This document discusses literature review and referencing styles. It begins by outlining the purposes of reviewing literature, including to review past work, support findings, and generate new ideas. It describes primary sources like original research and secondary sources like reviews. The document recommends reviewing literature from the past 5-10 years and using both primary and secondary sources. It also provides examples of online databases and journals. The rest of the document focuses on referencing styles, why they are important to avoid plagiarism, and examples of citing sources using the Vancouver style in a reference list.

1. Literature Search &
Referencing Style
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS
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2. Review of
Literature

3. Purpose / Needs:
1. Review theory
2. Problem statement
3. To improve self knowledge
4. To Know methodology.
5. To assess need of problem
6. To support on
tools, methods, findings, data collection
7. To review what was done in past
8. To generate Idea
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4. Sources
Books
 Periodicals
 Graduate studies
 Databases
 Indexes
 Abstracts
 Other


5. 




Means: Books, Journals, Internet, CD
ROM, Medline
How Much: Very exhaustive, all parts
covered
Date: 5-10 years good, but current also
Steps:
A thorough review should include
primary and secondary sources
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6. Four Correct order steps
of Literature Review:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Using the library
Identifying relevant sources
Locating research sources
Summarizing the research
literature

7. 1.
PRIMARY SOURCES, Containing
original research findings, are preferred
and should be used whenever possible.
Primary Sources:
1.
2.
3.
Dissertations/Thesis/Research Reports
Original Research Articles published in Journals
Abstract/Exact replication of study.
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8. 2. SECONDARY SOURCES:
cns of research findings, are helpful in
providing bibliographical information
Secondary Sources:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Integrated review of research
Text books.
Summary of theoretical and empirical sources
Published review of literature articles.

9. Use of the Internet (web searching)
and it’s technologies
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10. www.tnaionline.org ( TNAI Journal)
www.hellis.org (NHRC Journal)
www.kumj.com.np
www.whosea.org
HINARI= www.healthinternetwork.org
Blackwell Publishing= www.blackwell-synergy.com
Oxford University press= www3.oup.co.uk/jnls
Directory of free online Journal= www.doaj.org
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11. Referencing Style

12. Referencing Style

The Vancouver system – used in medical and scientific journal

The Harvard system

Chicago manual of style

American Psychological Association (APA)- Psychology,
education and other social sciences

American Medical Association (AMA) – Medicine &
biological sciences

Modern Language Association (MLA)- literature & arts
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13. Referencing Style contd..
Why do we need reference?

To give credit to the ideas/works of other authors.

To allow others (readers) to find the original sources
easily (cited reference)
To make the work informative. (Quality)

To get recognition & authentication of the work.


To address the issue of plagiarism
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS
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14. Referencing Style contd..
Plagiarism
Examples:



the verbatim copying of others work without
acknowledgement.
the close paraphrasing of others work by simply
changing a few words of altering the order of
presentation.
the unacknowledged quotation of phrases.
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15. Referencing Style contd..
Elements in the reference list
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Author
Title of document
Date ( year of publication)
place of publication
Edition
Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part number)
Series
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16. Referencing Style contd..
Sources of Information
7.
Book
Journal
Newspaper / magazine
Conference paper/proceedings
Annual report
Institutional / Government publication
Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM, Databases
8.
Theses/ Reports/ unpublished works
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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17. Referencing Style contd..
Format of book in various system
APA: Surname, initial. (year). Title. Edition. Place: Publisher.
Vancouver: surname initials. Title. Edition. Place of
publication: publisher; year.
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18. Referencing Style contd..
Format of journal in various system
APA:
surname, initial. (year). Title of article. Title
of journal in italics, volume number (issue/part), pages.
Vancouver: surname initials. Title of article. Title of
journal in abbreviated date/year;volume(issue):pages.
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19. The Vancouver system
Reference List- Book
Format: surname initial. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher; year. P.
page number. (series title; volume number).
Example: (one to six author)
1. Mehta RS, Mandal GN. Nursing concept: fundamental of
nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books and Stationers; 2005.
For chapter (in editorial works)
2. Yadav BK. In: Mehta RS, Mandal GN, editors. Nursing concept:
fundamental of nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books and
Stationers; 2005. p. 125 - 35.
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20. The Vancouver system contd..
B. Reference List- Book
More than six author
3. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser
SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., editors. Harrison,s
principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New york:
McGraw Hill, Medical; 2008.
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21. The Vancouver system contd..
Journal
Format:
surname Initials, surname Initials. Title of article. Title
of Journal. [abbreviated] year/dateYear Month
date;Volume Number(Issue number):page numbers.
Example:
1. Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, Simpson T, Andrews W,
Huang M, et al. Vaccine prevention of maternal
cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 2009 Mar
19;360(12):1191-99.
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22. The Vancouver system contd..
Electronic Journal (online journal)
Format:
surname Initials. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal [serial
online]. Year of publication Month day [cited Year Month Day];
Volume Number(Issue number):[about number of pages or screens].
Available from: URL:
Example:
Aylin P, Bottle A, Jarman B, Elliott, P. Paediatric cardiac surgical
mortality in England after Bristol: descriptive analysis of hospital
episode statistics 1991-2002. BMJ [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct
9;[cited 2004 October 15]; 329:[about 10 screens]. Available from: URL:
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7470/825
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23. The Vancouver system contd..
Website
Format:
Author/Editor/Organisation's name . Title of the page
[homepage on the Internet]. Place of publication:
Publisher's name; [updated yr month day; cited yr
month day]. Available from:
Example:
HeartCentreOnline [homepage on the Internet]. Boca
Raton, FL: HeartCentreOnline, Inc.; c2000-2004
[updated 2004 May 23; cited 2004 Oct 15]. Available
from: http://www.heartcenteronline.com/
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24. Example of reference list written in Vancouver style:
Reference list
1. Dybvig DD, Dybvig M. Det tenkende mennesket. Filosofi- og vitenskapshistorie med
vitenskapsteori. 2nd edition. Trondheim: Tapir akademisk forlag; 2003.
2. Bick, J. 101 Thing You Need to Know about Internet Law [electronic book]. New
York: Three Rivers Press; 2000 [cited 30 March, 2004]. Avalible at:
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ntnu/.
3. Beizer JL, Timiras, ML. Pharmacology and drug management in the elderly. 2nd
edition. In: Timirad PS, ed. Physiological basis of aging and geriatrics. Boca Raton:
CRC Press; 1994. pp. 279-284.
4. Fermann, G, redaktør. International politics of climate change: key issues and critical
actors. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press; 1997.
5. Kwan I, Mapstone J. Visibility aids for pedestrians and cyclists: a systematic review
of randomised controlled trials. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2004;36(3):305-312.
6. Nørvåg K. Space-Efficient Support for Temporal Text Indexing in a Document
Archive Context. In: Koch T, Sølvberg I, red. Research and Advanced Technology
for Digital Libraries. Proceedings 7th European Conference, ECDL; 2003 17.-22.
august; Trondheim, Norway. Berlin: Springer; 2003. pp. 511-522.
7. Ringen S. La ikke Erna Solberg rasere det lokale folkestyre . Aftenposten. 2004, 25
March; p. 10.
8. Grosh A, Graff J. A strike at Europe’s heart. Time magazine. 2004, 22 March; pp. 2228.
9. Mathisen C. Effekter av UV-stråling på embryonalutvikling, vekst og morfologi hos
Daphnia magna [hovedoppgave]. Oslo: Biologisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo; 2003.
Please note that the reference list always begins at a new page.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS
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25. Thank you for
Listening
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS
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