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UV spectroscopy involves promoting electrons from the ground state to excited states of molecules using ultraviolet radiation between 200-400 nm. Lambert's law, Beer's law, and the Beer-Lambert law describe how the intensity of light decreases exponentially with increasing thickness or concentration of an absorbing substance. Different types of electronic transitions that can occur include sigma-sigma*, n-sigma*, and pi-pi* transitions. Chromophores are functional groups that absorb UV radiation, while auxochromes modify the absorption wavelength or intensity. Bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic, and hypochromic shifts describe changes in absorption maximum or intensity upon addition of substituents or change of solvent.
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UV spectroscopy involves promoting electrons from the ground state to excited states of molecules using ultraviolet radiation between 200-400 nm. The absorption of this radiation can be quantified using Beer's law and plotted in an absorption spectrum showing the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) and intensity (εmax). Chromophores are functional groups that absorb UV radiation, while auxochromes modify the absorption by inducing bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic, or hypochromic shifts.
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We all know that UV spectroscopy deals with the determination of structure of compounds with interaction of electromagnetic radiation (UV rays) with matter. And i mentioned about principle how UV spectroscopy work in which I discussed about excitation of matter electron and how we used absorption spectra in terms of absorbance.
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UV spectroscopy involves promoting electrons from the ground state to excited states of molecules using ultraviolet radiation between 200-400 nm. Lambert's law, Beer's law, and the Beer-Lambert law describe how the intensity of light decreases exponentially with increasing thickness or concentration of an absorbing substance. Different types of electronic transitions that can occur include sigma-sigma*, n-sigma*, and pi-pi* transitions. Chromophores are functional groups that absorb UV radiation, while auxochromes modify the absorption wavelength or intensity. Bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic, and hypochromic shifts describe changes in absorption maximum or intensity upon addition of substituents or change of solvent.
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1) The absorption of light by organic compounds involves the promotion of electrons from ground state to excited state molecular orbitals. Sigma electrons undergo σ-σ* transitions at shorter wavelengths while pi and non-bonding electrons undergo π-π* and n-π* transitions at longer wavelengths.
2) Chromophores are functional groups responsible for electronic transitions, imparting color. Auxochromes enhance absorption by chromophores through resonance. Conjugation and pH can shift absorption to longer wavelengths while dilution, solvents, and temperature can affect absorption spectra.
3) Spectrophotometry is widely used for quantitative analysis due to its sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and ease. Both absorbing and non-absorbing
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2. Chromophores and auxochromes determine the wavelength of absorption. Auxochromes cause bathochromic shifts.
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There are four main types of shifts that can occur in the absorption maximum of compounds:
1. Bathochromic shift (Red shift) occurs when the absorption maximum shifts to longer wavelengths, such as when multiple chromophores are present in a molecule.
2. Hypsochromic shift (Blue shift) occurs when the absorption maximum shifts to shorter wavelengths, due to removal of conjugation or changes in solvent polarity.
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Uv absorption spectra arise from electronic transitions in molecules where electrons move from lower to higher energy levels. The amount of energy absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the solution based on Beer-Lambert's law. Uv-visible spectroscopy can be used to determine structural information about organic compounds, identify additional impurities, and perform quantitative analysis of compounds that absorb uv radiation.
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1) The absorption of light by organic compounds involves the promotion of electrons from ground state to excited state molecular orbitals. Sigma electrons undergo σ-σ* transitions at shorter wavelengths while pi and non-bonding electrons undergo π-π* and n-π* transitions at longer wavelengths.
2) Chromophores are functional groups responsible for electronic transitions, imparting color. Auxochromes enhance absorption by chromophores through resonance. Conjugation and pH can shift absorption to longer wavelengths while dilution, solvents, and temperature can affect absorption spectra.
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UV-Visible Spectroscopy is a technique that uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges. It works based on absorption of light by molecules. Key points:
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3. Instruments use various components like light sources, monochromators and detectors to isolate wavelengths and measure absorption.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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- 1. UV Spectroscopy Dr. B. Sateesh Kumar M.Sc., CSIR-JRF, Ph.D Assistant Professor in Chemistry GDC TKL 4 Absorption & Intensity shifts
- 2. ABSORPTION AND INTENSITY SHIFTS
- 3. • Changes in chemical structure or the environment lead to changes in the absorption spectrum of molecules and materials Bathochromic Shift : a shift of λmax towards lower energy or longer wavelength (often called a red shift). Hypsochromic Shift : a shift of λmax towards higher energy or shorter wavelength (often called a blue shift) Hyperchromic Shift : The shifting of molar absorptivity(absorption intensity) towards higher values(increases). Hypochromic shift : The shifting of molar absorptivity (absorption intensity) towards lower values(decreases). 1 2 3 4
- 4. • Absorption maximum(λmax) shifted towards longer wavelength. Bathochromic shift NH2 max 255 nm max 280 nm Benzene aniline 1
- 5. • Absorption maximum(λmax) shifted towards shorter wavelength. Hypsochromic shift NH2 max 203 nm max 280 nm Anilinium ion Aniline NH3 H 2
- 6. • Absorption Intensity maximum(ɛmax) shifted towards higher values. Hyperchromic shift N N max 3550 max 2550 2-methyl Pyridine Pyridine 3
- 7. • Absorption Intensity maximum(ɛmax) shifted towards lower values. Hypochromic shift max 10,500 max 19000 2-methyl biphenyl biphenyl 4
- 8. See you in Part-5 Bands in UV spectroscopy