic
order
 Double spacing
 Hanging indentation
 Authors
 Date
 Title

32. REFERENCES

33. Author's name, publication year, book title, edition (if
any), location of publication and publisher.
EXAMPLE:
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to
preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

34. 
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to
preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
BOOK WITH EDITION OTHER THAN
FIRST:

Ringsven, M. K., & Bond, D. (1996). Gerontology and
leadership skills for nurses. (2nd ed). Albany, NY:
Delmar.
BOOK WITH REVISED EDITION:

Culliney, J. L. (2006). Islands in a far sea: The fate of
nature in Hawai'i (Rev. ed.). Honolulu, HI: University
of Hawai'i Press.

35. 
Rich, J. M. (Ed.). (1972). Readings in the philosophy of
education (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
BOOK WITH SOCIETY, ASSOCIATION
OR INSTITUTION AS AUTHOR AND
PUBLISHER:

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic
and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
EDITED BOOK WITH ONE OR MORE
AUTHOR:
 Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred
Adler: A systematic presentation of selections from his
writings. (H. L. Ansbacher & R. R. Ansbacher, Eds.).
New York: Basic Books.

36. 
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on
probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.).
New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
EDITED BOOK WITH CHAPTERS WITH
OWN AUTHOR:
 Phillips, S. J., Whisnant, J. (1995). Hypertension and
stroke. In J. H. Laragh, & B. Brenner (Eds.),
Hypertension: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and
management (pp. 465-78). New York: Raven Press.

37. BOOKS

38. Author names, date, title, location, publisher (with ereader book type in square brackets if applicable), and
source (URL or DOI).
Example:
 Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in
politics, and at home. New York, NY: Funk &
Wagnalls. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books.
 Hadler .N. M. (2008). Worried sick: A prescription for
health in an over-treated America [Net Library
version] Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com
 Conoloff, A. (2012). Salvaging the suburbs.
doi:11.8870/6001/2122.442.26


39. REFERENCES

40. Author's name, publication year, journal title written in
full, a comma, volume number issue number in
parentheses if available, comma, and the page
range, followed by a period.
Examples
 Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New
Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
 The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.
(1986). Clinical exercise testing,
Safety and performance guidelines. Medical Journal of
Australia, 164, 282-4.


41. Mates, B. F., & Strommen, L. (1995). Why Ernie can't
read: 'Sesame Street' and literacy. The Reading
Teacher, 49(4), 300-306. Retrieved from
http://www.reading.org/general/Publications/Journals/R
T.aspx
 Alejos, A., Weingartner, A.
Scharff, D.P., Ablah, E., Frazier, L., Hawley,S.R.,…Wr
ight, K.S. (2008). Ensuring the success of local public
health workforce assessments: Using a participatorybased research approach with a rural population. Public
Health, 122 (12), 1447-1455.
doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.06.008


42. REFERENCES

43. Give author's names, publication date, title of
article, name of magazine, volume number, issue
number and page number.
Examples:
 Ives, F., & Lydon, J. (2005, January). Freud's Vienna
revisited. Discover, 26(2), 16-17.
 Smith, J. (2009, January 21). Obama inaugurated as
President. Time,171, 21-23. Retrieved from
http://www.time.com/news/obama_inaugurated.html

44. Give author's names, publication date, tile of article, title
of publication and page numbers.
For example:
 Rimer, S. (2003, September 3). A campus fad that’s
being copied: Internet plagiarism seems on the rise.
New York Times, p. B7.
 Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5).Tiffany glass and
other tales from the crypt. The New York Times, pp.
1, 5. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/

45. REFERENCES

46. Give author names (if known), date of
publication, copyright date, or date of last update, title
of Web site, date of accessing information and web
address of the site
For examples:

Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February
29, 2008, from http://www.safechild.org/

47. REFERENCE
STYLE

48. 
Abbreviation of
AMERICAN MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.

The first publication came
out in 1962 and latest 10th
publication came out in
2007

49.  End
notes are given in text to to indicate reference
For example
Duration of surgery, the surgeon's experience ², …

50.  Numeric
order
 No indentation
 Double-spacing
 No space between authors initials.

51. Give the author's last name then initials, title of
book, publication location, publisher and year.
BASICBOOKS:
Lugalla JB. Poverty, AIDS, and Street Children in East
Africa. Lewiston, NY: Mellen Press; 2003.
 BOOK WITH EDITOR AS AUTHOR:
Brunton LB, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman
Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.


52.  O'Brien
C. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In:
Brunton LB, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman &
Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGrawHill; 2005: 607-629.

53. 
Give author's names, title of work, place of
publication, publisher name, year of
publication, URL, date accessed.
Example:
Fox, M. Including children 3-11 with physical
disabilities: Practical guidance for mainstream
schools. London: David Fulton; 2003.
http://www.netlibrary.com. Accessed December
3, 2007.

54. Give the author's name, article title, journal title
abbreviation, year, volume, issue number in
parentheses if available, comma, and the page range.
Examples
Bakewell J. Choosing support equipment in children's
therapy. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2007;14(8): 379-381.
Mao DW, Hong Y, Li JX. Characteristics of foot
movement in Tai Chi exercise. Phys Ther. 2006; 86(2):
215-222.
http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/215.
Accessed December 3, 2007.


55. Wolf W. State’s mail-order drug plan launched.
Minneapolis Star Tribune. May 14, 2004:1B.
WEBPAGE REFERENCES:
Give author’s name or responsible body, title of
webpage, URL and date accessed.
Example:
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Rehabilitation.
Medline Plus.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rehabilitation.htm
l. Last updated November 30, 2007. Accessed
December 3, 2007.