This document discusses various food production systems around the world and compares two systems - rice-fish farming in China and salmon farming in Norway. Rice-fish farming is an ecologically symbiotic system where fish provide fertilizer to rice and rice provides shade and food for fish. It has low environmental impacts. Salmon farming has high inputs of feed derived from wild fish, uses antibiotics, and causes nutrient pollution, but provides local jobs. Food production systems are linked to social, cultural and economic factors in different places.
The soil system interacts with other systems through processes like the nitrogen and phosphate cycles. Soil is made up of horizons and profiles, and forms over long periods of time. Soil degradation can occur through erosion, overuse, deforestation, acidification, salinization, and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to reduce erosion through techniques like contour plowing, terracing, and planting wind barriers. Farming systems vary from subsistence to commercial and can differ in their environmental impacts and resource use.
This document discusses environmental issues related to food production and agriculture. It covers topics like unsustainable modern agriculture practices that pollute the environment, food insecurity issues globally, malnutrition problems in many countries, and the effects of agriculture and overgrazing on the environment. Key impacts of modern agriculture discussed are soil erosion, loss of genetic diversity, and problems from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use like contamination of water sources and development of pest resistance.
Priorities for Public Sector Research on Food Security and Natural Resources Report Presentation by Frank Place, ICRAF and Alexandre Meybeck, FAO
on April 12, 2013 at the Food Security Futures Conference in Dublin, Ireland.
Analysis of Climate-related Biophysical Constraints to the Integration of Whe...CIMMYT
Kenya has potential to become self-sufficient in wheat production, but faces constraints including drought, temperature stress, low soil fertility, and acid soils. Wheat production is declining in high potential areas due to competition from other crops and subdivision of large farms. Expansion to fragile ecosystems is limited by lower yields and higher costs. Higher yields per unit area are needed to make small-scale wheat farming economically viable through improved seeds, fertilizers, and overcoming biotic and abiotic constraints like drought, pests, and diseases. National policies aim to promote adapted varieties and technologies while local adaptations include better water management, conservation agriculture, and irrigation.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This document compares the effects of biological/organic and conventional/chemical farming methods on carbon sequestration and soil health. Biological methods such as no-till, cover crops, and composting can sequester over 2000 kg of carbon per hectare per year. Soils managed organically have higher carbon content, water infiltration, water holding capacity, and microbial activity. Organic systems also extend plant roots, produce erosion-resistant soil, provide mechanisms for carbon fixation, slow organic matter decay, and support mycorrhizal fungi, making organic farms more drought-resistant than conventional farms.
The soil system interacts with other systems through processes like the nitrogen and phosphate cycles. Soil is made up of horizons and profiles, and forms over long periods of time. Soil degradation can occur through erosion, overuse, deforestation, acidification, salinization, and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to reduce erosion through techniques like contour plowing, terracing, and planting wind barriers. Farming systems vary from subsistence to commercial and can differ in their environmental impacts and resource use.
This document discusses environmental issues related to food production and agriculture. It covers topics like unsustainable modern agriculture practices that pollute the environment, food insecurity issues globally, malnutrition problems in many countries, and the effects of agriculture and overgrazing on the environment. Key impacts of modern agriculture discussed are soil erosion, loss of genetic diversity, and problems from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use like contamination of water sources and development of pest resistance.
Priorities for Public Sector Research on Food Security and Natural Resources Report Presentation by Frank Place, ICRAF and Alexandre Meybeck, FAO
on April 12, 2013 at the Food Security Futures Conference in Dublin, Ireland.
Analysis of Climate-related Biophysical Constraints to the Integration of Whe...CIMMYT
Kenya has potential to become self-sufficient in wheat production, but faces constraints including drought, temperature stress, low soil fertility, and acid soils. Wheat production is declining in high potential areas due to competition from other crops and subdivision of large farms. Expansion to fragile ecosystems is limited by lower yields and higher costs. Higher yields per unit area are needed to make small-scale wheat farming economically viable through improved seeds, fertilizers, and overcoming biotic and abiotic constraints like drought, pests, and diseases. National policies aim to promote adapted varieties and technologies while local adaptations include better water management, conservation agriculture, and irrigation.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This document compares the effects of biological/organic and conventional/chemical farming methods on carbon sequestration and soil health. Biological methods such as no-till, cover crops, and composting can sequester over 2000 kg of carbon per hectare per year. Soils managed organically have higher carbon content, water infiltration, water holding capacity, and microbial activity. Organic systems also extend plant roots, produce erosion-resistant soil, provide mechanisms for carbon fixation, slow organic matter decay, and support mycorrhizal fungi, making organic farms more drought-resistant than conventional farms.
An ecosystem consists of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system. It can be small, like a pond, medium sized like a forest, or large like the entire Earth. An ecosystem includes both biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors like water, soil, and air. All parts of an ecosystem interact together.
This document discusses agricultural biodiversity and food security. It defines food security as reliable access to affordable, nutritious food for all individuals. Originally food security applied to nations, but now emphasizes individuals over nations. Household food security means all members have enough food for a healthy life. The document also discusses the loss of agricultural biodiversity as indigenous crops and livestock are replaced by few high-yield varieties, threatening food security. It argues for supporting farmers' conservation of biodiversity and redesigning policies to ensure continued access to genetic resources.
The document discusses several issues related to ensuring global food security in a changing climate. It notes that climate change is projected to reduce wheat yields in India by around 6 million tons per year for every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature. It emphasizes the need for more sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate climate change impacts and ensure long-term food production, including conservation farming, agroforestry, and community-based natural resource management approaches. The document also highlights several climate-resilient crops and varieties developed through plant breeding and biotechnology research.
This document provides an overview of crop-livestock integration in conservation agriculture (CA) systems. It discusses including dairy goats and small livestock in CA, as well as integrating agroforestry practices. The document notes some conflicts that can arise with livestock consuming crop residues and suggests mitigating strategies. It emphasizes the synergies of integrating crops and livestock, such as nutrient recycling and biological
The document summarizes the work of the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF) on Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM). It discusses TSBF's goals, definition of ISFM, impact zones, activities, progress against outputs in different crop systems, collaboration with CRPs, statistics on funding and challenges, and future plans. The overall aim is to improve livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa through sustainable agricultural production systems based on ISFM principles.
Science Forum Day 3 - Leo Sebastian - Agrobiodiversity framework for Asia-Pac...WorldFish
The document summarizes the Agrobiodiversity Framework for the Asia-Pacific Region. It outlines the importance of agrobiodiversity as a source of genetic traits and improvements for sustainable agriculture. While the Green Revolution increased food security, it also led to the simplification of agricultural systems and loss of crop diversity. The framework aims to provide a strategic approach for the sustainable management and use of agrobiodiversity through regional collaboration. It focuses on research areas like enhancing genetic resource use, conservation of agrobiodiversity, and assessment of agrobiodiversity status.
Conservation Agriculture: Principles, Land Management and Ecosystem Services discusses the principles and benefits of conservation agriculture (CA). CA involves three principles: (1) minimum mechanical soil disturbance, (2) permanent organic soil cover, and (3) crop rotation. The document argues that CA can reverse soil degradation, increase soil health and structure, reduce erosion, increase water retention, and enhance biodiversity compared to conventional tillage agriculture. CA is presented as a sustainable agricultural approach that can increase productivity while preserving resources and the environment.
A recent project in Central Asia focused on conservation of the unique high diversity of wild and cultivated fruit species in Central Asia and enhancing farmers’ production and livelihood strategies. Read more about Bioversity International’s work in Asia Pacific Oceania
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/about-us/where-we-carry-out-research/asia-pacific-oceania/
Thanks to all the partners and funders who supported the project.
Improved Production System in the Polders of Bangladesh through Community Wat...africa-rising
Presented by Vara Prasad [Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab - Kansas State University] about improved production system in the polders of Bangladesh through community water management. This poster was presented on 5 - 8 February 2019 at the Africa RISING Program Learning Event.
Planting perennial trees and grasses for food security and climate change ada...FAO
Planting perennial trees and grasses in Mali can help address food security and climate change by increasing resilience. Projects in Mopti and Sikasso regions are testing agroforestry practices like farmer managed natural regeneration of trees, improved fruit tree varieties, leafy vegetable "food banks", and fodder/fertilizer trees. Technologies being evaluated include grafting to improve indigenous trees, using species like baobab, tamarind, and shea for their nutritional benefits. Andropogon grass is being studied for its effects on soil conservation, livestock fodder, and carbon sequestration. Farmer field schools are providing a learning process to test and scale up perennial systems for improved nutrition
Jonathan Muriuki presented on evergreen agriculture in East Africa. He discussed how conventional farming is not sustainable and leads to soil degradation. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) and evergreen agriculture were presented as alternatives that maintain soil cover year-round. Evergreen agriculture integrates trees with annual crops to create a "double-story" system. Examples of evergreen agriculture systems in East Africa were provided. Key components needed for successful scaling up were identified as germplasm, characterization of systems, knowledge management approaches, and enabling policies and extension networks.
Conventional vs organic agriculture: Cornelia Harris, Cary Institute of Ecosy...Teaching the Hudson Valley
This document discusses the major concerns with conventional agriculture, including water pollution from animal waste and fertilizers, water and land use changes, impacts on animals and ecosystems, and human health issues. It then explores alternatives like organic agriculture, agroecology, and integrated pest management. Specifically, it examines the problems of nitrogen pollution from fertilizers and animal waste, large-scale livestock production, and proposes solutions like using legumes for natural nitrogen fixation and moving toward smaller, more sustainable farms and food systems.
This document discusses how agroforestry can be mainstreamed in biodiversity conservation efforts. It outlines several ways that agroforestry contributes to biodiversity conservation by reducing pressure on natural forests, providing habitat, and serving as a benign land use matrix. The document argues that landscape-scale approaches that integrate protected areas, agroforestry, and other land uses are needed. It provides examples of agroforestry practices that embody conservation principles like maintaining genetic diversity and enhancing ecological processes. Finally, it proposes several options for mainstreaming agroforestry, such as linking it to conservation planning, expanding agroforestry options, and strategic alliances between agroforestry and conservation organizations.
PULSE CROPS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATIONExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Paola De Santis and it presents the using op pulses diversity.
This document discusses agro-biodiversity and its importance. It defines agro-biodiversity as the variety and variability of plants, animals and micro-organisms at genetic, species and ecosystem levels that are important for food and agriculture. The document outlines the components, benefits, and approaches to managing agro-biodiversity, including a case study on Hara Farms in India. It also discusses soil biodiversity management and the National Agricultural Biodiversity Programme framework in Lao PDR.
Modern agricultural practices have led to increased food production but also environmental issues. The use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yielding seed varieties boosted yields but also caused problems like water pollution, loss of soil, pest resistance, and health impacts. Pesticides in particular accumulate in the environment and food chain, killing beneficial insects along with pests and contaminating water sources. While necessary to feed growing populations, intensive agriculture needs to be practiced sustainably to minimize environmental damage over the long run.
This document provides an overview of agroecology approaches in China, including key policies and practices. It discusses China's policy focus on addressing resource limitations, environmental pollution, and ecosystem degradation through sustainable agriculture. The document outlines China's National Strategic Plan for Sustainable Agriculture, which aims to optimize production, protect farmland, save water, control pollution, and restore agroecosystems. It then describes several agroecology approaches used in China, such as landscape design, cycling systems, diversified crops and varieties, agroforestry, and intercropping to improve productivity and resource use efficiency while reducing environmental impacts.
This document summarizes Conservation Agriculture in Africa by Rachid MRABET. It discusses:
1. The challenges facing African farmers including land degradation, climate change, diseases, lack of farm equipment and inputs, and threats to water quality. Conservation Agriculture aims to address these challenges through minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotations.
2. The African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT) which promotes Conservation Agriculture practices and information sharing across Africa. ACT projects like CA-SARD have led to increased yields, food security, reduced labor needs, and diversified incomes for thousands of smallholder farmers.
3. The benefits of Conservation Agriculture including increased water infiltration, organic matter, nutrient availability, and
P2.1. Managing Agrobiodiversity for Sustainable Agriculture in the Asia-Pacif...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses managing agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture in Asia-Pacific region. It outlines challenges like genetic erosion and narrowing diversity. The Suwon Framework provides a strategic approach for conservation and use through regional collaboration. Priority projects are identified in areas like utilizing germplasm and crop wild relatives. Strengthening networks and developing collaborative projects are seen as important to move forward.
The document discusses Pokkali, an indigenous rice cultivation practice in Kerala, India. Some key points:
Pokkali is a traditional integrated farming system practiced in coastal Kerala wetlands. It utilizes saline-tolerant rice varieties and integrates rice cultivation with shrimp/prawn farming. This system is sustainable with the rice and prawns providing mutual benefits.
However, the area under Pokkali farming has declined significantly due to issues like land conversion, pollution, and unscientific shrimp monoculture. There are also challenges from climate change impacts like rising sea levels and increased salinity.
Despite the limitations, Pokkali farming remains an ecologically sound practice that supports livelihoods and
1) Food production systems range from subsistence farming in LEDCs to intensive commercial farming in MEDCs. LEDCs often focus on subsistence farming for local consumption while MEDCs protect domestic agriculture through import tariffs.
2) Climate change is expected to negatively impact food production more in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding and heat waves. This could destroy crops over large areas.
3) Sustainable agriculture practices include reducing meat consumption, increasing organic and local foods, improving food labels, and planting buffer zones to reduce nutrient runoff.
There is an imbalance in global food supply due to unequal distribution of food resources between developed and developing countries. In developed countries, high food production results in oversupply and issues like obesity, while developing countries struggle to produce enough food and have problems with malnutrition. Factors like climate, socioeconomics, and government policies influence what foods are produced and contribute to this imbalance.
An ecosystem consists of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system. It can be small, like a pond, medium sized like a forest, or large like the entire Earth. An ecosystem includes both biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors like water, soil, and air. All parts of an ecosystem interact together.
This document discusses agricultural biodiversity and food security. It defines food security as reliable access to affordable, nutritious food for all individuals. Originally food security applied to nations, but now emphasizes individuals over nations. Household food security means all members have enough food for a healthy life. The document also discusses the loss of agricultural biodiversity as indigenous crops and livestock are replaced by few high-yield varieties, threatening food security. It argues for supporting farmers' conservation of biodiversity and redesigning policies to ensure continued access to genetic resources.
The document discusses several issues related to ensuring global food security in a changing climate. It notes that climate change is projected to reduce wheat yields in India by around 6 million tons per year for every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature. It emphasizes the need for more sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate climate change impacts and ensure long-term food production, including conservation farming, agroforestry, and community-based natural resource management approaches. The document also highlights several climate-resilient crops and varieties developed through plant breeding and biotechnology research.
This document provides an overview of crop-livestock integration in conservation agriculture (CA) systems. It discusses including dairy goats and small livestock in CA, as well as integrating agroforestry practices. The document notes some conflicts that can arise with livestock consuming crop residues and suggests mitigating strategies. It emphasizes the synergies of integrating crops and livestock, such as nutrient recycling and biological
The document summarizes the work of the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF) on Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM). It discusses TSBF's goals, definition of ISFM, impact zones, activities, progress against outputs in different crop systems, collaboration with CRPs, statistics on funding and challenges, and future plans. The overall aim is to improve livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa through sustainable agricultural production systems based on ISFM principles.
Science Forum Day 3 - Leo Sebastian - Agrobiodiversity framework for Asia-Pac...WorldFish
The document summarizes the Agrobiodiversity Framework for the Asia-Pacific Region. It outlines the importance of agrobiodiversity as a source of genetic traits and improvements for sustainable agriculture. While the Green Revolution increased food security, it also led to the simplification of agricultural systems and loss of crop diversity. The framework aims to provide a strategic approach for the sustainable management and use of agrobiodiversity through regional collaboration. It focuses on research areas like enhancing genetic resource use, conservation of agrobiodiversity, and assessment of agrobiodiversity status.
Conservation Agriculture: Principles, Land Management and Ecosystem Services discusses the principles and benefits of conservation agriculture (CA). CA involves three principles: (1) minimum mechanical soil disturbance, (2) permanent organic soil cover, and (3) crop rotation. The document argues that CA can reverse soil degradation, increase soil health and structure, reduce erosion, increase water retention, and enhance biodiversity compared to conventional tillage agriculture. CA is presented as a sustainable agricultural approach that can increase productivity while preserving resources and the environment.
A recent project in Central Asia focused on conservation of the unique high diversity of wild and cultivated fruit species in Central Asia and enhancing farmers’ production and livelihood strategies. Read more about Bioversity International’s work in Asia Pacific Oceania
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/about-us/where-we-carry-out-research/asia-pacific-oceania/
Thanks to all the partners and funders who supported the project.
Improved Production System in the Polders of Bangladesh through Community Wat...africa-rising
Presented by Vara Prasad [Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab - Kansas State University] about improved production system in the polders of Bangladesh through community water management. This poster was presented on 5 - 8 February 2019 at the Africa RISING Program Learning Event.
Planting perennial trees and grasses for food security and climate change ada...FAO
Planting perennial trees and grasses in Mali can help address food security and climate change by increasing resilience. Projects in Mopti and Sikasso regions are testing agroforestry practices like farmer managed natural regeneration of trees, improved fruit tree varieties, leafy vegetable "food banks", and fodder/fertilizer trees. Technologies being evaluated include grafting to improve indigenous trees, using species like baobab, tamarind, and shea for their nutritional benefits. Andropogon grass is being studied for its effects on soil conservation, livestock fodder, and carbon sequestration. Farmer field schools are providing a learning process to test and scale up perennial systems for improved nutrition
Jonathan Muriuki presented on evergreen agriculture in East Africa. He discussed how conventional farming is not sustainable and leads to soil degradation. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) and evergreen agriculture were presented as alternatives that maintain soil cover year-round. Evergreen agriculture integrates trees with annual crops to create a "double-story" system. Examples of evergreen agriculture systems in East Africa were provided. Key components needed for successful scaling up were identified as germplasm, characterization of systems, knowledge management approaches, and enabling policies and extension networks.
Conventional vs organic agriculture: Cornelia Harris, Cary Institute of Ecosy...Teaching the Hudson Valley
This document discusses the major concerns with conventional agriculture, including water pollution from animal waste and fertilizers, water and land use changes, impacts on animals and ecosystems, and human health issues. It then explores alternatives like organic agriculture, agroecology, and integrated pest management. Specifically, it examines the problems of nitrogen pollution from fertilizers and animal waste, large-scale livestock production, and proposes solutions like using legumes for natural nitrogen fixation and moving toward smaller, more sustainable farms and food systems.
This document discusses how agroforestry can be mainstreamed in biodiversity conservation efforts. It outlines several ways that agroforestry contributes to biodiversity conservation by reducing pressure on natural forests, providing habitat, and serving as a benign land use matrix. The document argues that landscape-scale approaches that integrate protected areas, agroforestry, and other land uses are needed. It provides examples of agroforestry practices that embody conservation principles like maintaining genetic diversity and enhancing ecological processes. Finally, it proposes several options for mainstreaming agroforestry, such as linking it to conservation planning, expanding agroforestry options, and strategic alliances between agroforestry and conservation organizations.
PULSE CROPS FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATIONExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Paola De Santis and it presents the using op pulses diversity.
This document discusses agro-biodiversity and its importance. It defines agro-biodiversity as the variety and variability of plants, animals and micro-organisms at genetic, species and ecosystem levels that are important for food and agriculture. The document outlines the components, benefits, and approaches to managing agro-biodiversity, including a case study on Hara Farms in India. It also discusses soil biodiversity management and the National Agricultural Biodiversity Programme framework in Lao PDR.
Modern agricultural practices have led to increased food production but also environmental issues. The use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yielding seed varieties boosted yields but also caused problems like water pollution, loss of soil, pest resistance, and health impacts. Pesticides in particular accumulate in the environment and food chain, killing beneficial insects along with pests and contaminating water sources. While necessary to feed growing populations, intensive agriculture needs to be practiced sustainably to minimize environmental damage over the long run.
This document provides an overview of agroecology approaches in China, including key policies and practices. It discusses China's policy focus on addressing resource limitations, environmental pollution, and ecosystem degradation through sustainable agriculture. The document outlines China's National Strategic Plan for Sustainable Agriculture, which aims to optimize production, protect farmland, save water, control pollution, and restore agroecosystems. It then describes several agroecology approaches used in China, such as landscape design, cycling systems, diversified crops and varieties, agroforestry, and intercropping to improve productivity and resource use efficiency while reducing environmental impacts.
This document summarizes Conservation Agriculture in Africa by Rachid MRABET. It discusses:
1. The challenges facing African farmers including land degradation, climate change, diseases, lack of farm equipment and inputs, and threats to water quality. Conservation Agriculture aims to address these challenges through minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotations.
2. The African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT) which promotes Conservation Agriculture practices and information sharing across Africa. ACT projects like CA-SARD have led to increased yields, food security, reduced labor needs, and diversified incomes for thousands of smallholder farmers.
3. The benefits of Conservation Agriculture including increased water infiltration, organic matter, nutrient availability, and
P2.1. Managing Agrobiodiversity for Sustainable Agriculture in the Asia-Pacif...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses managing agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture in Asia-Pacific region. It outlines challenges like genetic erosion and narrowing diversity. The Suwon Framework provides a strategic approach for conservation and use through regional collaboration. Priority projects are identified in areas like utilizing germplasm and crop wild relatives. Strengthening networks and developing collaborative projects are seen as important to move forward.
The document discusses Pokkali, an indigenous rice cultivation practice in Kerala, India. Some key points:
Pokkali is a traditional integrated farming system practiced in coastal Kerala wetlands. It utilizes saline-tolerant rice varieties and integrates rice cultivation with shrimp/prawn farming. This system is sustainable with the rice and prawns providing mutual benefits.
However, the area under Pokkali farming has declined significantly due to issues like land conversion, pollution, and unscientific shrimp monoculture. There are also challenges from climate change impacts like rising sea levels and increased salinity.
Despite the limitations, Pokkali farming remains an ecologically sound practice that supports livelihoods and
1) Food production systems range from subsistence farming in LEDCs to intensive commercial farming in MEDCs. LEDCs often focus on subsistence farming for local consumption while MEDCs protect domestic agriculture through import tariffs.
2) Climate change is expected to negatively impact food production more in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding and heat waves. This could destroy crops over large areas.
3) Sustainable agriculture practices include reducing meat consumption, increasing organic and local foods, improving food labels, and planting buffer zones to reduce nutrient runoff.
There is an imbalance in global food supply due to unequal distribution of food resources between developed and developing countries. In developed countries, high food production results in oversupply and issues like obesity, while developing countries struggle to produce enough food and have problems with malnutrition. Factors like climate, socioeconomics, and government policies influence what foods are produced and contribute to this imbalance.
The document discusses several topics related to global food resources and production. It notes that about 1 billion people are undernourished, most living in less economically developed countries. Food production varies from subsistence farming in LEDCs to commercial farming in more economically developed countries. Climate change is expected to have greater negative impacts on agriculture in LEDCs through increased drought, flooding, and heat waves. The document also compares intensive, extensive, and subsistence farming as well as terrestrial and aquatic food production systems, and examines several case studies of different societies and their associated food production methods.
Mobilizing greater crop and land potentials: Integrating System of Rice Inten...Sri Lmb
This document discusses integrating Conservation Agriculture principles with the System of Rice Intensification to improve soil health and productivity. It explains that Conservation Agriculture, which involves no-till practices, maintaining soil cover, and crop diversity, provides an ecological foundation for sustainable intensification by protecting soil structure and biology. Integrating Conservation Agriculture with SRI has the potential to further enhance yields while reducing inputs, improving resilience, and better harnessing ecosystem services like carbon and water cycling compared to conventional or SRI systems alone. The document provides examples of how Conservation Agriculture can generate financial and environmental benefits through carbon offset programs and maintaining watershed services.
Intensified Agriculture and its Merits and DemeritsSadia Rahat
Agriculture has intensified significantly over the past century due to population growth and industrialization. This intensification involved adopting mechanization, irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties to boost productivity on existing farmland rather than expanding into new areas. While intensification increased food supply, it has also led to environmental issues like soil acidification, pollution from excess nutrients, and loss of biodiversity. Maintaining sustainable agricultural practices that balance productivity with environmental protection remains an ongoing challenge.
Systems Approach to Modelling Food Sustainability: From Concepts to PracticeBioversity International
Systems Approach to Modelling Food Sustainability: From Concepts to Practice - Presentation by Ariella Helfgott. This presentation was given as part of the 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems Symposium, co-organized by Bioversity International and CIHEAM-IAMM, November 4th -5th 2014, Agropolis International, Montpellier
Visit 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems' Symposium webpage.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/metrics-sustainable-diets-symposium/
The document summarizes food resources and agriculture. It discusses the major sources of food for humans as croplands, rangelands, and fisheries. It then describes two main types of agriculture - industrialized agriculture which uses high inputs and traditional agriculture which is more common in developing nations. Traditional agriculture can be intensive or subsistence. The document also discusses some issues with modern industrialized agriculture such as fertilizer and pesticide problems, water logging, and salinity.
Agriculture has significant environmental impacts including climate change effects on crop yields, deforestation, genetic engineering issues, irrigation problems, water and soil pollution from pesticides and fertilizers, soil degradation, plastic waste, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Sustainable practices like organic farming, conservation tillage, and reducing excess nitrogen and phosphorus use can help minimize these impacts, but may result in lower food production. Overall agriculture involves difficult tradeoffs between high yields and environmental protection that require modifying current practices.
The document discusses global food resources and production methods. It notes that a small number of plant and animal species provide the majority of global calories, with grains like wheat, rice and corn accounting for half. Production methods discussed include industrialized agriculture, traditional subsistence and intensive farming, interplanting, polyculture, and sustainable agricultural practices. The document also covers topics like undernutrition, malnutrition, overnutrition, and environmental impacts of food production.
Global food production and population have both increased dramatically in recent decades. However, hunger persists in parts of the world due to uneven food distribution caused by economic, environmental, and social conditions. A small number of staple crops now provide most of the world's food supply due to agricultural intensification through practices like irrigation, fertilizer use, and the Green Revolution's higher-yielding crop varieties. However, intensive farming also contributes to environmental problems like soil erosion, water scarcity, and loss of biodiversity. Alternative approaches aim to make agriculture more sustainable through soil conservation techniques, local food systems, and low-impact livestock practices.
Food Production, Nutrition and Environmental EffectsMichael Newbold
This document summarizes issues related to global food production, nutrition, and the environmental effects of agriculture. It discusses how food production has tripled since 1950 but leveled off, with undernutrition remaining a problem. Both undernutrition and overnutrition are issues, affecting billions of people. Food production has significant environmental impacts such as biodiversity loss and pollution. New techniques like genetic engineering aim to further increase crop yields but face controversies. Meat production is increasing worldwide, though factory farming and overgrazing pose challenges. Overfishing has reduced fish populations, while aquaculture aims to meet demand but also has pros and cons. Government policies and sustainable practices could help address these global food issues.
The document discusses the links between population growth and food production. It notes that population growth has increased demand for food, resulting in more farmland and water usage. Food production depends on limited resources like cropland and water that are under strain from rising populations. The document recommends strategies like improving crop yields, using resources more efficiently, shifting diets to require fewer agricultural resources, and reducing food waste to help address global food security challenges in the face of population growth.
Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir KassamSri Lmb
This document summarizes a regional workshop on agroecological approaches to crop and land management, specifically conservation agriculture and the system of rice intensification. It discusses how modern industrial agriculture has disrupted ecosystem functions through intensive tillage and inputs, leading to soil degradation. As alternatives, it promotes conservation agriculture and the system of rice intensification, which are based on minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and diversifying crops. These agroecological principles provide a foundation for sustainable intensification that improves yields while preserving resources and ecosystem services.
This document discusses finding sustainable sources of energy and food for humanity. It notes that fossil fuels are finite and have environmental impacts. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydro are introduced as more sustainable alternatives. Sustainable agriculture techniques that conserve soil and water are also described. Achieving global food security requires addressing issues like population growth, land degradation, and equitable food distribution. Creating a sustainable society involves meeting present needs without compromising the future through efficient energy and resource use, reducing pollution, and stabilizing population growth.
Urban Farming on public land using recycled water will provide low cost fresh produce for schools and food bank and local ciizens and hands-on science and engineering education for youth.
1. The document discusses farming systems and sustainable agriculture. It defines farming systems and lists their advantages.
2. Key components of sustainable agriculture are discussed, including soil conservation, crop diversity, nutrient management, and integrated pest management.
3. The three pillars of sustainability - economic, environmental, and social - are outlined. Benefits and disadvantages of sustainable agriculture are also provided.
This document discusses technological advances in food production, including the Green Revolution, high-yielding crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and mechanization. It also covers genetically modified crops and some of the benefits they provide like increased yields and pest resistance, as well as debates around their environmental and health impacts. The document notes that while technology has increased global food production, many areas still face shortages due to factors like extreme weather, civil strife, economic challenges, lack of access, and rapid population growth.
This document discusses environmental issues related to food and land resources. It covers the main sources of food including agricultural crops and domesticated animals. It then discusses global food problems such as undernourishment and malnutrition. Traditional agriculture can impact the environment through deforestation and soil erosion while modern agriculture causes issues like nutrient imbalance, nitrate pollution, pesticide impacts, water logging, and salinity problems. Land is a finite resource that is used for agriculture, housing, industry, waste disposal and other purposes. The pattern of land use varies globally and within India.
Technological advances in agriculture helped increase food production through the Green Revolution of the 1960s. Key aspects included high-yielding crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, improved irrigation, and mechanization. However, overuse of these technologies can cause environmental issues like waterlogging, salinization, and eutrophication. While genetically modified crops provide benefits, they also pose uncertainties and risks to biodiversity, health, and small farmers. Food shortages result from physical factors like climate change and extreme weather; political issues such as civil strife and poor governance; economic challenges including rising food demand and costs; and social problems like lack of access, distribution difficulties, and rapid population growth. Technology alone cannot solve food insecurity—
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
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Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
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The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
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Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
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Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
2. Syllabus Statements
• 3.5.1: Outline the issues involved in the imbalance in
global food supply
• 3.5.2: Compare and contrast the efficiency of terrestrial
and aquatic food production systems
• 3.5.3: Compare and contrast the inputs of materials and
energy (energy efficiency), the system characteristics,
and evaluate the relative environmental impacts of two
named food production systems
• 3.5.4: Discuss the links that exist between social
systems and food production systems
4. Unequal food resources
• The methods of food production differ
around the world
• Government policy and the climate of the
area influence what is grown
• The type used depends on relative
availability of land, labor, capital, and fossil
fuels
5. Production Methods
Developed Countries
– Industrialized agriculture depends heavily on
capital and fossil fuels
Developing Countries
– Intensive traditional agriculture depends
heavily on labor
– Shifting cultivation in tropical forests depends
heavily on land availability no fossil fuels
– Nomadic herding depends heavily on land
7. Industrialized agriculture
in developed countries
Intensive traditional agriculture
in developing countries
Land
Labor
Capital
Fossil fuel
energy
Land
Labor
Capital
Fossil fuel energy
8. Shifting cultivation in tropical
forests in developing countries
Nomadic herding in
developing countries
Land
Labor
Capital
Land
Labor
Capital
9. Distribution of food
• Enough food produced in the world for entire
population to have 2,720 kcal per day
• Many areas no land to grow food or money to
purchase it
• 982 million people living in poverty – actually a
decrease in 20% from 1990’s
• ¼ of the world population consumes ¾ of the
food
10.
11. Population distribution in
poverty
Region % in $1 a day
poverty
Population
(millions)
Pop. in $1 a day
poverty (millions)
East Asia and Pacific 9.07 1,885.0 170.0
Latin America and the Caribbean 8.63 549.0 47.0
South Asia 31.08 1,470.0 456.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 41.09 753.0 309.0
Total Developing countries 982.0
Europe and Central Asia 0.95 460.0 1.0
Middle East and North Africa 1.47 306.0 4.0
Total 987
12. Influence of Ecology
• Developed countries in temperate areas –
plants and soils conducive to growth of
high yield cereal crops and livestock
• Soil fertility poor in tropical areas
• Livestock native to temperate areas in
most cases as well
13. Influence of Socio-political
factors
• Poverty is a self sustaining positive feedback
process
• Governments in LDCs focus on exploitation of
resources – Bananas in Costa Rica
• Governments in developed nations subsidize
fossil fuels
• Support use of high yield green revolution crops
• Research on and use of GMOs
15. Food Type Kilocalories of fossil fuel input per kilocalorie of protein output
Feed lot beef 20-78
Pigs
Broiler chicken
Rangeland Beef
Sheep
Vegetables
35
22
10
10
2-4
16. First green revolution
(developed countries)
Second green revolution
(developing countries)
Major international agricultural
research centers and seed banks
19. Phase 1
Make Modified Gene
Identify and extract
gene with desired trait
Identify and remove
portion of DNA
with desired trait
Remove plasmid
from DNA of E. coli
Insert extracted DNA
(step 2) into plasmid
(step3)
Insert modified
plasmid into E. coli
Grow in tissue
culture to
make copies
cell
gene
DNA
Plasmid
E. coli
DNA
Genetically
modified
plasmid
plasmid
20. Phase 2
Make Transgenic Cell
Transfer plasmid
copies to a carrier
agrobacterium
Agrobacterium
inserts foreign
DNA into plant
cell to yield
transgenic cell
Transfer plasmid
to surface
microscopic metal
particle
Use gene gun
to inject DNA
into plant cell
A. tumefaciens
(agrobacterium)
Plant cell
Nucleus
Host DNA
Foreign DNA
21. Phase 3
Grow Genetically Engineered Plant
Transgenic cell
from Phase 2
Cell division of
transgenic cells
Culture cells
to form plantlets
Transgenic plants
with new traits
22. Projected
Advantages
Projected
Disadvantages
Need less fertilizer
Need less water
More resistant to
insects, plant
disease, frost, and
drought
Faster growth
Can grow in slightly
salty soils
Less spoilage
Better flavor
Less use of con-
ventional pesticides
Tolerate higher
levels of herbicide
use
Irreversible and
unpredictable
genetic and eco-
logical effects
Harmful toxins in
food from possible
plant cell mutations
New allergens
in food
Lower nutrition
Increased evolution
of pesticide-
resistant insects
and plant diseases
Creation of herbicide-
resistant weeds
Harm beneficial
insects
Lower genetic
diversity
Use of
GMOs
26. Terrestrial vs. Aquatic Differences
Terrestrial
• Most food at low trophic
levels
• Producers or Herbivores
• Less energy loss
between initial input and
level of harvest
Aquatic
• Most food harvested at higher
trophic levels
• Makes total energy storages
smaller
• Due to tastes for fish / particularly
large predatory ones
• Energy conversion in this system is
more efficient – sizes and lack of
structural material in low trophic
levels
• Initial amount of sunlight fixed is
less efficient because of reflection
and absorbtion by water
27. Systems of Production
1. Croplands
- grains, 76% of worlds food
2. Rangelands
- grazing meat production, 17% worlds food
3. Oceanic fisheries
- 7% world food
Growth in production b/c technology
Challenge providing for future population
28. Food Production Systems
• There are many food production systems around
the world
• They vary depending on the geography,
sociopolitical dimensions, culture, needs of the
area
• They also vary based on the characteristics of
the food being produced
• We will look at a comparison of two of these
many systems
• Many areas of the world are dependent on
fisheries for food
33. Spotter airplane
Fish farming
in cage
Trawler
fishing
Purse-seine
fishing
sonartrawl flap
trawl
lines
trawl bag
Long line fishing
lines with
hooks
Drift-net fishing
Fish caught
by gills
float buoy
fish school
34. Now we farm fish
• Fish is a major component of the human
diet
• Some countries almost exclusively based
on seafood – Japan
• With wild stocks being increasingly
depleted, we are turning to fish farming for
various reasons as an alternative
35. Figur
e 13-
31
Seafood type Kilocalories of fossil fuel input per kilocalorie of protein output
Marine Fisheries
Shrimp
Salmon
Cod
Ocean Aquaculture
Salmon cage
culture
Salmon ranching
Seaweed
3-98
18-52
20
50
7-12
1
36. Advantages
Highly efficient
High yield in small
volume of water
Increased yields
through
crossbreeding
and genetic
engineering
Can reduce
overharvesting
of conventional
fisheries
Little use of fuel
Profit not tired to
price of oil
High profits
Disadvantages
Large inputs of
land, feed, and
water needed
Produces large
and concentrated
outputs of waste
Destroys
mangrove forests
Increased grain
production
needed to feed
some species
Fish can be killed
by pesticide runoff
from nearby
cropland
Dense populations
vulnerable to
disease
Tanks too
contaminated to
use after about
5 years
37. System 1: Rice-Fish Farming -
China
• Fish farming in wet rice fields
• In China, Han Dynasty plate (2000 years old)
shows fish swimming from pond to field
• Ecological symbiosis in the system – fish
provides fertilizer to rice, regulates micro-
climatic conditions, softens the soil, disturbs the
water, and eats larvae and weeds in the flooded
fields; rice provides shade and food for fish.
• Provides balanced food, reduced costs and
labor, less use of chemicals in the environment
41. • Inputs – All fish food is in the system,
small fish left behind as stock for next year
rice requires input of small amounts of
urea, N,P,K and optional lime or manure
• System Characteristics – uses native fish,
polyculture using natural principles of
ecosystem interaction, sustainable
42. • Socio-cultural - tenant farmers improve
income, in china industrialization threatens
its continued use
• Environmental Impacts – may use
pesticides but generally less than
alternatives, reducing CH4 emissions
compared to normal systems
• Outputs – fish and rice, 2 rice crops per
43. Norwegian Salmon Farms
• Norway and Chile produce 2/3 of the
world’s farmed salmon
• 60% of world’s salmon is farmed
• High input system of penned fish in ocean
areas or on land – depends on pellet food
derived from wild caught fish
• High density high waste systems
44. Norwegian Salmon farms
• Inputs – need pellets for feed made from
fishing for smaller fish in the ocean,
• System characteristics – monoculture –
disease susceptible so antibiotics used,
may selectively breed stocks, human
manipulated
• Socio-cultural – farming operations
provide local jobs, if effecting local
fisheries that effects jobs as well
45.
46. • Environmental Impacts – 100,000’s
escape cultivation & threaten native fish,
farmed fish less effective reproducers than
natural but their offspring are more
successful
• Outputs – antibiotics, nutrients causing
eutrophication,
47. Fish change form
Fish enter rivers
and head for
spawning areas
Grow to smolt
and enter the ocean...
Grow to maturity
in Pacific Ocean
in 1-2 years
Eggs and young are
cared for in the hatchery
Fry hatch in the spring...
Fingerlings migrate downstream
In the fall spawning salmon
deposit eggs in gravel nests and die
Normal
Life
Cycle
Fingerlings
are released into river
And grow in the stream
for 1-2 years
Human capture
Salmon
processing
plant
Eggs are taken from adult
females and fertilized with
sperm “milked” from males
Modified
Life
Cycle
To hatchery
48. Food Production Systems are
linked to social systems
• Modern US
– Developed, high tech, high fossil fuel input
– Value speed and convenience
– Capitalism based revenue generation
– Removed from food production so don’t see
negative results
– We are willing to compromise environmental
health for the benefits now from pesticides,
inorganic fertilizers, machine harvest etc.
50. 4% 2% 6% 5%
17% of total
commercial
energy use
Crops Livestock Food processing Food distribution and preparation
Food production
51. Think back to the rice-fish
system
• Tied to asian cultures as a historical
practice
• But asian culture is changing more
cosmopolitan more movement to cities
• Could threaten this model system
• It is a form that keeps soil fertility high in
areas with high population density this can
be used on the outskirts to maximize
production per area.
52. Can the green movement
• Swing our culture to sustainable food
production?
• People interested in organic foods
• Green production – boutique types of
grocers and restaurants
• Benefits the planet and trendy
53. Increase
High-yield
polyculture
Organic fertilizers
Biological pest
control
Integrated pest
management
Irrigation efficiency
Perennial crops
Crop rotation
Use of more water-
efficient crops
Soil conservation
Subsidies for
more sustainable
farming and
fishing
Decrease
Soil erosion
Soil salinization
Aquifer depletion
Overgrazing
Overfishing
Loss of
biodiversity
Loss of prime
cropland
Food waste
Subsidies for
unsustainable
farming and
fishing
Population growth
Poverty