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Tallinn 2013 05
- Agroforestry, which involves integrating trees into agricultural landscapes, is an essential resilience tool to address future food security challenges. It can help increase food production on existing land while making farms more resistant to weather extremes and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. - By 2050, global population growth will require 60% more food production on similar land, while making agriculture more resilient to climate change and reducing emissions. Agroforestry can help achieve these goals through increased yields, soil fertility improvements, weather protection, and carbon sequestration. - Research shows that agroforestry practices like fertilizer trees can significantly increase crop yields compared to non-tree systems or chemical fertilizers alone. These yield gains have been observed
Tallinn 2013 05
- 1. Agroforestry: an essential resiliencetool Patrick Worms, ICRAF
- 2. 2 • One ofthe 15 CGIAR research centres • employing about 500 scientists and other staff. • We generate knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes • We use this research to advance policies and practices that benefit the poor and the environment. Who are we?
- 3. By 2050, weneed to… •Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of land •Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather •Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use. 3
- 4. The context: populationgrowth 8
- 5. World Bank WorldDevelopment Indicators 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 100gramsperHectare Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Latin America East Asia The context: fertiliser use by region
- 6. World Bank WorldDevelopment Indicators South Asia 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 KgperHectare Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America East Asia Cereal yields by region
- 7. The result? A hellishspiral.
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- 13. …thus huge populationgrowth rates...
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- 15. … hence hugeyield gaps…
- 16. … and thushunger.
- 18. 7 African facts Population growthrates, land degradation, hunger and literacy are dragging people into a hellish spiral • Population growth has rendered fallowing impossible in many communities • Land overuse is depleting soil organic matter, soil carbon and soil microbiology • Soil fertility is dropping by 10-15% a year (Bunch, 2011) • Poverty and logistics makes fertiliser unaffordable for most smallholders • Funding for fertiliser subsidies is scarce and fickle Where will soil fertility, soil organic matter and extreme weather resilience come from ?
- 19. Faidherbia Albida inteff crop system in Ethiopia From trees.
- 20. Maize yields withand without fertiliser trees
- 22. Agroforestry brings massiveyield increases in trials… Maize yield, no fertiliser – tonnes per hectare 2008 2009 2010 Number of trials 15 40 40 With fertiliser trees 4.1 5.1 5.6 Without trees 1.3 2.6 2.6 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- 23. … and onfarmer’s fields. maize yield (t/ha) Maize only 1.30 Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05 __________________________________________________________ 2011 Survey of farms in six Malawi districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)
- 24. And in theSahel?
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- 26. ... and now. Zinder,Niger, today. These 5 million hectares of new agroforest parklands are yielding 500,000 tonnes more than before. (Reij, 2012)
- 27. 23 Kantché district, Zinder,Niger 350,000 people, rainfall ca. 350 mm / year, typical of Sahel drylands. Annual district-wide grain surplus: 2007 21,230 tons drought year ! 2008 36,838 tons 2009 28,122 tons 2010 64,208 tons 2011 13,818 tons drought year ! . Yamba & Sambo, 2012
- 28. 13 Fertilizer trees canperform better than NPK. Plot management Sampling Frequency Mean (Kg/Ha) Standard error Maize without fertiliser 36 1322 220.33 Maize with fertiliser 213 1736 118.95 Maize with fertiliser trees 72 3053 359.8 Maize with fertiliser trees & fertiliser 135 3071 264.31 2009/2010 season; data from 6 Malawian districts Mwalwanda, A.B., O. Ajayi, F.K. Akinnifesi, T. Beedy, Sileshi G, and G. Chiundu 2010
- 29. And thus addressthe yield gaps
- 30. Fertiliser trees arejust one of many kinds of agroforestry.
- 31. By 2050, weneed to… •Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of land •Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather •Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use. 3 √
- 32. • Agroforests: combinationsof perennial species on arable land • Home gardens with perennials • Woodlots or farm forests • Trees on field and farm boundaries • Sylvopastoral systems: Trees in pastures • EverGreen Agriculture: Trees intercropped with field crops • Productive landscape systems
- 33. 800 $ /Ha / year High social costs High environmental costs 3,000 $ / Ha / year No social costs Low environmental costs Leakey, 2012
- 34. Natural Forest 4.1 billion ha Crop Land 1.5billion ha Pasture & Rangeland s 3.4 billion ha Wetland s 1.3 billion ha Deserts 1.9 billion ha Global Land Area
- 35. • Food security:organic matter, nutrients, microclimate • Nutrition: fruits, fodder, multi-crop system support • Weather resilience: roots pump water, trees offer shade and windbreaks • Insurance: in hard times, farmers can sell timber • Income diversification: crops, fuel, fodder, timber, fruits • Health: medicinal barks and leaves, nutrition • Energy resources: fuelwood, charcoal • Higher biodiversity • Reduced deforestation • Soil restoration • Carbon sequestration Adaptation through trees
- 36. By 2050, weneed to… •Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of land •Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather •Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use. 3 √ √
- 37. Mitigation through trees Carbonpotential in various AF systems Mbow personal communication (2012)
- 39. By 2050, weneed to… •Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of land •Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather •Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use. 3 √ √ √
- 41. 3 Agroforestry is keyto agroecological intensification and thus to Climate Smart Agriculture.
- 42. Microdosing Adaptation of fertilizerrecommendation to local conditions with strategic application of nurients Application of fertilizers in the seed holes at planting time Simple tools that boost agroforestry •Local fertilizer packaging and blending •Target input Vouchers •Legume-cereal rotation or intercrop •Participatory approaches
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- 44. Contour stone bunds Contourstone bunds slow runoff, increasing infiltration and water available to crops.
- 45. Scaling up EvergreenAgriculture Integrating Fertilizer and Fodder Trees into croplands to restore and build more productive and drought resilient farming and livestock systems Rainwater Harvesting with an accent on simple techniques for enhanced crop production, water recharge and water retention integrated with agroforestry. Integrated Soil Fertility Management with fertilizer microdosing with enhanced organic nutrient sources combined with agroforestry.
- 46. Agroforests in theSahel
- 47. The overreaching goal: •Use agroforestry for mitigation and adaptation. – Improve productivity and soil properties to feed an increasing population using climate smart agriculture – Buffer deforestation and improve GHG sequestration: AF is key to REDD+ and AFOLU – Combine AF options and land management to address land-use sustainability
- 48. Time (years) Research (building of knowledge) OldImpact Pathway Paradigm Development (application of knowledge)
- 49. Research (building of knowledge) Development (proofof application & application of knowledge) New Impact Pathway Paradigm Time (years)
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- 51. Cropyield (tonnesperhectare)Filling the yieldgap Simple agroecology Advanced Agroecology & intrants GMOs
- 52. 15 years ago,this was barren land (yield: 0 kg/ha) Thank you !
- 53. 53 For more information PatrickWorms, World Agroforestry Centre Email:p.worms@cgiar.org Tel: +32 495 24 46 11 www.worldagroforestrycentre.org
Editor's Notes
- #10 What are the data points we want to highlight Build up – demographics, political, productivity, future resilience D – start with political (in the news – terrorism, instability) – what’s undelying this – productivity
- #11 What are the data points we want to highlight Build up – demographics, political, productivity, future resilience D – start with political (in the news – terrorism, instability) – what’s undelying this – productivity
- #22 Gliricidia is a a leguminous coppice tree interplanted with maize in this photo. The leaves are cut and turned over into the topmost soil layer, providing nitrogen and other nutrients to this season’s crop. The coppiced trees then grow back below the maturing maize.
- #23 With Faidherbia tree and no fertiliser, yields exceed the average yield observed in East Asia
- #38 High input carbon practices: Improved crop varieties, crop rotation, use cover crop, conservation agriculture, better use of manure Integrated nutrient management: reduction of leaching, improved N use, improved use of fertilizers Increase availability of water: water management, water harvesting Improved tillage: less soil disturbance, incorporating crop residues and soil organic matter Agroforestry: increase above ground biomass and fuel wood, reduce soil erosion, set-aside,
- #48 Food insecurity: For farmers, finding food for survival takes precedence over innovation & investment. Projects must focus on improving livelihoods & income so that there is incentive for smallholder farmers to invest in AF. High opportunity costs: Investing in many AF practices requires up-front costs, but benefits are only realized in the long term. Pairing practices that deliver short-term benefits with AF can help farmers overcome opportunity costs and encourage investment in better management practices. Limited market access: Market access is a constraint that limits farmers’ ability to raise their income through income diversification opportunities provided by AF. Access to farm implements and capital: Payments for carbon sequestration is one potential way to overcome investment gaps and facilitate innovation. Provision of farm implements can also provide short-term benefits. Access to knowledge and training: Dissemination among farmers has the potential to spread agricultural technologies, while educational farm visits can demonstrate the local benefits of agroforestry and increase uptake rates. Insecure land tenure: Farmers are generally less willing to invest in their land and improve productivity where land tenure is less secure; therefore improved tenure arrangements are needed. Farmer involvement: Farmer involvement in project planning is crucial to making development projects relevant to local communities and within the local context. Communication: Better communication is needed to convey important messages about carbon finance to community stakeholders and to engage farmers in carbon finance schemes. Communication strategies within carbon finance should incorporate the principle of Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC). Inclusion within REDD+: The potential exists for AF to find a place within REDD+ and other strategies – due to its capacity to prevent deforestation and reduce emissions from forest degradation. In order for AF to contribute to REDD+ goals, policies guaranteeing tree rights and ownership and an appropriate market infrastructure for AF would be necessary.