This document discusses linear modulation techniques, specifically amplitude modulation (AM). It describes the main types of AM including double sideband full carrier (DSBFC), double sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC), and single sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC). It provides details on how each is generated and transmitted, their advantages and disadvantages, and the basic components and functioning of AM transmitters and receivers.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation = Change the amplitude of
carrier in proportion with the instantaneous value of the
information signal
AM is inexpensive but low-quality
Used for commercial broadcasting of audio & video
Techniques:
Double Sideband Full Carrier AM (DSBFC AM)
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM (DSBSC AM)
Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC AM)
AM Vestigial Sideband
3. Double Sideband Full Carrier AM
(DSBFC AM)
Modulated wave envelope has same frequency as info signal
Amplitude of modulated wave varies according to amplitude of
information signal
Time-domain
representation
4. Output envelope contains dc voltage, carrier frequency and
sum (fc + fm) and difference (fc – fm) frequencies
Bandwidth, B = difference between USB and LSB, i.e. B =
2fm(max)
fc = carrier frequency
fm(max) = highest info signal
frequency
Frequency-domain
representation
5. Example 1
The carrier frequency of a DSBFC AM modulator is 250
kHz. The maximum information signal frequency is at 15
kHz. Find
Frequency limits of the upper and lower sidebands
Bandwidth
Upper- and lower-side frequencies produced when the
information signal is of a single frequency of 7 kHz
Also, draw the output frequency spectrum
6. DSBFC AM has two major disadvantages:
About 2/3 total power transmitted is taken by carrier, which
does not contain info
Info in USB = info in LSB. Hence, wasteful bandwidth
consumption
Other improved AM techniques:
AM double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC AM)
AM single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC AM)
AM vestigial sideband (VSB)
7. AM Double-sideband Suppressed
Carrier (DSBSC AM)
Generated by circuit called
balanced modulator, where
it produces the sum and
difference frequencies but
cancel the carrier
Transmitted power is
reduced
Bandwidth is still same as
DSBFC (because both
sidebands are still
transmitted)
8. AM Single-sideband Suppressed
Carrier (SSBSC AM)
The carrier and one sideband are suppressed
Transmitted power is reduced
Bandwidth is reduced by half
9. Advantages of SSB
Power conservation
Suppressing carrier and one sideband gives
more power available for the unsuppressed
sideband
Thus, signal power for the transmitted
sideband can be increased, and this improves
the signal-to-noise ratio
Bandwidth conservation
50% reduction in bandwidth usage
10. Advantages of SSB
Elimination of selective fading effect
Selective fading happens when carrier and the two
sidebands take different paths through the channel,
which may bring about signal attenuation or
distortion
When only one sideband is transmitted, selective
fading will not happen
Noise reduction
Since the bandwidth is halved, thermal noise
power is also halved (compared to DSB)
11. Disadvantages of SSB
Complex receivers
Require more expensive receivers because envelope detection
cannot be used
SSB requires carrier recovery circuit and synchronization
circuit
Tuning difficulties
Receivers need more precise tuning, thus more complex
12. AM Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
Normally used for TV broadcasting where picture/video and
audio signal have different carrier frequencies
(in TV broadcasting)Audio carrier is frequency-modulated,
but video info amplitude-modulates the picture carrier
13. AM Transmitter
Transmitter = combination of electronic devices and
circuitry that accepts info signal then converts it into RF
signal capable of being transmitted over long distances
Audio oscillator
Carrier generator
Amplitude
modulator
Output
amplifier
Antenna
Transmitter for double-sideband
full carrier AM
14. Audio oscillator
Carrier generator
Amplitude
modulator
Amplitude modulator
Output
amplifier
Antenna
Transmitter for double-sideband
full carrier AM
Info signal & carrier are ‘multiplied’ resulting in modulation envelope
Modulated signal amplitude varies according to info signal but frequency is same as
carrier frequency
Output amplifier
Increases the strength of the signal before transmission
Antenna
Electrical conductors that radiate radio waves (at transmitter) or collect radio waves (at
receiver)
15. For generating DSBSC waves, amplitude modulator is
replaced by balanced modulator
Audio oscillator
Carrier generator
Balanced
modulator
Output
amplifier
Antenna
Transmitter for double-sideband
suppressed carrier AM
16. For generating SSBSC waves, a bandpass filter is added
Audio oscillator
Carrier generator
Balanced
modulator
Output
amplifier
Antenna
Bandpass
filter
Transmitter for single-sideband
suppressed carrier AM
17. AM Receiver
Most commonly used is the superheterodyne receiver
AM
Local oscillator
Demodulator
RF
Section
Speaker
Antenna
Audio-frequency
amplifier
Mixer
IF
Section
18. Antenna
Electromagnetic waves strike antenna and generate small voltages in the
antenna
RF Section
Amplifies the received modulated waves
Is tuned to the carrier frequency of the incoming wave
Mixer + Local oscillator
Converts incoming signal to a predetermined fixed intermediate
frequency (IF)
IF section
Provides amplification and selectivity
May consist of a few stages
Demodulator
Extracts and recovers info signal after signal amplification
Audio-frequency amplifier
Amplifies the power of the recovered info signal and filters the
demodulator output
Low-pass filter is used to remove IF ripples and a capacitor blocks the dc
voltage level
19. AM Demodulator: Diode detector
To extract audio signal
from output of the IF
section
Output of demodulator
contains 3 components:
The wanted info signal
Some ripple in IF
A positive dc voltage level
20. In many cases, total gain is far greater than that required for
adequate reception
Excessive gain can distort signal
The solution is to place a gain control in the receiver, called
the Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
AGC adjusts gain based on amplitude of received signal
AGC takes received signal from output of the demodulator
21. AGC operation
Take received signal from output of
demodulator
Signal strength
increase?
DC voltage level
increase
DC level >
threshold?
Voltage applied at RF and
IF amplifier to reduce gain
RF and IF amplifier in
normal operation
Y
Y
N
N