The document provides guidance on formulating a research question. It discusses identifying a research problem or opportunity and determining the unit of analysis. It also covers translating the research problem into a research question and formulating a hypothesis to be tested. Well-formulated research questions are answerable, specific, measurable, and linked to a theoretical framework. The goal is to develop a question that will focus the research and facilitate subsequent steps in the research process.
What is and what isn’t a good research question? Discover how to develop an impactful and significant research question by asking the right questions related to your field and area of study. This is a presentation developed through the Graduate Resource Center at the University of New Mexico.
What is and what isn’t a good research question? Discover how to develop an impactful and significant research question by asking the right questions related to your field and area of study. This is a presentation developed through the Graduate Resource Center at the University of New Mexico.
Research Gap: Situating Your Inquiry within the Study of the Topic Richa Srishti
The presentation is about the major aspects related to Research gap.
Contents:
What is Research Gap?
Significance of Research Gaps
Types of Research Gaps
Identifying Research Gaps
Challenges and Limitations
Framework to Identify Research Gaps
Presenting Research Gaps
Common Mistakes in Presenting Research Gaps
In this lecture you will learn about the importance of research questions, how they related to research problems, the properties of good research questions, and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions.
This is lesson 2 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Research Gap: Situating Your Inquiry within the Study of the Topic Richa Srishti
The presentation is about the major aspects related to Research gap.
Contents:
What is Research Gap?
Significance of Research Gaps
Types of Research Gaps
Identifying Research Gaps
Challenges and Limitations
Framework to Identify Research Gaps
Presenting Research Gaps
Common Mistakes in Presenting Research Gaps
In this lecture you will learn about the importance of research questions, how they related to research problems, the properties of good research questions, and the differences between quantitative and qualitative research questions.
This is lesson 2 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Research methods for engineering students (v.2020)Minh Pham
Beginning students who start doing research may face to many difficulties from choosing a good research topic to start, how to develop new ideas to how to implement models to test their ideas and write papers. Research skill is a craft skill. You only learn it by doing. However, it is good to learn know-how in doing research. In this lecture, I share information of how-to-do research for engineering students with the hope that it will help students to save time at the beginning state of doing research.
This presentation presents for the following purposes
1: It covers the chapter of Research Problem formulation in the subject Research methodology
2: Defining the research problem
3: Significance of the research problem
4: Necessity of the research problem
5: How to find out the research problem
6: Why research problem is very important
7: How a bad formulation of the research problem affects the project or research study
The research protocol contains all elements except
study results and their discussion that will also pro-
vide the backbone of the ultimate research paper
Conference with Confidence: Doing Workplace ResearchClaire Sewell
Problem solving is a daily part of working in a library, whether it is for our users or ourselves. Turning these problems into research projects is the next step but one that many of us find difficult to take.
Delivered as part of our Conference with Confidence series, this workshop will help you think about the everyday innovations in your library and how these can be turned into research projects for discussion at future events. We will look at the pros and cons of undertaking research in your workplace, how it can help to generate solutions to problems, support a case for resources or just find out more about your library.
This workshop is suitable for those interested in undertaking research projects, complete novices or those wanting to know more about the possibilities of workplace research. Who knows where is might lead?
Problem is the heart of every research. Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
4. Research
Summer
School
4
O To develop an initial, rough understanding
of a phenomenon
Methods:
O literature reviews
O Interviews
O case studies
O key informants
5. Research
Summer
School
5
O Precise measurement and reporting of the
characteristics of the population or
phenomenon
O What is the case?
O What is the nature of the relationship?
O Methods: census, surveys, qualitative studies
7. O Research idea provides the very basic foundation
of research work
O Without research idea there cannot be a research
O A ‘problem’ situation is not a ‘wrong’ situation
but we are simply problematizing the situation
O Our intention is to enhance our knowledge about
the situation
Research Summer School 7
8. Problem or Opportunity Formulation
The crucial first stage in the research
process—determining the problem to be
solved or the opportunity to be studied and the
objectives of the research
Research Summer School 8
9. O Research problem is understanding and explaining
the problem – what I am going to study, why and
how?
O Research problem sets the frame of reference for
the study
O Defining a research problem is clarifying oneself
what is the problem and what the research is
intended to do or what are the expected output
Research Summer School 9
10. O Looking for rational
O Arriving to this problem (interest, gap, need, educational/medical
and policy change)
O Collecting preliminary information
O Reviewing the literature
O Discussing with the stakeholders, other researchers
Research Summer School 10
11. O We often need to write a section in our research proposal /
thesis
O This section can be limited just in one sentence or can be few
paragraphs long extending to more than a page
O Whatever its length be, it should define and delimit the
problem
O It should also justify the problem
Research Summer School 11
12. O What situations or problems tend to fascinate, challenge, or interest
you?
O List as many ideas as you can as quickly as possible
O Identify which are:
O Most interesting (I)
O Feasible (F)
O Fundable ($)
O Best overall (*)
O Write/Rewrite your best idea or research question?
Research Summer School
13. Capability: Is it feasible?
O Are you fascinated by the topic?
O Do you have the necessary research skills?
O Can you complete the project in the time available?
O Will the research still be current when you finish?
O Do you have sufficient financial and other resources?
O Will you be able to gain access to data?
Research Summer School 13
14. Appropriateness: is it worthwhile?
O Will the examining institute's standards be met?
O Does the topic contain issues with clear links to theory?
O Are the research questions and objectives clearly stated?
O Will the proposed research provide fresh insights into the
topic?
O Are the findings likely to be symmetrical?
O Does the research topic match your career goals?Research Summer School 14
15. And - (if relevant)
Does the topic relate clearly to an idea
you were given -
possibly by your organisation ?
Research Summer School 15
16. Formulation means translating and transforming the selected
research problem into a scientifically answerable research
question.
This is the aim of the study.
Research Summer School 16
17. O Gives specific focus to our study while staying within
the research context as set by our research problem
O Begins with a general concern that should be
narrowed down to a concrete researchable issue
O Defines exactly what we are going to do, how, and
why
Research Summer School 17
18. O Helps to clarify what to expect as the findings of
the research
O Is the process of operationalizing our research
O One critical concern: are we asking the question
we want to study?
O Or, is our research question compatible with our
research purpose
Research Summer School 18
19. Useful Techniques
Rational thinking Creative thinking
Searching the literature Scanning the media
Brainstorming Relevance Trees
Exploring past projects Discussion
Keeping an ideas notebook
Research Summer School 19
20. O Based on literature/idea
O Includes sample description (e.g., Adult Saudi
Hypertensive)
O Includes study design
(e.g., relationship, difference between
groups, etc.)
O Includes the independent & dependent variables
O Is measurableResearch Summer School 20
23. "Ask a poor question and you will get a
poor research. A clear question also
helps the investigator rapidly assess
whether the study is relevant to his or
her own…practice". (Counsell, 1997)
Research Summer School 23
24. O Improves clarity of the problem
O Facilitates subsequent steps of the research process
O Helps select appropriate literature for review
O Anticipates issues, resource needs
O Improves efficiency, minimizes wasted efforts
Research Summer School 24
25. No hole in
the literature
Define Research Question
Conduct Literature Review
Refine Question
Hole in
literature
Design Study
Obtain IRB Approval
(medical research)
Collect & Analyze Data
Operationalize variables
Write and Report Results
Research Summer School
26. O Investigates important questions
O Is ethical ?
O Connected to theory
O Connects the study to prior research
O Uses appropriate research design and analysis
procedures
O Disseminates results
Research Summer School 26
27. Problem or Issue
Define population
Define intervention
Write Question
Search terms
Comparator
Outcome measure
P
I
C
O
Research Summer School 27
28. O A useful model to help structure an answerable
question.
O Used to formulate research question.
O Breaks down the question into four key elements.
Research Summer School 28
29. O Population, Patient, Problem P
O Intervention or Indicator I
O Comparator or Control C
O Outcome O
Research Summer School 29
31. Do first-year medical students who complete a student-run
anatomy review course score higher on the anatomy final
exam than students who do not complete the review course?
What is the population? first-year medical students P
What is the intervention? Completing the review I
What is the control? students who don’t complete C
What is the outcome? Final exam score O
Research Summer School 31
32. O Who are you interested in?
O How would you describe the patients or
population of interest?
O Be specific
Research Summer School 32
33. Example
O Asthmatics
O Adults with mild to moderate asthma
(treated with β2-agonists alone or with
inhaled corticosteroids <1mg daily)
Research Summer School 33
34. O Cause
O Risk factor
O Prognostic factor
O Treatment or intervention
O Be precise
O Be brief
Research Summer School 34
35. Example
O High saturated fat diet
O Smoking
O Regular use of salbutamol
Research Summer School 35
36. O What is the alternative to the intervention?
O May not always be necessary
O Be precise
O Be brief
Research Summer School 36
37. Example
O Low saturated fat diet
O Not Smoking
O As Needed use of salbutamol
Research Summer School 37
38. O What do I hope to accomplish?
O What could this exposure really affect?
O Be precise
O Be brief
Research Summer School 38
40. In mild to moderate adult asthmatics
(P), does the regular use of
salbutamol (I) compared to as
needed use (C) result in worse
asthma control (O)?Research Summer School 40
41. No hole in
the literature
Define Research Question
Conduct Literature Review
Refine Question
Hole in
literature
Design Study
Obtain IRB Approval
(medical research)
Collect & Analyze Data
Operationalize variables
Write and Report Results
Research Summer School
42. O Details in later workshop (search/appraise lit)
O Identify possible sources of information
O Colleagues and librarians
O Databases, PUBMED, PSYCLIT, Science Citation Index
O Journals, chapters, books, publications
O Read critically and summarize
O Citations referenced
O Sample size
O Study design and limitations
O Overall conclusions
Research Summer School 42
43. No hole in
the literature
Define Research Question
Conduct Literature Review
Refine Question
Hole in
literature
Design Study
Obtain IRB Approval
(medical research)
Collect & Analyze Data
Operationalize variables
Write and Report Results
Research Summer School
44. O Clearly stated?
O Stated as a question?
O Testable?
O Defines variables to be studied?
O Defines sample to be studied?
O Describes the setting for the study?Research Summer School 44
45. O Feasible: adequate subject #, expertise, affordable,
manageable in scope
O Interesting: to the investigator
O Novel: -confirm, extend or refute previous findings
O provide new findings
O Ethical: fulfill guidelines for the protection of
students
O Relevant:
O to scientific knowledge
O to education policy
O to future researchResearch Summer School 45
46. O Clough and Nutbrown use what they call the Goldilocks test to
decide if research questions are either too big two small too hot or
just right/
O Too big need significant funding
O Too small are likely to be insufficient substance
O Too hot maybe so because sensitivities that may be aroused as a result
of doing the research . This may be because of the timing of the
research or the many other reasons that may be upset key people who
have a role to play.
O Just right are those just right for investigation at this time by this
research in this settingResearch Summer School 46
47. O Is a formal statement of the relationship between
variables to be investigated
O Must contain two or more measurable variables
and must specify how the variables are related
O Sets the framework for developing interpretations
and drawing conclusions
O Is a prediction regarding the possible outcomes of
the study.
Research Summer School 47
48. O The hypothesis is the narrowest expression of the
research question.
O Summarizes the elements of the study through the
design, sample, predictor and outcome variables.
O The purpose of the hypothesis is to establish a basis
for statistical tests ( What test will be used).
Research Summer School 48
49. O Simple vs. Complex
O Simple: contains one predictor and one outcome
O Complex: -More than one predictor or outcome.
(Not easily tested .. Can break it into simple hypothesis).
O Specific vs. Vague
O Specific:
O Leaves no confusion about what the question is.
O Clear about what is being collected.
O Stated in Advance vs. After-the-Fact
O In Advance: provides a primary objective and a basis for
interpreting study results.
Research Summer School 49
50. O Alternative
O Non-directional: The difference is unknown
O Directional: Existing studies/data suggest direction of
relationship, expressed as HA
O Null
O Actually, hypotheses are statistically tested in their null
form
O Expressed as no relationship/association exists between
variables, expressed as H0
Research Summer School 50
51. O We believe that female educators have more
positive leadership characteristics
O Our hypothesis (research or alternate, HA):
women educators have positive leadership
characteristics
O Null hypothesis (H0): there is no association
between gender of the medical educator and
leadership characteristics
Research Summer School 51
52. O A good hypothesis should be in a declarative
sentence form specifying the relationship
between variables; conditional statement cannot
be a hypothesis
O It must be measurable and empirically
testable, concise and with specific meaning
(clarity is obtained by means of definitions)
O It should be linked with some theoretical /
conceptual / analytical framework / tools
Research Summer School 52
53. Isolate and Identify the Problem, Not the Symptoms
O Certain occurrences that appear to be the problem
may only be symptoms of a deeper problem
O Good researchers must be creative in developing
problem or opportunity formulations by
investigating situations in new ways
Research Summer School 53
54. Determine the Unit of Analysis
O The researcher must specify whether the
investigation will collect data about
individuals, households, organizations, depart
ments, geographical areas, or objects
Research Summer School 54
55. O A written statement of the research design that
includes a statement explaining the purpose of the
study and a detailed, systematic outline of
procedures associated with a particular research
methodology
O The research proposal must communicate exactly
what information will be obtained, where it will
be obtained, and how it will be obtained
Research Summer School 55
56. Include SMART Personal objectives
Specific: What precisely do you hope to achieve from undertaking the
research?
Measurable: What measures will you use to determine whether you
have achieved your objectives?(Secured a career-level first job in
software design)
Achievable: Are the targets you have set for yourself achievable given
all the possible constraints?
Realistic: Given all other demands upon your time, will you have the
time and energy to complete the research on time?
Timely: Will you have time to accomplish all your objectives?
Research Summer School 56
57. O Formulate PICO question
O Write a FINER
(feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, relevant)
educational research question
O Translate your question into a working hypothesis
Research Summer School 57
60. O Does client-centered therapy produce more satisfaction in
clients than traditional therapy?
O Does behavior modification reduce aggression in autistic
children?
O Are the descriptions of people in social studies discussions
biased?
O What goes on in an elementary school classroom during an
average week?
O Do teachers behave differently toward students of different
genders? (causal-comparative design)
O How do parents feel about the school counseling program?
O How can a principal improve faculty morale?
Research Summer School 60
61. O What is your area of interest?
O Where could you look for help in deciding
upon a specific research problem?
O What criteria will you apply when deciding
upon a specific research problem?
O How could you narrow down your research
problem?
O How might your value-judgments
(preconceived ideas) affect your research
endeavors?
Research Summer School 61
62. 1. Be clearly linked to overall project goal
2. Allow the target population to be identified
3. Guide the appropriate level of aggregation (e.g. class,
course, curriculum, institution)
4. Identify the outcome variables and key predictors of
those variables
5. Determine what type of study is needed (e.g.
descriptive, relational, experimental)
6. Identify background characteristics that might
influence outcomes
7. Raise questions about how to best collect data
8. Influence the number of participants in the study
Research Summer School 62