Oxygen therapy involves the administration of oxygen to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation levels and minimize workload on the cardiopulmonary system. Oxygen is indicated when a patient has documented hypoxemia with oxygen saturation below 90% or a partial pressure of oxygen below 60 mmHg. Various oxygen delivery systems can be used including nasal cannulas, face masks, Venturi masks, and non-rebreather masks to provide different concentrations of oxygen from 24-100% at flow rates of 2-10 LPM. Potential complications of oxygen therapy include oxygen toxicity, depression of ventilation, retinopathy of prematurity, absorption atelectasis, and fire hazards.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
4. Goal of oxygen therapy
To maintain adequate tissue oxygenation while
minimizing cardiopulmonary work
5. O2 Therapy : CLINICAL OBJECTIVES
1. Correct documented or suspected hypoxemia
2. Decrease the symptoms associated with chronic hypoxemia
3. Decrease the workload hypoxemia imposes on the
cardiopulmonary system
6. O2 Therapy : Indications
• Documented hypoxemia as evidenced by
• PaO2 < 60 mmHg or SaO2 < 90% on room air
• PaO2 or SaO2 below desirable range for a specific clinical situation
• Acute care situations in which hypoxemia is suspected
• Severe trauma
• Acute myocardial infarction
• Short term therapy (Post anaesthesia recovery)
7. ASSESSMENT
• The need for oxygen therapy should be
assessed by
1. monitoring of ABG - PaO2, SpO2
2. clinical assessment findings.
8. Oxygen therapy
• is the administration of oxygen as a medical intervention, which can be for
a variety of purposes in both chronic and acute patient care
• Oxygen is often prescribed for people to prevent hypoxia because of the
following conditions:
1. Difficulty ventilating all areas of their lungs
2. Impaired gas exchange
3. Heart failure
• Prescribed by the physician who specifies the following:
1. Concentration
2. Liter per minute
3. Method of delivery
9. Oxygen supply
1. Piped in wall outlets – at the client’s bedside
2. Portable (Tanks or cylinders) – for transporting oxygen
dependent clients, in home use;
Humidifier – add water vapor to inspired air because Oxygen
is a dry gas that dehydrates respiratory mucous membrane
• Prevents mucous membrane from drying and becoming
irritated
• Loosens secretions for easier expectoration
10. Safety Precautions for Oxygen Administration
• Teach family members to smoke only outside away from the client
and oxygen equipment.
• Set up “No Smoking: and “oxygen in Use” signs at the site of
administration and at the door, according to agency policy.
• Instruct the client and visitors about the hazard of smoking with
oxygen in use
• Provide cotton gown and blankets . Synthetics and wool may
generate sparks of static electricity
11. Safety Precautions for Oxygen Administration
• Avoid the use of volatile, flammable materials such as oils, greases,
alcohol, ether and acetone near clients receiving oxygen
• Remove matches, lighters, ashtrays, and any friction-type or battery
operated toys or devices from bedside
• Be sure that electric monitoring equipment , suction machines, and
portable diagnostic machines are electrically grounded.
• Locate fire extinguishers and oxygen meter turn-off lever.
12. Various devices used for administration of oxygen.
• Pressure regulator - used to control
the high pressure of oxygen delivered
from a cylinder (or other source) to a
lower pressure. This lower pressure is
then controlled by a flowmeter.
• Flowmeter – controls the lower
pressure which may be preset or
selectable, and this controls the flow in
a measure such as litres per minute
(lpm).
13. PaO2 as an indicator for Oxygen therapy
• PaO2 : 80 – 100 mm Hg : Normal
60 – 80 mm Hg : cold, clammy
extremities
< 60 mm Hg : cyanosis
< 40 mm Hg : mental deficiency
memory loss
< 30 mm Hg : bradycardia
cardiac arrest
PaO2 < 60 mm Hg is a strong indicator for
oxygen therapy
14. Clinical assessment of hypoxia
mild to moderate severe
CNS : Restlessness,
somnolence, confusion
disorientation
impaired judgement
lassitude
loss of co-ordination
headache,
obtunded mental
status
Cardiac : tachycardia, arrhythmia mild hypertension
hypotension
bradycardia, peripheral
vasoconst.
Respiratory: dyspnea, possible
shallow &tachypnea
Increasing dyspnoea
bradypnoea,
laboured breathing
Skin : paleness, cold, clammy
cyanosis
19. Complications of Oxygen therapy
1. Oxygen toxicity
2. Depression of ventilation
3. Retinopathy of Prematurity
4. Absorption atelectasis
5. Fire hazard
20. 1. O2 Toxicity
• Primarily affects lung and CNS.
• 2 factors: PaO2 & exposure time
• CNS O2 toxicity (Paul Bert effect)
• occurs on breathing O2 at pressure > 1 atm
• tremors, twitching, convulsions
21. How much O2 is safe?
100% - not more than 12hrs
80% - not more than 24hrs
60% - not more than 36hrs
Goal should be to use lowest possible FiO2
compatible with adequate tissue oxygenation
22. Indications for 70% - 100% oxygen
therapy
1. Resuscitation
2. Periods of acute cardiopulmonary instability
3. Patient transport
23. Oxygen Delivery System
1. Nasal cannula (NC)
• is a thin tube with two small nozzles that protrude
into the patient's nostrils.
• Most common and inexpensive device
• provides oxygen at low flow rates, 2–6 litres per
minute (LPM), delivering a concentration of 24–45%.
24. Cont: Oxygen Delivery System, (NASAL Cannula)
• allows the patient to continue to talk, eat and drink while still
receiving the therapy.
• associated with greater comfort, and improved oxygenation
and respiratory rates than with face mask oxygen.
Limitation of nasal cannula:
• Unable to deliver higher concentration of oxygen
• Can be drying and irritating to mucous membrane
25. 2. Simple face mask
• Covers the patient’s nose and mouth.
• Exhalation ports at the sides of the mask allow
exhaled CO2 to escape
• Often used at between 5 and 8 LPM, with a
concentration of oxygen to the patient of
between 40 – 60%.
Oxygen Delivery System
26. 3. Air-entrainment masks, also known as Venturi
masks,
• Has a wide bore tubing and color coded jet
adapters ( blue adapter – 24% at 4-10 lpm;
green adapter – 35% at 8lpm)
• can accurately deliver a predetermined oxygen
concentration to the trachea up to 24 - 50% at
4- 10 lpm .
Oxygen Delivery System
28. • 4. Partial rebreathing mask – has
a reservoir bag, which increases
the provided oxygen rate to 60–
90% oxygen at 6 to 10 LPM.
Oxygen Delivery System
29. 5. Non-rebreather masks ( reservoir mask), -
draw oxygen from an attached reservoir bags,
with one-way valves that direct exhaled air out
of the mask.
• Delivers the highest oxygen concentration
when properly fitted and used at flow rates of
8-10 LPM or higher, they deliver close to 100%
oxygen. This type of mask is indicated for
acute medical emergencies.
Oxygen Delivery System
30. 6. Face Tent
• Can replace oxygen mask when masks are
poorly tolerated by clients
• Provides oxygen concentration at 30 – 50%
with flow rates of 4- 8 LPM
Oxygen Delivery System
31. 7. Bag-valve-mask (BVM) - a malleable bag attached to a face mask (or
invasive airway such as an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask
airway), usually with a reservoir bag attached, which is manually
manipulated by the healthcare professional to push oxygen (or air) into
the lungs.
• Used in many emergency medical service and first aid personnel
Oxygen Delivery System
32. Characteristic Concentration LPM
1. Nasal Cannula provides oxygen at low
flow rates
24–45%. , 2–6 litres per minute
(LPM),
2. Simple face mask 40 – 60%. 5 - 8 LPM
3. Air-entrainment masks
also known as Venturi
masks,
blue adapter – 24%
green adapter – 35%
At trachea : 24 - 50%
4-10 lpm;
8 lpm
4- 10 lpm .
4. Partial rebreathing
mask –
has a reservoir bag 60–90% 6 to 10 LPM.
5. Non-rebreather masks (
reservoir mask),
Delivers the highest
oxygen concentration
Close to 100% of 8-10 LPM or higher,
they deliver close to
6. Face Tent 30 – 50% 4- 8 LPM or higher
Oxygen Delivery System