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1. M.L.V. GOVT. COLLEGE
BHILWARA
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
M.SC. ZOOLOGY
(PERVIOUS)
Nucleic Acid
PRESENTED
BY:-

3. CONTENTS
 Introduction Of Nucleic Acids
 Types Of Nucleic Acids
 oCCURRENCE
 Constitution of Nucleic Acid
 DNA( Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid)
 Constituents Of DNA
 Molecular Structure Of DNA
 The Model Of Watson & Crick
 Forms Of DNA
 RNA( Ribonucleic Acid)
 Structure Of RNA
 Types Of RNA
 FunctionOf Nucleic Acids.

4. Introduction Of Nucleic Acid
1) Nucleic Acid Word Is Made Up Of Nucleic + Acid.
Present Inside The Nucleus , It is Called Nucleic
And Due To Its Acidic Nature , It Was Named
Nucleic Acid.
2) Fredrik Miescher Separate The Pus Cells From
The Nucleus And Named It Nuclein ( 1869 ).
3) Richard Altman Called Them Nucleic Acid Named.
4) Nucleic Acid The Most Important Is Organic
Substance.
5) It Is The Conveyor Of Genetic Information In All
Organisms And Also Controls The Protein
Synthesis Process.

5. Types Of Nucleic Acid
These Are 2 Types:-
1. DNA ( DEOXYRIBO
NUCELIC ACID )
2. RNA ( RIBONUCLEIC
ACID )

6. Occurrence
 Apart From Plant Viruses DNA Is Found
In All Living Organisms.
 RNA Acts As A Genetic Matter In Plant
Viruses.
 Eukaryotic DNA In Cells Is Long,
Unsigned, Helix Shaped.
 RNA Is Present Only In Nucleus In
Nucleolus And Mainly In Cytoplasm.

7. Constituents Of Nucleic Acids
1) Nucleic Acids Are Polymers Of Many Nucleotides.
2) Nucleotides Have 3 Components :-
I. Pentose Sugar (5-C)
II. Phosphoric Acid
III. Nitrogenous Base

9. NucleicAcid
NUCLEOTIDES
Phosphoricacid
Nucleosides
Pentosesugar nitrogenousbase
ribose
deoxiribose purines pyrimi-dines (RNA) (DNA) (a,g)
(t,c,U)

10. DNA ( DEOXYRIBO NUCELIC ACID )

11. Constituents Of DNA
 DNA Many Nucleotides Have Polymers.
 There Are Mainly 3 Types Of
Components In Nucleotides:-
1. De - OxyRibose Sugar
2. Phosphoric Acid
3. Nitrogenous Base
i. Purine – Adenine, Guanine
ii. Pyrimidines – Cytosine, Thymine

12. Molecular Structure Of DNA
1) DNA Is Double Stranded Structure.
You Range From 106 To 107 Dalton.
2) Chargaff And His Colleagues
According:-
I. The Number Of Adenine Molecules
Is Always Equal To The Number Of
Thymine Molecules.
II. The Number Of Cytosine Is Always
Equal To The Number Of Guanine
Molecules.
3) The Structure Of DNA Is Spiral Type,
Its Diameters Is 20 A°
4) The Length Of A Coil Of DNA Is 34
A°
5) The Distance Between Two Closely
Coupled Base Pairs Is 3.4 A°

13. The Model Of Watson & Crick
 Watson & Crick Given A Double Helix Model Of DNA
(1953).
 According To This Model:-
1. The DNA Molecule Is Made Up Of Two Strands. That
Spiral In Spiral Order Around An Axis.
2. Both Polynucleotide Chains Coiled In The Opposite
Direction.
3. Each Nucleotide Contains Are Molecule Of Nitrogenous
Base, Sugars Called Deoxyribose & Phosphoric Acid.
4. In This, The Nitrogenous Bases Molecule Is Attached
To The Deoxyribose On The Inside And The Phosphate
Molecule On The Outside.
5. The Nucleotides Of A Multinucleotide Chain In DNA
Interact With Each Other Are Attached To The
Phosphate Molecule.
6. The Nitrogenous Bases Of The Both Chains Are Linked
By Hydrogen Bonds.
7. In DNA , Adenine Always Pairs With Thymine And
Cytosine Always Pairs With Guanine.
8. There Are Two Hydrogen Bonds Between Adenine,
Thymine & Three Hydrogen Bonds Between Cytosine
And Guanine.

15. Forms Of DNA
Sr.No. Particulars A DNA B DNA Z DNA
1. Discovery Wilkins Franklin Alexander
Rich
2. Size Micro Medium Large
3. Helix Right Handed Right Handed Left Handed
4. Length Of Helical
Turn
28.6 34 42
5. Diameter 26 A° 20 A° 18 A°
6. Number Of Base 11 10 12
7. Angle from Axis 20.2° 6.3° 7.8°
8. Axial Height Of
N-Base
2.56A° 3.4A° 3.75A°

16. RNA ( Ribonucleic Acid )
1) RNA Are Found In
Nature As Long
Unsigned Multilayered
Molecules Made Of
Single Chain.
2) RNA Is Usually Found
In Cytoplasm And
Nucleolus.

17. Structure Of RNA
 The Structure Of RNA Is Also Similar To That Of
DNA.
 Its Main Features Are:-
1. RNA Is Single Structure Composed Of
Unspecified Polynucleotide Chains.
2. RNA Is Also Composed Of Thousands Of
Nucleotides Similar To DNA. These Nucleotide
Are Connected In A Linear Chain Through 3’-5’
Phosphodiestrace Bonds.
3. Ribose Sugar Is Found In RNA.
4. Uracil - Nitrogen Base Is Found In Place Of The
Thymine-Nitrogen Base In RNA.
5. Ratio Of Type A/U = G/C = 1 Is Not Found In
RNA.

18. Types Of RNA
 RNA Found In Living Organism Is Mainly Divided
Into Two Categories :-
 Genetic RNA
 Non-Genetic RNA.
1) Genetic RNA –
I. Most Plant Virus Some Viruses And Some Bacterial DNA Are Absent
, Hence RNA As A Genetic Material.
II. The RNA Found In These Is Single Stranded Or Double Stranded.
III. When RNA Is Bicellular , It Has The Same Coupling As DNA
EXAMPLE:- 1. TMV (S S RNA)
2. Wound Tumour Viruses (D S RNA)

19. 2) Non-Genetic RNA –
I. DNA Acts As A Genetic Material In Living Organisms.
RNA Present In Them Is Non-Genetic.
II. RNA Is Formed By Transcription From DNA.
III. These RNA’s Are Helpful In Protein Synthesis.
These Are Generally 3 Type Of Genetic RNA:-
1. Messenger RNA ( m-RNA )
2. Transfer RNA ( t-RNA )
3. Ribosomal RNA ( r-RNA )

20. Types OF RNA
SR.NO. Character m-RNA t-RNA r-RNA
1. Occurrence Cyto Plasm Cyto Plasm Ribosome
2. Amount 10% 10% 80%
3. Molecular WT. 5,00,000 25,000 1.1 x 106
4. Site Of Synthesis In Nucleus On
DNA Template
In Nucleus On
DNA Template
In Nucleus
From
Nucleolus
Template
5. Function In Conveys
Genetic
Information
From DNA To
Ribosome.
Attachment Of
Amino Acid
To M-RNA
Template.
Serves As
Template For
Synthesis Of
Ribosomal
Proteins.

21. Function Of Nucleic Acids.
1) Nucleic Acid ( Specifically DNA ) Carry Out A Vital
Role In The Human Body.
2) Genetic Information Passing From One Generation
To Another Is Contained In DNA.
3) DNA Controls The Synthesis Of RNA.
4) DNA Acts As A Source Of Information For
Necessary Protein Synthesis.
5) DNA Controls And Regulates All The Chemical
Reactions That Occur In Cells.
6) RNA Is Formed In DNA By Transcription.
7) Self Duplication Ability Is Found In DNA.
8) m-RNA Is Used To Transfer Genetic Information
Through Plasma Membranes.

22. References
Source:-
1) Alka Publication (Ajmer), Dr. D.P. Jaroli (Jaipur), Dr.
P.L. Parikh (Nathdawara), Dr. V.D. Bhatt Mewada
(Banswara), Dr. A.K. Bhatnagar (Bhilwara)
Book Name:- Cell Biology & Genetics
( Page No. – 3 To 10 )
2) CBC – K.C Soni
Book Name:- Genetics & Biotechnology
( Page No. – 181 To 199 )
Internet source:-
www.wikipedia.org
www.nucleicacid.gov
www.google.com