The document outlines the importance of referencing in research, detailing its purposes such as avoiding plagiarism and giving credit for original ideas. It discusses various referencing styles including Chicago, MLA, APA, and AIP, providing examples of in-text citations and formats for reference lists. Additionally, it briefly mentions several other citation styles used in different academic disciplines.

1. Referencing
Styles in
Research
PRESENTED BY:
Tanu Singh Sisodia
Pre-Ph.D(Physics)

2. Outline….
 What is Referencing?
 Purposes of Referencing
 Referencing Styles
 Chicago
 MLA
 APA
 AIP
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3. What is Referencing?
• Referencing is a method of acknowledging and
recognizing someone for his or her innovative
work that you used in your research to back
and support your idea
• Referencing is done at two levels :
* In-Text Citation
* Reference List
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4. Purposes of Referencing
• Avoids Plagiarism
• Give credit to the person who came up with
the original idea
• Influences marks - shows range and quality of
your reading
• To allow your reader to track down your
research
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5. Referencing Styles
• There are various standardized methods used
for citing the source of work
• These methods are called as referencing styles
or citation styles
• Some common and widely used citation styles
are:
* Chicago
* MLA Modern Language Association)
* APA (American Psychological Association)
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6. Reference Elements
• Authors name
• Article title
• Journal name
• Year
• Volume
• Page numbers
• Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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7. Chicago Referencing Style
• Originated by the University of Chicago in 1906
• Arts and humanities
• In-text citation
(<Author’s last name><year of publication>)
(Sisodia 2019)
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8. • (<Author #1 last name> and <Author #2 last
name>< year of publication>)
(Sisodia and Parmar 2018)
• Reference list
Tanu Sisodia as Sisodia, Tanu or Sisodia, T.
• <Author#1 last name>, < Author #1 first
name>, and < Author #2 first name> < Author
#2 last name>
Sisodia, Tanu, and Poonam Chaudhary
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9. Example :
<Author name.><“article title.”> <journal title>
<vol. no.>, <issue no.> <(year of publication)>
<page no./s>. doi
Sisodia. T. “Detectivity of Gravity Waves.”
Nature 10, 1 (2018). 46-51.
doi:10.1598/0015010.19a0.
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10. MLA Referencing Style
• Modern Language Association of America
(MLA) which was founded in 1883
• Humanities and Literature
• In-text citation
(<Author last name> <page number/s>)
(Sisodia 30)
• (<Author #1 last name>, and <Author #2 last
name> <page number>)
(Sisodia, and Nagrani 30)
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11. • Reference list
Tanu Sisodia is written as Sisodia, Tanu or
Sisodia, T.
• <Author#1 last name>, < Author #1 first
name/s>, <Author #2 first name/s> <Author #2
last name>, and <Author #3 first name>
<Author #3 last name>
Sisodia, T. S., M. Nagrani, and P. Chaudhary
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12. Example
<Author name>,<“title”>,<journal name>
<volume no.>(<year published>): <page no.>.
Sisodia, Tanu, “Gravity as Spacetime
Curvature”, Astronomy and Astrophysics 12
(2018): 78-95.
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13. APA Referencing Style
• Originated in 1929 and the latest edition came to
the publication in 2009.
• Social Sciences, Business, Law, Education and
Nursing.
• In-text citation
(<Author last name>, <publication year>, <page
number/s>)
(Sisodia, 2018, p 40)
(<Author #1 last name> & <Author #2 last
name>, <publication year>)
(Sisodia & Parmar, 2019)
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14. • Reference list
Tanu Sisodia is written as Sisodia, T.
<Author#1 last name>, <Author#1 first name/s
initials>. & <Author#2 last name>, <Author#2
first name/s initials>
Sisodia, T. S. & Chaudhary, P.
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15. Example
<Author name> (<year published>). <“title”>
.<journal name> <volume no. (issue)>, <page
no./s>. <doi>
Sisodia, T. (2019). “ Fundamental Parameters
in Cosmology”. Astrophysical Journal, 26(8),
34-42. doi:10.7748/aj.2019.e.1162.
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16. AIP Referencing Style
• American Institute of Physics (AIP) published
its first Style Manual in 1951.
• Physics, Astronomy and related disciplines
• In-text Citation
* Use numerals in square brackets [ ]
* AIP style also uses superscript to indicate
citations within text
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17. Example
• As pointed out by Sisodia [1], these
calculations are in agreement with other
experimental values.
• As pointed out by Sisodia¹, these calculations
are in agreement with other experimental
values.
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18. Reference list
• Authors are indicated by their initials followed by
their last name.
• If a paper has more than 4 authors, quote only the
first author's name followed by et al.
• <Author(s) name>, <Journal Name (using
abbreviations)> <Volume Number (in Boldface)>
<(Issue number )> , <Starting page number>,
<(year)>.
[1] T. S. Sisodia et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 21(11), 1709
(2018).
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19. • Some of the more common abbreviations are:
American (Am.), Journal (J.), Letters (Lett.),
Physics (Phys.), Review (Rev.), Scientific or
Science (Sci.). This means "American Journal of
Physics" would be abbreviated "Am. J. Phys." and
"Physical Review Letters" would be abbreviated
"Phys. Rev. Lett."
1 T.S. Sisodia et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 1709
(2017).
5 T.S. Sisodia et al., Am. J. Phys. 61, 2189 (2019).
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20.  AAA (American Anthropological
Association) Style - sociology and
psychology
 ACS (American Chemical Society )
Style- chemistry
 AMS (American Mathematical Society)
Style-Mathematics
 AP (Associated Press) Style-
journalism
 APSA (American Political Science
Association ) Style - political science
 ASA (American Sociological
Association) Style- sociology
 ASABE (American Society of
Agriculture and Biological Engineers)
Style - agriculture, biochemistry, and
biosystems engineering.
 ASME (American Society of
Mechanical Engineers) Style-
mechanical & aerospace engineering
 GSA (Geological Society of
America)Style- geoscience
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers )Style-
engineering, electronics,
telecommunications, computer science
 MHRA (Modern Humanities Research
Association) Style- arts and humanities
 NLM (National Library of Medicine)
Style-Medical Science
 Turabian- humanities, social and
natural sciences
 Vancouver- medicine, biomedicine,
medical technology and allied health
sciences
 Harvard- humanities and social
sciences
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21. 21
Thank You….