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35 ch09respiration32008
- 1. Overview 10 reactions glucose C-C-C-C-C-C 2 ATP 2 ADP convert fructose-1,6bP glucose (6C) to P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P 2 pyruvate (3C) produces: DHAP G3P 4 ATP & 2 NADH P-C-C-C C-C-C-P 2H consumes: 2Pi 2 ATP net: 2Pi 2 ATP & 2 NADH AP Biology pyruvate C-C-C 2 NAD+ 2 4 ADP 4 ATP
- 2. Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle AP Biology 2006-2007
- 3. Glycolysis is only the start Glycolysis glucose → → → → → pyruvate 6C 2x 3C Pyruvate has more energy to yield 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 pyruvate → → → → → → CO2 AP Biology 3C 1C
- 5. Mitochondria — Structure Double membrane energy harvesting organelle smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane cristae intermembrane space fluid-filled space between membranes matrix inner fluid-filled space DNA, ribosomes enzymes free in matrix & What cells would have APlot of mitochondria? a Biology outer intermembrane membrane inner membrane-bound space membrane cristae matrix mitochondrial DNA
- 6. Mitochondria – Function Oooooh! Form fits function! Dividing mitochondria Membrane-bound proteins Who else divides like that? Enzymes & permeases bacteria! What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes? Endosymbiosis! AP Biology Advantage of highly folded inner membrane? More surface area for membranebound enzymes & permeases
- 7. Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix [ 2x pyruvate → → → acetyl CoA + CO2 3C 2C 1C NAD 3 step oxidation process releases 2 CO (count the carbons!) 2 Where does the CO2 go? Exhale! reduces 2 NAD → 2 NADH (moves e-) produces 2 acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle AP Biology ]
- 8. Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA reduction NAD+ Pyruvate C-C-C [ CO2 Coenzyme A oxidation Acetyl CoA C-C 2 x Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2 AP Biology ]
- 9. Krebs cycle 1937 | 1953 aka Citric Acid Cycle in mitochondrial matrix 8 step pathway Hans Krebs each catalyzed by specific enzyme 1900-1981 step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule Evolved later than glycolysis does that make evolutionary sense? bacteria →3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis) free O2 →2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis) eukaryotes →1.5 billion years ago (aerobic AP Biology respiration = organelles → mitochondria)
- 10. Count the carbons! pyruvate 3C 2C 6C 4C This happens twice for each glucose molecule AP Biology 4C acetyl CoA citrate oxidation of sugars CO2 x2 4C 4C 6C 5C 4C CO2
- 11. Count the electron carriers! pyruvate 3C 4C 4C citrate reduction of electron carriers x2 FADH2 AP Biology acetyl CoA 6C 4C NADH This happens twice for each glucose molecule 2C 4C ATP CO2 NADH 6C CO2 NADH 5C 4C CO2 NADH
- 12. Whassup? So we fully oxidized glucose C6H12O6 ↓ CO2 & ended up with 4 ATP! AP Biology What’s the point?
- 13. Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers H+ Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers NADH FADH 2 AP Biology go to Electron Transport Chain! What’s so important about electron carriers? H+ H+ H+ + H+ H H+ H+ ADP + Pi ATP H+
- 14. Energy accounting of Krebs cycle 4 NAD + 1 FAD 4 NADH + 1 FADH2 2x pyruvate → → → → → → → → → CO2 3C 3x 1C 1 ADP 1 ATP ATP Net gain = 2 ATP = 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 AP Biology
- 15. Value of Krebs cycle? If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation? value of NADH & FADH2 electron carriers & H carriers reduced molecules move electrons reduced molecules move H+ ions to be used in the Electron Transport Chain like $$ in the bank AP Biology
- 16. What’s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP AP Biology 2006-2007
- 17. H+ And how do we do that? H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ATP synthase set up a H+ gradient allow H+ to flow through ATP synthase powers bonding of Pi to ADP ADP + P ADP + Pi → ATP ATP H+ AP Biology But… Have we done that yet?
- 18. NO! The final chapter to my story is next! Any Questions? AP Biology 2006-2007
Editor's Notes
- 1st ATP used is like a match to light a fire… initiation energy / activation energy. Destabilizes glucose enough to split it in two
- Can’t stop at pyruvate == not enough energy produced Pyruvate still has a lot of energy in it that has not been captured. It still has 3 carbons! There is still energy stored in those bonds.
- Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity more activity = more energy needed = more mitochondria What cells would have a lot of mitochondria? Active cells: • muscle cells • nerve cells
- CO2 is fully oxidized carbon == can’t get any more energy out it CH4 is a fully reduced carbon == good fuel!!!
- Release CO2 because completely oxidized…already released all energy it can release … no longer valuable to cell…. Because what’s the point? The Point is to make ATP!!!
- The enzymes of glycolysis are very similar among all organisms. The genes that code for them are highly conserved. They are a good measure for evolutionary studies. Compare eukaryotes, bacteria & archaea using glycolysis enzymes. Bacteria = 3.5 billion years ago glycolysis in cytosol = doesn’t require a membrane-bound organelle O2 = 2.7 billion years ago photosynthetic bacteria / proto-blue-green algae Eukaryotes = 1.5 billion years ago membrane-bound organelles! Processes that all life/organisms share: Protein synthesis Glycolysis DNA replication
- A 2 carbon sugar went into the Krebs cycle and was taken apart completely. Two CO2 molecules were produced from that 2 carbon sugar. Glucose has now been fully oxidized! But where’s all the ATP???
- Everytime the carbons are oxidized, an NAD+ is being reduced. But wait…where’s all the ATP??