The document discusses the human microbiome, which is the collection of microbes that live on and inside the human body. It describes some of the microbes commonly found in different areas of the body like the nose, mouth, skin, gut, and urogenital tract. It also discusses how antibiotics and other drugs can disrupt the normal balance of microbes and allow potentially harmful ones to grow. The human microbiome varies between individuals and is an area of ongoing research.
Presentation given at Eva Perry Library about the emerging information on the microbiome. Key highlights include definition of the microbiome, affect of microbiome on health, how to maintain a healthy/balanced microbiome.
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
Presentation given at Eva Perry Library about the emerging information on the microbiome. Key highlights include definition of the microbiome, affect of microbiome on health, how to maintain a healthy/balanced microbiome.
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes!
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
Dr. Tom Burkey - Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiologyJohn Blue
Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiology - Dr. Tom Burkey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
Trillions of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi live in and around our bodies. Together, they make up the microbiome, which has been called the largest organ in the human body and been linked to a range of health issues, from asthma to diabetes to inflammatory bowel disease to obesity. Paul Kubes and Kathy McCoy, professors at UCalgary’s Cumming School of Medicine and researchers at the Western Canadian Microbiome Centre, share the science of the microbiome and why it holds the key to better health for all of us. Watch the full webinar at http://www.ucalgary.ca/explore/microbiome-why-few-trillion-germs-can-be-good-thing
Microbes are our Friends.. The effective way of microbes treating our diseases and fighting with the pathogens is very effective. The human microbiome project is a current topic the researchers are focusing now. We think we are humans but the research of Human Microbiome Project states that we are 1% Humans 99% microbes. The highlights of this project is fecal transplantation and effective way of killing pathogens with the positive microbes.
The way we treat our body will treat you back and the antigens which are entered in to our body will greatly fight with microbes to survive and make the human body safe and healthy.
Finally Microbes are us and we are them
Unit 9: Human Microbiome
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Describe the human microbiome: how many microbes there are, how you get your microbiome, who’s there, and how it changes over time and by region.
2. Describe the domain eukarya. List the five superkingdoms and a few notable species.
3. Explain how the human microbiome is related to health and disease.
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes!
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
Dr. Tom Burkey - Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiologyJohn Blue
Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiology - Dr. Tom Burkey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
Trillions of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi live in and around our bodies. Together, they make up the microbiome, which has been called the largest organ in the human body and been linked to a range of health issues, from asthma to diabetes to inflammatory bowel disease to obesity. Paul Kubes and Kathy McCoy, professors at UCalgary’s Cumming School of Medicine and researchers at the Western Canadian Microbiome Centre, share the science of the microbiome and why it holds the key to better health for all of us. Watch the full webinar at http://www.ucalgary.ca/explore/microbiome-why-few-trillion-germs-can-be-good-thing
Microbes are our Friends.. The effective way of microbes treating our diseases and fighting with the pathogens is very effective. The human microbiome project is a current topic the researchers are focusing now. We think we are humans but the research of Human Microbiome Project states that we are 1% Humans 99% microbes. The highlights of this project is fecal transplantation and effective way of killing pathogens with the positive microbes.
The way we treat our body will treat you back and the antigens which are entered in to our body will greatly fight with microbes to survive and make the human body safe and healthy.
Finally Microbes are us and we are them
Unit 9: Human Microbiome
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Describe the human microbiome: how many microbes there are, how you get your microbiome, who’s there, and how it changes over time and by region.
2. Describe the domain eukarya. List the five superkingdoms and a few notable species.
3. Explain how the human microbiome is related to health and disease.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Oral microbial flora /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Oral microbial flora final /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Introduction to Basic Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyChittaranjan Das
Contains basic of pharmaceutical microbiology and major microflora in the cleanroom. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Common microorganisms in the cleanroom and diseases they produce. Biofilm in the pharmaceutical cleanroom.
Oral microbiology/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
4.6 Human Microbiome
1. The Human MicrobiomeChristine Rodriguez, Ph.D.
Harvard Outreach 2012
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
2. Microbes are all over us
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachershttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_sha
dow_-_upper.png
Thousands of different species on the skin alone
Some thrive on dry patches of the elbow, others
thrive in moist environment of armpit
There are millions of microbes per
square inch on your body
It is estimated that there are more microbes in
your intestine than there are human cells in your
body!
3. What is the Human Microbiome?
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Microbe: tiny living organism, such as bacterium,
fungus, protozoan, or virus
Microbiome: collectively all the microbes in the
human body; a community of microbes
Biofilm: a community of microbes that live together
on a surface
4. Microbes in the Human Microbiome include species
from each major domain
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_prismatic_spring.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspergillus_niger_01.jpg
Bacteria
“Extremophile”
Archaebacteria
Fungi
5. What features distinguish the
microbial domains?
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=BACT003B&File_type=GIF
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=CELL006B&File_type=GIF
Generalized
bacteria and
archaebacteria
cell
eneralized eukaryotic cell
Bacteria
•Have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
•Often sphere (cocci) or rod (bacillus) shape, but others as well
Archeabacteria
•Have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
•Can look similar to bacteria or drastically different shapes, such
as flat and square
•Have some metabolic similarities to eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
•Have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
•Wide variety of shapes. For this presentation, we will focus on fungi
•Fungi are unique since they have a cell wall and form spores during
reproduction
6. Microbes are normally found in and
on the human body
The following sites are “hotspots” for microbial life
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachershttp://nihroadmap.nih.gov/hmp/
Let’s explore
these five
regions
Some microbes are native,
normally found in the body
Some microbes are
introduced, suddenly
arriving at a new residence
in the body
7. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
What’s Happening
in the Nose?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human-nose.jpg
There is a delicate balance of microbes that are maintained to keep that environment
healthy. Weakened immune systems can throw off that balance and allow the wrong
microbes to grow out of control.
Inflammation
from viral
infection and
allergic reactions
Inhaled medicines
and oral antibiotics
Cilia and mucous
lining trap inhaled
microbes
The nose is a
primary defender
against inhaled
pathogens
8. Nose
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
The interior lining of the nose contains mucous secreting glands. A wide variety of
microbes are normally found there. Here’s a few:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human-nose.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_epidermidis_01.png
• Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria forms a biofilm that
coats the mucosal lining
• Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is fine when kept under
control by a protease found in S. epidermidis, but if left to
grow out of control, S. aureus can become pathogenic and
cause infection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRSA7820.jpg
9. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Nose
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human-nose.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspergillus_fumigatus_Invasive_Disease_Mechanism_Diagram.jpg
• Aspergillus fungal spores are often
inhaled through the nose. If the immune
system fails to clear these, mold can grow
in the lungs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspergillus.jpg
•Corneybacterium accolens bacteria is rarely a pathogen,
but if it enters the bloodstream due to a torn blood vessel,
it can cause serious infections
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corynebacterium_ulcerans_01.jpg
10. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
What’s Happening in
the Oral Cavity?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg
A wide variety
of microbes
regularly enter
the oral cavity saliva, pH,
temperature, immune
system prevent many
species from surviving
Oral antibiotics
inhibit growth
Brushing and flossing teeth
clears some built up biofilm
Symbiosis of the oral microbes that are able to survive these conditions form an elaborate
scaffold that lives on the tooth enamel and at the interface with the gums. It forms a
barrier for incoming bacteria.
11. Oral Cavity
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg
The oral cavity has a wide variety of microbes normally found there. Here’s a few:
Fusobacterium sp.
bacteria is a larger
bacteria that helps
form a scaffold for
many other bacteria
in the oral biofilm
Streptococcus mitis
bacteria typically forms a
biofilm on the hard
enamel surfaces of the
teeth. If gums get
inflamed, it can enter the
bloodstream and cause
infection
12. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Oral Cavity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg
•Prevotella sp. bacteria have natural antibiotic resistance
genes. They can attach to epithelial cells or other bacteria
and cause larger infections in inflamed areas.
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/File:P_ruminicola.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candida_albicans_2.jpg
• Candida albicans fungus can cause oral infection known as
thrush
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thrush.JPG
13. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
What’s Happening
on the Skin?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_male_upper_body,_retouched.jpg
There are several skin
environments: oily, dry,
moist. Some microbes
prefer one over another.
The skin has natural
defenses including
slightly acidic sweat and
antimicrobial peptides.
Microbes hide in crevices
to recolonize skin after
washing with soap
Antibiotic washes and
oral antibiotics disturb
normal balance of
microbes on the skin
There is a normal balance of microbes on the skin that protect introduced microbes from
harming us. Damaged skin gives opportunities for microbes to invade the bloodstream and
cause serious illness.
14. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Skin
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_male_upper_body,_retouched.jpg
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/File:Lesionsclosed.jpg
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/File:Lesionsmicro.jpg
• Propionibacterium acnes bacteria colonizes healthy pores, but if pores
become clogged, it grows out of control
• Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria normally colonizes on the skin. But when
P. acnes clogs pores, S. epidermidis also grows out of control in the infected
pores
• Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can also infect clogged pores like Staph
epidermidis. Even worse, many antibiotic resistant strains of Staph aureus
make it difficult to treat the infection.
15. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Skin
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_male_upper_body,_retouched.jpg
Trichophyton and Microsporum fungi feast on keratin in the skin
and cause ringworm fungal infections
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yeartinfection.JPG
16. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
What’s Happening
in the Gut?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intestine_and_stomach_-_transparent_-_cut.png
Major barriers for microbes entering the gut:
•low pH
•Saliva and Bile
•Immune system
•Finding a place to attach to intestinal wall
•Surviving a widely varied diet
For those microbes that manage to colonize the gut:
•gut flora perform regular tasks of digestion, vitamin production, many others
• Gene transfer between the myriad of species in the gut can generate new
combinations of drug resistant “superbugs”
17. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Gut
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intestine_and_stomach_-_transparent_-_cut.png
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
bacteria ferments simple
carbohydrates in the gut,
releasing hydrogen and CO2.
+ carbohydrates
CO2 and H2
Methanobrevibacter smithii
archeabacteria consumes
hydrogen gas from Bacteroides
and produces methane, which is
lost from gut as “gas”
CH4 Methane
Gas
18. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Gut
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intestine_and_stomach_-_transparent_-_cut.png
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/File:G_reaction1.jpg
Ruminococcus sp. bacteria can be found in significantly
high numbers in the gut flora. They break down cellulose
in the gut, helping with digestion.
Helicobacter pylori bacteria has a helical shape and colonizes the
stomach and upper G.I. tract. It is known to be a major cause of
stomach ulcers, although many with H. pylori do not get ulcers.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helicobacter_pylori_diagram.png
19. What’s Happening in the
Urogenital Tract?
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Genital_Organs.svg
Urinary system almost
sterile due to urea and
other chemicals
Urine often flushes
out microbes that
find their way in
Introducing a catheter into
the urethra can introduce
microbes directly into the
bladder, where a biofilm
can grow and cause bladder
infection
The vagina has a low pH due to Lactobacillus secreting lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Let’s explore the microbiome of this region further.
20. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Urogenital
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Genital_Organs.svg
Lactobacillus and vaginal epithelial cell
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lactobacillus_sp_01.png
Lactobacillus
normally maintain
low pH while other
species are kept in
small numbers in
the vagina If Lactobacillus
decreases from
antibiotics…
Candida albicans
can take over and
cause a yeast
infection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candida_albicans_2.jpg
G. vaginalis and vaginal epithelial cell
Gardnerella vaginalis
can grow too much
and cause bacterial
vaginosis.
21. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Urogenital
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Genital_Organs.svg
The urinary tract is normally sterile due to urine flushing out the tract.
But, Escherichia coli from GI tract can infect urinary tract due to poor hygiene
and contamination from nearby GI tract opening.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pyuria2011.JPG
Urine sample infected with E. coli Urine sample infected with E. coli
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E_choli_Gram.JPG
22. Interplay Between
Medicine and Microbes
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Antibiotics
Kills infectious bacteria but also disrupts
natural flora. Can result in yeast
infections, digestive problems, etc.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NOVAMOXIN_antibiotic.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemotherapy_bottles_NCI.jpg
Chemotherapy drugs
Gut flora has been shown to modify
some drugs during metabolism. This
causes many side effects, including upset
stomach.
23. Use of Antimicrobial Products
How many do we really need?
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hands-Clapping.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toothpaste.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Refill_soap.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tissue.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afwasmiddel.jpg
Products kill germs
to reduce infection
But do we need some
natural exposure to
germs to keep our
normal flora around?
Will this allow “superbugs”
that can barely survive
these treatments to grow
and become more
prevalent…causing
problems for the future?
24. Is My Gut Microbiome the
Same as Yours?
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
The number and amount
of the many different
microbes can vary greatly
from person to person.
25. Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
Relative amounts of species
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_Microbiome20169-300.jpg
The Microbiome of one person
can be different than others in
species and relative amounts
Research in the Human Microbiome
Project is starting to identify the relative
amount of each microbe present at
different locations in the body.
26. So many new questions to answer
about the Human Microbiome…
Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and
Multimedia for High School Teachers
How does the gut
flora modify drugs,
and how can we
minimize side effects?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemotherapy_bottles_NCI.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intestine_and_stomach_-_transparent_-_cut.png
Why does my gut flora look
different than yours? How
does that affect obesity,
food allergies, and ability to
fight disease?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hands-Clapping.jpg
Are we making germs more
resistant to anitmicrobials?
What happens when the
germs are resistant to all of
the drugs in our arsenal?
What do you want to know?