this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
Cellular Respiration CR Chapter 8 And 9 version 2.0MrJewett
Energy of Reactions, Cellular Respiration (Gylcolysis, Krebs Cycle, based on Campbell & Reece Biology Chapters 8 & 9
Oxidative Phosphorylation slides added (earlier ones corrected), and Fermentation slides also
Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse. While in photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water yield glucose andoxygen, through the respiration process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water.
They work well since living organisms supply plants with carbon dioxide which undergoes photosynthesis and produces glucose and these plants and bacteriagive out oxygen which all living organisms need for respiration.
Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that take in cells of living organisms that convert nutrients like sugar into ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) and waste products.
Processes in photosynthesis are divided on basis of requirement of sunlight while respiration processes are divided on basis of requirement of oxygen. Hence in photosynthesis you have the light dependent reactions and the dark reactions while inrespiration there is aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
In photosynthesis light dependent reactions, ultra violet light strikes chlorophyll pigments which excites electrons leading to separation of oxygen molecules from carbon dioxide. In the dark reactions, carbon molecules now independent of oxygen are converted into carbohydrates and stored in plant cells as energy and food source. In aerobic cellular respiration oxygen is utilized to convert organic compounds into energy and in anaerobic respiration converts organic compounds into energy without using oxygen.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
Cellular Respiration CR Chapter 8 And 9 version 2.0MrJewett
Energy of Reactions, Cellular Respiration (Gylcolysis, Krebs Cycle, based on Campbell & Reece Biology Chapters 8 & 9
Oxidative Phosphorylation slides added (earlier ones corrected), and Fermentation slides also
Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse. While in photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water yield glucose andoxygen, through the respiration process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water.
They work well since living organisms supply plants with carbon dioxide which undergoes photosynthesis and produces glucose and these plants and bacteriagive out oxygen which all living organisms need for respiration.
Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that take in cells of living organisms that convert nutrients like sugar into ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) and waste products.
Processes in photosynthesis are divided on basis of requirement of sunlight while respiration processes are divided on basis of requirement of oxygen. Hence in photosynthesis you have the light dependent reactions and the dark reactions while inrespiration there is aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
In photosynthesis light dependent reactions, ultra violet light strikes chlorophyll pigments which excites electrons leading to separation of oxygen molecules from carbon dioxide. In the dark reactions, carbon molecules now independent of oxygen are converted into carbohydrates and stored in plant cells as energy and food source. In aerobic cellular respiration oxygen is utilized to convert organic compounds into energy and in anaerobic respiration converts organic compounds into energy without using oxygen.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
AnswerCellular respirationWe breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2.pdfaquacare2008
Answer:
Cellular respiration:
We breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. Nowhere did we see O2 and CO2 in the same metabolic
pathway, yet these two molecules are related and these molecules are interrelated when a glucose
molecule oxidized in the presence of oxygen in eukaryotic cell finally release CO2 where carbon
is going to get the oxygen from glucose. The remaining carbon skeleton in the metabolic
pathways such as glycolysis followed by citric acid cycle finally \"oxidative phopshorylation\"
are performed to generate metabolic energy
Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products
such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the
mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place.
Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide.
The primary function of cellular respiration is to generate ATP, which traps some of the
chemical energy of food molecules in its high- energy bonds (adenosine triphosphate). The
process of generation of ATP is via glycolysis and Krebs’s cycle finally through oxidative
phosphorylation.
The overall balanced reaction of cellular respiration is:
CHO+ 6O 6CO+ 6HO + ATP
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced to CO2.
Carbonic- Acid - Bicarbonate Blood buffer system & lungs:
The bicarbonate buffering system of In the cellular respiration, involves an acid & base
homeostatic mechanism further involving the equilibrium balance of carbonic acid(H2CO3),
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain isotonic pH (7.4) in the
blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to enable appropriate metabolic function. This
reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, when cellular carbon dioxide (CO2) (lungs) reacts
with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a
hydrogen ion (exists in the solution as hydronium ion, H3O+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis.
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose
molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each
glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via
glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes.
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat
Citric acid cycle:
The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric
acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of
\"oxygen\" & metabolic output is \"CO2\". Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into
the oxidative phosphorylation process. This cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix and generates
one ATP molecule only.
Acetyl co-A +.
Dive into the fascinating world of plant respiration with our comprehensive guide designed for Respiration in Plants Class 11 notes students. Learn how plants convert organic molecules into energy, discover the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and understand the crucial role of respiration in sustaining plant life and growth.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This presentation is about the writing lesson plan for science classes, with few examples(bio,phy,chem) with reference to the CBSE curriculum, and also based on CCE method of assessment.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
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Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2. • The energy required for life process is
obtained by oxidation.
• Only green plants and cyanobacteria can
prepare their own food.
• They trap light energy convert chemical energy
• Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of
carbohydrates like glucose, sucrose, starch.
• Only cells containing chloroplast carry out
photosynthesis.
3. Animals are heterotrophic.
They obtain food from animals directly or indirectly.
Saprophytes like fungi are dependent on dead and
decaying matter.
Respiration taking place in all types of living cell are
called cellular respiration.
Or, it is the mechanism of breakdown of food
materials within the cell to release energy, and the
trapping of this energy for synthesis of ATP.
4. The breaking of the C-C bonds of complex compounds
through oxidation within the cells, leading to release
of considerable amount of energy is called Respiration.
The compounds that are oxidised during this process
are known as Respiratory Substrates.
They may be carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
5. During respiration all the energy contained in
respiratory substrate is released in a slow step wise
reactions controlled by enzymes and it is trapped as
chemical energy in the form of ATP.
This energy trapped in ATP is utilised in various
energy requiring process of organisms.
The carbon skeleton produced during the respiration
is used as precursors for biosynthesis of other
molecules in the cell.
6. Plants have stomata and lenticels for
gaseous exchange.
There are several reasons why plants
can get along without respiratory organs.
First, each plant part take care of its own gas exchange
needs.
Second, plants do not present great demands for
exchange. Only during photosynthesis are large
volumes of gases exchanged and each leaf is well
adapted to take care of its own needs.
7. Third, the distance that gas must diffuse even in large
bulky plant is not great.
During the process of respiration complete
combustion of glucose with the help of oxygen
produces CO2 and H2O as end products, yields energy
most of which is given out as heat.
C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
8. It is originated from the Greek words, glycos for sugar,
and lysis for splitting.
The scheme of glycolysis was discovered by 3 German
Scientists, Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and J.
Parnas, and therefore, reffered as EMP Pathway .
Glycolysis is common to both aerobic and anaerobic
modes of respiration
This is the only process in respiration in anaerobic
organisms.
Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm of cells.
9. 1.Phosphorylation of sugar: Glucose and fructose are
phosphorylated to give rise to glucose-6-phosphate and
fructose-6-phosphate respectively, by the activity of
enzyme hexokinase, in the presence of ATP.
Glucose (6 C) + ATP Mg2+hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphate+ADP
Now isomerisation occurs:
Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate
10. 2.Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate:It is
phosphorylated and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate by the
action of enzyme phosphofructokinase in pressence of
ATP.
Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP phosphofrucktokinasemg2+
Fructose-1, 6-biphosphate + ADP
3.Splitting:
Fructose-1, 6-biphosphate aldolase
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde(PGAL) + dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (Di HAP)
14. It is defined as the anaerobic breakdown of
carbohydrates and other organic compounds into
alcohol, organic acids etc.
2 types of fermentation are common:
1. Alcoholic fermentation: in this type, pyruvic acid is
first decarboxylated to acetaldehyde then to ethanol
C6 H12 O6 + 2 CH 3CH2 OH +2 CO2
15. 2.Lactic acid fermentation: here,pyruvic acid is
converted into lactic acid by enzyme lactic
dehydrogenase.
C6 H12 O6 2 CH 3CHOH.COOH
17. Pyruate is transported from the cytoplasm into the
mitochondria.
The crucial events in aerobic respiration are:
The complete oxidation of pyruate by the stepwise
removal of all the hydrogen atoms, leaving 3 molecules
of CO2.
The passing on of the electrons removed as part of the
hydrogen atoms to molecular O2 with simultaneous
synthesis of ATP.
18. The first process takes place in the matrix of the
mitochondria while the second process is located on
the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by a
complex set of reactions catalysed by pyruvic dehydr
ogenase.
Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD+ Acetyl CoA +CO2 +
NADH + H+
during this process, 2 molecules of NADH are
produced from the metabolism of 2 molecules of
pyruvic acid.
19. Sir Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 discovered tricarboxylic
acid or citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle.
It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria.
The starting point of Krebs cycle is entrance of acetyl
CoA into a reaction to form citric acid.
20. Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetic citric acid + CoA
Citric acid Cis-aconitic acid +H2 O
Cis-aconitic acid+H2 O Isocitric acid
Iso-citric acid + NAD+ Oxalosuccinic acid
+NADH +H+
Oxalosuccinic acid -Ketoglutaric acid + CO2
-Ketaglutaric acid + CoA +NAD+ Succinyl CoA +
NADH +H+ +CO2
Succinyl CoA +H2 O +GDP+ Ip Succinic acid + CoA
+ GTP
23. The metabolic pathway through which electron
passes from one carrier to another is called electron
transport system.
It is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
24. COMPLEX 1:Electrons to produced are oxidised by an
NADH dehydrogenase and electrons are transferred to
ubiquinone located within the inner membrane.
COMPLEX 2: Ubiquinone also recieves reducing
equivalents via FADH2 that is generated during
oxidation of succinate in the citric acid cycle.
COMPLEX 3: The reduced ubiquinone is hen oxidised
with the transfer of electrons to cytochrome c via
cytochrome bc1 .
25. COMPLEX 4:Cytochrome c oxidase complex
containing cytochromes a and a3 and 2 copper centres.
Complex 5: When the electrons pass from complex 1 to
4, they are coupled to ATP synthase for the production
of ATP fro ADP.
26.
27. RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT
It is the ratio of the volume of CO2
evolved to the
volume of O2 consumed in respiration
RQ =volume of CO2 evolved
volume of O2 consumed