The document discusses pest, pathogen, and weed management techniques for conservation agriculture, including integrated pest management strategies and different mechanical, biological, and chemical approaches for controlling weeds such as using soil cover, hand pulling weeds, and applying herbicides in an integrated manner. Delaying weeding can significantly reduce crop yields, so the document provides steps for farmers to follow to control weeds at different stages of crop growth.
Recent techniques and Modern tools in weed managementAshokh Aravind S
weed science, emerging issues in weed science, new tools and improvements in weed management, future advancements in weed management, biological weed control, harvest weed seed control
An integrated weed management approach to land management combines the use of complementary weed control methods such as grazing, herbicide application, land fallowing, and biological control.
Recent techniques and Modern tools in weed managementAshokh Aravind S
weed science, emerging issues in weed science, new tools and improvements in weed management, future advancements in weed management, biological weed control, harvest weed seed control
An integrated weed management approach to land management combines the use of complementary weed control methods such as grazing, herbicide application, land fallowing, and biological control.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
climatic and soil factors in dryland farming in indian region, you will understand the different variations regarding the dryland farming and you can understand about the dryland techniques.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
climatic and soil factors in dryland farming in indian region, you will understand the different variations regarding the dryland farming and you can understand about the dryland techniques.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
In recent years, the talk on Organic Farming is going on. how can we control the weed plants in the field without using the herbicide the question. there are several methods traditionally used and scientifically proved methods are discussed here.
India grows the largest number of vegetables in the world. Varied agro climatic conditions in India make it feasible to grow several vegetables round the year. Being short duration crops, vegetables are more susceptible to extremities in environment. And vegetable production is also not consistent due to weather extremities and diminishing natural resources. In countries like India it is a serious problem in view of large population depending on agriculture, excessive pressure on natural resources and poor cropping mechanisms. Vegetables play an important role in achieving the nutritional security as they encounter the malnutrition problems in India and also serve as a source of income for the small and marginal farmers. The major objectives of reducing malnutrition and alleviating poverty in developing countries through improved and consumption of safe vegetables that involves adaptation of current vegetable cropping systems like, multiple cropping, mixed farming, intercropping, and relay cropping systems. Integration of crop production, different farming systems with suitable soil and water conservation measures lead to sustainable production increase in income levels and towards better livelihoods. Major emphasis should be given on development of diverse technologies for optimization of farm resources, increased economic return and improved sustainability.
Moreover, increasing temperatures, reduced irrigation water availability, flooding, and salinity will be major limiting factors in sustaining and increasing vegetable productivity. Extreme climatic conditions will also negatively impact soil fertility and increase soil erosion. Measures to adapt to these climate change induced stresses are critical for sustainable tropical vegetable production. Adoption of suitable cropping system is one such measure which ensures maximum utilisation of natural resources and inputs. Farmers may get benefitted by following different cropping systems even under adverse climatic conditions. Success in mitigating climate change depends on how well agricultural crops and systems adapt to the changes and concomitant environmental stresses of those changes on the current systems. Thus, adoption of suitable cropping patterns/systems will be needed to maintain vegetable productivity.
Similar to Pest management in Conservation Agriculture (20)
Field Visit Observation Prepared and presented by
Meaza Melkamu (grouped with Birehanu and Sileshi)
ACT, Policy and Strategy Adviser
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Hawassa, Ethiopia
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
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By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
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Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
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Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
African Conservation Tillage Network
By: Peter Kuria
1 December 2017
Pest Management in
Conservation Agriculture
3. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Learning Exercises
• What are pests?
• What are pathogens?
• Give examples of pests and pathogens
• What are the damages caused by
o pests and
o pathogens
to plants?
• What are weeds? What are the damages caused by weeds to crops?
• List the insect and pathogens control methods commonly used
• List the weed control methods commonly used
4. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Introduction
• What are pests
o Organisms with characteristics that farmers see as damaging or unwanted - harms agriculture - feeding or
parasitizing crops and livestock.
• What are pathogens
o Microorganisms that cause diseases in plants and animals.
o In crops pests are weeds and/or insects and pathogens are bacteria,
fungi, viruses or nematodes - damage the plant and cause disease
symptoms.
5. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Introduction – Weeds
• What are weeds
o They are plants that grow where they are not wanted/intended.
• Damage by weeds
o They are thieves: They take light, water and food away from your
crops.
o They push the crops out of their living space.
o They shelter pests and diseases that attack the crop.
6. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Characteristics of weeds
• long dormancy period – up to 20 years high seed scattering ability
• high genetic diversity so adapted to wide range of conditions
• high rate of reproduction
• reproduction through both seeds and vegetative material
• vigorous and rapid growth
• ability to survive and reproduce under environmentally unfriendly
conditions
7. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Why controlling weeds?
• Competition reduced
• Weeds reduces crop yields and can lead to total crop failures if not
controlled on time.
• Reduce Harvest quality
• The longer you leave them, the harder they become to control. Control
them before they increase your cost of production, steal your yield
hence income!
10. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Traditional means of weed control
• Ploughing/ harrowing
• Stubble grazing
• Burning of crop residues (before ploughing)
• Hand weeding -Manual weed control is labour intensive and
therefore limits the production area
11. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
weeding -- increase of pest &disease incidences -- Increase cost of
production ---- low crop yield
Hand hoe weeding
Grazing
12. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Approaches for weed control in CA
Preventive weed control
• clean crop seeds and irrigation water– no weed seeds
• Use clean machinery
• preventing weeds from setting seeds
• Curing manure and compost
• Edges of crop fields should be weed free
Control techniques pre and post crop planting
• Cultural methods – intercropping, crop rotations, mulching,
green manure cc,
• Physical control (mechanical and manual weeding).
• Chemical control through the use of herbicides
13. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
How CA reduces weeds
• It disturbs the soil less, so brings fewer buried weed seeds
to the surface where they can germinate.
• The cover on the soil (intercrops, cover crops or mulch)
smothers weeds and prevents them from growing.
• Rotating crops prevents certain types of weeds from
multiplying.
15. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Integrated weed control
options in CA
Usually a combination of two or more control strategies to increase
effectiveness to economic levels
• Weeding by hand (pulling) or with equipment
• Use of soil cover and crops
• Use of herbicides
19. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Challenges to herbicide use
• Few farmers use herbicides.
• Profitability not established, land degradation risks not assured.
• Cash flow/liquidity constraints;
• Not easily available,
• Need special equipment and skills
20. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Control of weeds under CA system: options for smallholder
farmers
1. Weeds can be a big problem when you first start using
conservation agriculture.
2. You may have to work hard in the first couple of years to
control weeds.
3. Be patient! If you do it properly, weeds will become less of a
problem later on.
4. You can manage weeds in many different ways depending
on the ecological and socio- economic circumstances of
specific H/H.
21. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Control weed cont…
5. Using crops and other forms of soil cover (green manures/cover
crops and crop residues).
6. By hand pulling/weeding or using equipment to cut or crush
the weeds.
7. Using herbicides.
8. Crop rotation
9. Planting density
10. In –row slashing of weeds
11. Superficial/Shallow weeding (scrapping)
22. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Weed control strategy
• A weed control strategy with the greatest potential for success, is the
one that fully integrates the many mgt options available.
• You will probably need to use a combination of these methods to
control weeds. Example;
o One can start controlling weeds by using various forms of soil cover.
o These methods are cheap and avoid disturbing the soil.
o You can then kill any weeds that do grow by using a weed scrapper or
machete, or with herbicides.
26. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Chemical weed control
• Is common in commercial agric
• It can also be used by smallholder farmers esp in first years
of changing from Conv to CA.
• Increasing labour shortage and cost of labour makes
chemical weed control an attractive alternative for small
farmers e.g. use of zamwipe, pedestrian sprayer, Knapsack
01/12/2017
27. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
When and how to control weeds – Steps
in controlling weeds
Adapt them to suit your own situation.
1. It is a good idea to slash weeds immediately after the harvest and
during the dry season to prevent them from producing seeds.
2. Before you plant, slash any plants (weeds, cover crop, stalks left over
from the previous crop) in the field. (A disadvantage with this is that
it may encourage grasses and certain other weeds to grow if it is wet.)
3. Dig planting pits with a hoe, or open planting furrows with a ripper
or Sub-soiler.
28. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
When and how to control weeds: steps
4. After the first rains have fallen, allow weeds to regrow or new weeds
to emerge. Wait about 2 weeks until they are growing vigorously, then
apply a post-emergence herbicide such as R/up using a Zamwipe or a
sprayer. This will kill all emerged weeds before you plant.
5. Immediately afterwards, plant the main crop.
6. Plant a cover crop between the rows of the main crop after two weeks
(depending on the cc).
7. Check for weeds every week and control them by pulling them out by
hand, scrapping the soil surface with a hand hoe/scrapper, using an
animal-drawn weeder, or using a selective herbicides.
29. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Steps cont’d
8. Harvest the main crop and allow the cover crop to grow.
9. Continue checking for weeds and pull them out before they can
flower and seed.
10. Harvest the cover crop seeds.
11. Manage (bend over and crush) the mixture of crop residues and
cover crops using a sickle, machete, knife-roller or another
implement some 3 weeks before you expect the first rains to begin.
12. Cover crops that can regenerate should be slashed at 6-8 inches
height.
30. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Weed control in later years
• Weeds should be easier to control in later seasons.
• It can take 3–5 years for the number of weeds in the soil to be reduced so much that
very few new weeds grow.
• Leave the soil undisturbed, and keep the soil covered so that weed seeds do not have
a chance to germinate. Any weeds that are lucky to germinate have no space or light,
so they die.
• You should still check for weeds regularly and pull out any you find.
• You may also need to use herbicides to control weeds.
But overall, weed control will be a lot less work.
31. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Crop yield loss caused by delay in
weeding
Crop Time delay in weeding Expected yield loss
Cotton 6 weeks 35-40 %
Soyabean 3 weeks 25 %
Groundnuts (rainfed) 5 weeks 320-430 kg/ha
Groundnuts (irrigated) 5 weeks 45 %
Maize 4 weeks 54 %
Sorghum 3 weeks 50 %
Egg plants 2 weeks 36-84%
32. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
CONCLUSION
1. CA does not necessarily mean use of herbicides.
2. Biological means, such as ground cover of crop residues and cover crops
and rotation are efficient and preferred means of weed control.
3. Farmers noted that herbicides are used to overcome weed pressure
especially in the transition period from conventional to CA.
33. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Conclusions cont…
4. Environmental friendly herbicides are available
5. CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN COMBINATION WITH COVER
CROPS AND CROP ROTATION CAN BE AN ANSWER TO
INCREASING LABOUR SHORTAGE CAUSED BY MALE OUT-
MIGRATION AND HIV/AIDS
01/12/2017
34. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Pests & Diseases Control - issues
• Disruption of the soil ecosystem by soil tillage upsets the balance
between pathogens and beneficial organisms, allowing the disease-
causing organisms, which usually are more opportunistic, to become
problems.
• The residues and cover crops that are preserved on the soil surface
provide numerous habitats for insects and bacteria and fungi. In
conservation agriculture systems more insects and micro-organisms
occur as they are able to hibernate until the next crop.
35. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Pests & Diseases Control - issues
• At the same time the cover provides habitats for natural enemies of
pests and diseases occurring in commercial crops.
• Thus, conservation agriculture is a more natural system in which higher
number of species occur; those that can cause damage to crops, but also
beneficial organisms that predate on disease causing organisms, like
higher parasitism on eggs of certain species.
• New balances between species are created, determined by the quantity
of residues left on the surface and the crop rotation practiced.
36. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Pests & Diseases Control
How to reduce the danger of pests and diseases-:
1. Rotate the types of crops grown - food, cover and cash
crops - interrupts their food supply and disturbs their living
conditions.
2. Select cover crops that are unlikely to be attacked by
pests/diseases e.g. canavalia, mucuna.
3. Plant various different types of cover crops.
4. Consider using chemical spraying if necessary.
37. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Integrated Pest and Disease
Management (IPM)
IPM is a set of strategies based on monitoring economic
thresholds and preventive tactics to determine if and when
pest treatment is best applied.
IPM follows a four-step procedure:
o setting action thresholds
o monitoring and identifying pests
o Preventing
ocontrolling
38. Realizing sustainable agricultural mechanisation
Learning activity
Give 2 examples of weeds that are common in your working area for each of
these categories.
Broad leaf, Grass weeds, sedges, parasitic weeds, noxious weeds.
Discussion points:
• Which weeds are associated with low soil fertility, and which ones with high
soil fertility?
• Are there weeds that remain green during the dry season – worth
considering as soil cover crops? Are all the weeds edible for humans and
livestock?
• Which weeds die naturally after one season and are easier to control? Which
ones are difficult to control?
• State suitable control methods used for each weed.