A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes!
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
Presentation given at Eva Perry Library about the emerging information on the microbiome. Key highlights include definition of the microbiome, affect of microbiome on health, how to maintain a healthy/balanced microbiome.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes!
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
Presentation given at Eva Perry Library about the emerging information on the microbiome. Key highlights include definition of the microbiome, affect of microbiome on health, how to maintain a healthy/balanced microbiome.
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
Renée Wilson, Registered Dietitian and PhD Candidate at University of Otago, New Zealand. Presented at the 1st International Symposium on Kiwifruit and Health: http://www.kiwifruitsymposium.org/presentations/diet-microbiota-and-metabolic-health/
This cross-sectional pilot study aims to determine whether or not there are any differences between the gut microbiota of people with normal glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
These slides explores in general the discovery of the human microbiome, and the important roles they play in our well-being. Humans have evolved to live with microbes, this symbiotic relationship is crucial. Humans are in fact 'supra-organisms' that exhibit both human and microbial traits.
Neutraceuticals - Probiotics, Prebiotics & SynbioticsMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
Renée Wilson, Registered Dietitian and PhD Candidate at University of Otago, New Zealand. Presented at the 1st International Symposium on Kiwifruit and Health: http://www.kiwifruitsymposium.org/presentations/diet-microbiota-and-metabolic-health/
This cross-sectional pilot study aims to determine whether or not there are any differences between the gut microbiota of people with normal glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
These slides explores in general the discovery of the human microbiome, and the important roles they play in our well-being. Humans have evolved to live with microbes, this symbiotic relationship is crucial. Humans are in fact 'supra-organisms' that exhibit both human and microbial traits.
Neutraceuticals - Probiotics, Prebiotics & SynbioticsMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Microbes are our Friends.. The effective way of microbes treating our diseases and fighting with the pathogens is very effective. The human microbiome project is a current topic the researchers are focusing now. We think we are humans but the research of Human Microbiome Project states that we are 1% Humans 99% microbes. The highlights of this project is fecal transplantation and effective way of killing pathogens with the positive microbes.
The way we treat our body will treat you back and the antigens which are entered in to our body will greatly fight with microbes to survive and make the human body safe and healthy.
Finally Microbes are us and we are them
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
Microbiota: the community of micro-organisms themselves
Microbiome: The genes and genomes of the microbiota, as well as the products of the microbiota and the host environment” [the collective genomes of the micro-organisms in a particular environment. Although the composition of the gut microbiota varies between individuals, the community in each individual is relatively stable over time
During the 5th Yogurt Summit, held in Buenos Aires during ICN2017, Professor Sharon Donovan (University of California, Davis, USA) explained why gut microbiota are recognised today as the intersection between diet and health.
Microbiota, leaky gut syndrome and gut-related diseasesMaurizio Salamone
Lecture on "Microbiota, Leaky gut Syndrome and gut-related disease" at the 7° International workshop on Immunonutrition "Eating for preventing" Carovigno (BA) May 1st-3th 2014
Dr. Heather Allen - The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and OutlookJohn Blue
The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and Outlook - Dr. Heather Allen, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Microbiota intestinale e Patologie NeurodegenerativeASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Professor Giovanni Gasbarrini - XII° Congresso Nazionale FIMeG 2018 - The Silver Tsunami: l'anziano fra appropriatezza e farmaeconomia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Update in Pathophysiology and Management Monkez M Yousif
Irritable bowel syndrome is the commonest health problem in hospital outpatient clinics and in private health care facilities and represents a big challenge for patients and physicians. This presentation discusses a different aspect of the disease from pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management
This lecture presents the 1-Updated recommendations regarding definition and proper diagnosis of HTN. 2-Updated guidelines for threshold of BP to start treatment and targets of treatment. 3- Updated recommendations on CV risk assessment and management. 4-Hypertension and comorbidities: updated guidelines
Platelet and coagulation post graduate lecture Monkez M Yousif
This lecture is prepared for postgraduate students in Internal medicine. It presents a physiologic and basic background of the process of homeostasis followed by a practical approach to diagnosis and brief information of different causes of bleeding disorders
This presentation focus on the accurate method of BP measurement as well as the presentation of the latest clinical trials of hypertension management and their impact on recent guidelies
Discussion of the current medications of chronic hepatitis treatment in the Egyptian market as well as our protocol of management in the Viral Hepatitis Treatment Centers in Egypt. Discussion of the latest recommendations of AASLD/IDSA and EASL are presented
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. By
Dr Monkez M Yousif
Professor of Internal Medicine
Zagazig University
Member of AGA, Member of EASL
Member of ISC-Hepatitis Working Group
2. AGENDA
• Overview of Gut Microbiota
• Composition of Gut Microbiota
• Factors and processes that influence community
assembly and composition
• Functions of Gut Microbiota (Symbiosis)
• Techniques of analysis
• Gut Microbiota and Disease
• Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
3. Gut Brain Axis, Integrative Psychiatry
https://www.integrativepsychiatry.net/gut_brain_dysfunction.html. Accessed May 1st 2017
Diseases of Civilization
Multiple lines of study have shown that the primary cause of this environmental associated
inflammation may be dysfunction of the "gut-brain axis.“ secondary to alteration of gut microbiota.
4. A short story• One day the body parts were fighting with each
other as to who is the most important
• The brain said: I am the most important as I
control everything
• The heart said: I am the most important as my
beating keeps the body going
• The liver said: I am the most important as help in
metabolism, excretion, detoxication, etc
• Finally the GUT said: I am the most important, I
digest, absorb, protect, excrete, produce
hormones, reabsorb etc
• EVERYONE LAUGHED---HA HA HA
• The GUT got angry and shut down
• Within a few days all the other body systems
agreed, it was the most important!
5. “All disease begins in the gut”
Hippocrates 460 BC – 370BC
“Health is determined by the microbiota in our gut”
Hippocrates
”الداء بيت المعدة"
كلدة بن الحارث العرب طبيب..
Gut Microbiome
6. Humans as micro biomes:-
- 10-100 trillion microbes in human
intestine.
- 3 million genes (100X).
- 2 kg weight.
- 300-1000 species of bacteria.
- control almost all body functions.
We Are Really More Bug than Man.......
7. Where on a healthy human is the
microbiome located?
Every human body surface which is exposed to
the environment and every body part with an
opening to the environment has a microbiome.
8. Sites that harbor a
normal flora:
−Skin and mucous membranes
−External ear canal
−Upper respiratory tract
−Gastrointestinal tract
−Outer opening of urethra
−External genitalia
−Vagina
−External eye (lids, conjunctiva)
13. Factors that can influence the composition and function of the
human gut microbiota
Quigley, E. M. M. (2017) Gut microbiome as a clinical tool in gastrointestinal disease management: are we there yet?
Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.29
14. The Microbiome: Who’s there?
• Early gut colonization has four phases
– Phase 1: Sterile gut
– Phase 2: Initial acquisition: vagina, feces, hospital
– Phase 3: Breast feeding or bottle-feeding (different)
• Breast fed more bifidobacteria (up to 90% of flora)
• Bottle fed more diverse; more Bacteroides , and
Clostridial species
– Phase 4: Start of solids; move to adult flora (Fermicutes
and bacteriotedes)
• Bifidobacteria remain key flora into adulthood
Ley, Peterson, Gordon. Cell 2006 ;124:837
Ley, et al. PNAS. 2005, 102: 11070
Edwards, et al. Br J Nutr. 2002
15. Gut Microbiota and Geographic Location
• The microbiotas of European and African
children have completely different
compositions.
– African children have greater proportions of
Bacteroidetes and Gram-positive organisms in
their bowels,
– while a Western lifestyle appears to promote
increases in Firmicutes and Gram-negative
organisms.
16. Gut Microbiota and Modern Lifestyle
• Changes in human ecology have affected the
composition of microbiota during human evolution, but
a more radical change has occurred in recent decades.
• One of the most significant findings is that in developed
countries there has been a loss of certain species that
colonized our bowel some decades ago, with the
resultant loss of biodiversity of our microbiota.
• Factors that have influenced this change in microbiota
include
– water sanitation,
– increased performance of cesarean sections,
– more frequent use of antibiotics in preterm newborns,
– decreased breast-feeding,
– increased hygiene, or
– widespread use of antibacterial soaps.
18. Role of microbiota in Health
• Symbiotic relationship: (Interaction
between two different organisms living
in close physical association, typically to
the advantage of both).
• Shaping and maintaining immunity:
–Innate immunity
–Adaptive immunity
19. Gut Microbiota in Health- symbiosis
Human (host) Microbiome
Provides:
• Nutrients
• Shelter
• Increases the metabolic capacity of the
host -digest plant carbohydrates, milk
products (glycans) - ~10% of the calories
from diet
• Provide vitamins (e.g. B2, B12, K and
folic acid)
• Protect from colonization with pathogenic
bacteria (Colonization resistance)
20. • Produce pathogen-
associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs) and
metabolic by-
products and
regulate intestinal
immune responses
• PAMPs are
recognized by
pattern recognition
receptor (PRR)-
bearing cells of the
innate immune
system and many
epithelial cells
Gut Microbiota in Health- innate immunity
21. Gut Microbiota in Health: Adaptive immune system
• Microbiota stimulation leads to B cell switch to IgA,
regulatory T cell induction, T cell differentiation to Th17
22. - Commensal bacteria
induce CD4+T cell
differentiation.
- Naïve CD4+T cells can
differentiate into four
major cell types: Th1,
Th2, Tregs and Th17.
- Once differentiated,
each lineage secretes a
special (set of) cytokine
and perform specific
functions
23. Protective function (barrier effect)
Compete and adhere to the attachment sites in
the brush border of intestinal epithelial.
Compete for available nutrients.
Produce antimicrobial (bacteriocins).
All of this will prevent attachment and
subsequent entry of pathogenic bacteria into
the epithelial cells
28. Dysbiosis: Proposed mechanism/s leading to disease
• Genetic and environmental factors induce impaired
barrier function
• Overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria; inhibition of
protective bacteria
• Translocation of bacteria and bacterial products
• Immune activation and proinflammatory cytokine
production
• Chronic inflammation leads to tissue destruction and
complications
• Concept of leaky gut
29. The 'leaky gut' hypothesis
Quigley, E. M. M. (2017) Gut microbiome as a clinical tool in gastrointestinal disease management: are we there yet?
Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.29
30. Dysbiosis and diseases
• Diseases of the GUT
– Malabsorption syndrome
– Malignancies: Colorectal cancer
– Inflammatory Bowl disease (IBD)
– Irritable Bowl syndrome
– Diarrheal diseases
– Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDI)
• Non-mucosal diseases
– Obesity and metabolic syndrome
– Malignancies: liver cancer, breast cancer
– Complications of liver cirrhosis
– Allergic conditions
– Autoimmune disorders (T1DM, arthritis etc)
– Abnormalities of the gut-brain axis- Autism and
other neurological disorders
– Obesity and other metabolic disorders
– Chronic fatigue syndrome
– Periodontal diseases
32. Malabsorption syndrome
• In health: The bacterial growth is restricted in the upper
small bowel under the influence of acid and motility.
• Factors predisposing to bacterial overgrowth:
Surgical, anatomical, motor (scleroderma & DM), hypochlohydra
(atrophic gastritis, post gastrectomy)
• Consequences of bacterial overgrowth:
– Fat malabsorption due to:
• Bacteria deconjugation of bile acids which allows free bile acids to be
reabsorped decrease luminal bile acid concentration ---limit micelle
formation.
• Patchy mucosal damage by bacteria or toxic effects of FFA
– CHO and protein malabsorption due to mucosal damage or
bacterial metabolism of these nutrients.
– B12 malabsorption: B12 is utilized by the bacteria, in contrast
bacteria produces folic acid.
36. GIT malignancies: Colorectal cancer
Colonic bacteria may initiate cancer through:
1- Production of carcinogens from diets rich in meat and fat
(nitroso compounds).
2- Elevation in damage to DNA of colonic cells by dietary
carcinogens (heterocyclic aromatic amines found in cooked
meat).
3- Abnormalities in repair can lead to neoplastic transformations
4- Microbial metabolism can produce by-products toxic to
epithelium;
5- Disproportionate pro-inflammatory signalling at the GIT
mucosa, leads to increased sloughing and repair of epithelium,
which can ultimately lead to neoplasia and malignancy.
6-Certain microbial species can have direct or indirect (through
host cell activation) cytotoxic effects on cells
37. • High risk of colon cancer was associated with presence of
– Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides stercoris
• low risk was associated with presence of
– Lactobacillus acidiphilus, Eubacterium aerofaciens.
• Although the evidence is not conclusive, colonic flora seem to be a major
environmental factor that modulates risk of colonic cancer in human beings.
39. Inflammatory Bowl Disease (IBD)
A group of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions that affect
the colon and small intestine, typically resulting in severe
abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting and diarrhea.
• Affects all layers of the
bowel wall
• Granuloma formation in up
to 60% of patients
• Affects superficial mucosal
layers
40. IBD is driven by T cells
mucosal homeostasis
cytokine production by regulatory (TReg) T cells supresses pro-
inflammatory responses
mucosal inflammation
increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by T
helper (TH) cells
TH1,
TH2,
TH17
TRe
g
TNF, IFNγ, IL-17
TReg transfer can
prevent the induction of
experimental colitis
adapted from Bouma and Strober, Nat rev Immunol., 2003 and Vignali et
al., Nat rev Immunol., 2008
41. Involvement of the microbiota in regulating the balance
between TH and TReg cell subsets in the gut
Intestinal bacteria direct the differentiation of both pro- and anti-
inflammatory T cell populations and may therefore play a crucial role in IBD
TReg
TH
43. Obesity and metabolic syndrome
•Over the past 25 years, the prevalence of obesity has
risen dramatically in several developed and developing
countries.
•Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays
a role in energy harvest, storage, and expenditure.
•Germ-free mice are protected against obesity and that
the transfer of gut microbes from conventionally raised
obese animals results in dramatic increases in body fat
content and insulin resistance.
•The composition of the gut microbiota is shown to differ
in lean and obese humans and animals and to change
rapidly in response to dietary factors.
44. • Hence, recent research has implicated
the gut microbiota as a critical
determinant of nutrient uptake, energy
regulation, and ultimately, weight and
metabolic disorders
45. Study: Different gut microbial community
structure in obese mice
Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
%Sequences
Ley et al., PNAS 102: 11070-5 (2006)
46. Study: Microbiota fecal transplantation
• Microbiotas were taken
from the fat mice,
transferred to gf
recipients, and those
that received the
microbiotas from the
obese donor gained
more weight, even
though they didn’t eat
more.
• Shifting the relative
abundances of the
microbiota is changing
the function of the
community in a way that
has an impact on the
host.
51. Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Diseases
Tang WH, Hazen SL.: The contributory role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease.
J Clin Invest. 2014 Oct;124(10):4204-11. doi: 10.1172/JCI72331. Epub 2014 Oct 1.
52. Neonatal gut microbiota induces lung immunity
against pneumonia
• Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli or Candida
albicans were inoculated into newborn mice delivered from
dams that were either untreated or treated 5 days prepartum
with an antibiotic cocktail (ampicillin, gentamicin and
vancomycin).
• Maternal antibiotic exposure reduced the total commensal
bacterial load in the gut of the pups, but also increased the
proliferation of S. pneumonia in the lung.
• Oral inoculation of microbiota from antibiotic-free mice to
pups born from antibiotic-exposed dams restored their
resistance to pneumonia, suggesting that the presence of gut
commensal bacteria is critical for immune responses in the
lung. Gray, J. et al. Intestinal commensal bacteria mediate lung mucosal immunity and promote resistance of
newborn mice to infection. Sci. Transl Med. 9, eaaf9412 (2017).
53. • Disruption of neonatal gut microbiota can
induce inflammatory responses in the lung.
• Another study identified IL-22 as the
'messenger' between intestinal bacteria and
pathogen resistance in the lung, preventing
pneumonial infection in mice.
54. Intestinal colonization by commensals drives lung
immunity defense in newborn mice
Tamburini, S. & Clemente, J. C. (2017) Neonatal gut microbiota induces lung immunity against pneumonia
Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.34
GUT-LUNG
AXIS
55. How do we suspect dysbiosis?
• Frequent gas or bloating
• Cramping, urgency, and/or mucus in faeces
• Brain fog, anxiety, or depression
• Food sensitivities
• Chronic bad breath
• Loose stool, diarrhea, constipation, or a combination
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• History of prolonged antibiotics
• Carbohydrate intolerance, particularly after eating fiber and/or beans
• Fatigue or low energy
• Use of anti-acids for heartburn, reflux, or hiatal hernia?
• Autoimmunity, or an autoimmune condition such as Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis, psoriasis, or multiple sclerosis
• Sinus congestion
If five or more of these symptoms are present, then we may be
suffering from dysbiosis
57. Microbiota studies: Overview of techniques to
characterize the gut microbiota
Faecal sample FISH
DNA isolation
Amplification of 16s
rRNA gene by PCR
Separation of 16srRNA
(DNA Finger printing)
Band
resolution
Microbiome
shotgun
sequencing
Direct sequencing of 16S
rRNA amplicons
Sequencing of cloned 16s
rRNA amplicons
Quantitative PCR
DNA microarrays
Band excision and
sequencing
Probe hybridization
Culture
58. Molecular assessment of 16s rRNA
• The 16s rRNA gene constitute the
fundamental basis of molecular studies of
microbial communities
50S
30S
23S
5S
16s
Plus 32
proteins
Plus 21 proteins
70S RNA
59. Whole Metagenome
Shotgun Sequencing
A DNA sequencing method that enables
comprehensive sampling of all genes in
all organisms in a given complex
microbial sample.
61. Definition
• Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the
administration of a solution of fecal matter from a
donor into the intestinal tract of a recipient in order to
directly change the recipient’s gut microbial
composition and confer a health benefit.
[Bakken et al. 2011; Smits et al. 2013]
62. History
• First documented in 4th Century China as
“Yellow Soup”
• In some countries, maternal feces is inserted
into the newborn’s mouth to “jumpstart” the
colon
• June 17th, 2013: FDA approved the procedure
for recurrent C. diff.
• 0 documented serious side effects
• 92% - 95% success rate
64. The Procedure
• Carefully screened donor stool is mixed with a
saline solution
• The solution is introduced into the GI tract via
a NG tube, fecal enema, oral capsules, or
during a colonoscopy
• The “good” bacteria multiply and help flush
out the C. diff. bacteria
• 92% - 95% success rate
65. Conclusions
• The human microbiome and the Microbiome
Project: research just beginning…
• The complexity of the fecal microbiota is actively
being defined and recent studies have shown that
the pathogenesis of many diseases result from
microbiota-related dysregulation.
• Manipulation of gut flora may be an integral part
of weight loss programs and different disease
treatments in the future.
66. Conclusions
• FMT re-establishes a balanced intestinal
microbiota and results in impressive cure rates in
patients with recurrent CDI.
• Standardization of FMT protocols and a
randomized controlled trial are needed.
• FMT is likely to achieve widespread therapeutic
benefit for a variety of diseases in the future.
67. 67
Monkez M Yousif
From Next time Don’t feel Lonely….cause you have
some friends inside you to take care of yourself……