This document provides an overview of cross-sectional studies, including what they are, their uses, methodology, advantages, and disadvantages. A cross-sectional study involves observing a population at a single point in time to determine prevalence of disease. It is a quick and inexpensive way to describe characteristics of a population and identify associations between variables. However, it cannot determine causation due to its observational nature.
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studiesDr Lipilekha Patnaik
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studiesDr Lipilekha Patnaik
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups to receive and not receive an experimental preventive or therapetuic procedure, maneuver, or intervention .
A cross-sectional study is a descriptive study in which disease and exposure status are measured simultaneously in a given population.
It measures
the prevalence of health outcomes(also called prevalence study)
or determinants of health,
or both,
In a population at a point in time or over a short period.
When the investigator draws a sample out of the study population of interest and examines all the subjects to detect
those having the disease/outcome
and those not having this disease/outcome of interest.
At the same time, finds out whether or not they have the presence of
the suspected cause (exposure)
(or give a History of such exposure in the past),
is called the Cross-sectional analytic study.
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups to receive and not receive an experimental preventive or therapetuic procedure, maneuver, or intervention .
A cross-sectional study is a descriptive study in which disease and exposure status are measured simultaneously in a given population.
It measures
the prevalence of health outcomes(also called prevalence study)
or determinants of health,
or both,
In a population at a point in time or over a short period.
When the investigator draws a sample out of the study population of interest and examines all the subjects to detect
those having the disease/outcome
and those not having this disease/outcome of interest.
At the same time, finds out whether or not they have the presence of
the suspected cause (exposure)
(or give a History of such exposure in the past),
is called the Cross-sectional analytic study.
Observational research designs are those in which the researcher/investigator merely observes and does not carry out any interventions/actions.
to change the result. The three most common types of observational studies are cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort (or longitudinal) studies.
In cross-sectional studies, exposure/risk factors and outcomes are determined at a single point in time. You can bid
information on disease prevalence and an overview of likely relationships that can be used to form a hypothesis. Control cases In
studies, participants are selected based on the presence/absence of an outcome and risk factors are identified during the study.
after enrollment of study participants.The relationship between exposure and outcome is reported as an odds ratio. This research; However,
carries a high risk of bias, which should be taken into account when designing the study. Cohort studies are prospective and include participants
were selected based on presence/absence of exposure and results were obtained at the end of the study. This research can deliver The incidence/impact of the disease and the relationship between exposure and outcome are presented as relative risks. They are useful
establish causality.A problem that arises in these studies could be the high fluctuation and dropout of study participants.
Descriptive studies generally describe the magnitude of a problem and characteristics of the population/individuals.
The various types of such studies include
case reports
case series or surveys.
A case report generally describes a patient presenting with an unusual disease, or simultaneous occurrence of more than one condition, or uncommon clinical features in a known disease.
A case series is a collection of similar cases. Such studies, other than providing some advancement to knowledge of a disease, are of limited value. Another method often used in epidemiological health care research is conducting surveys.
Surveys are done during a defined time-period and information on several variables of interest is collected from the target population. They provide estimates of prevalence of the various variables of interest, and their distribution. Such studies could also provide insight into individual opinions and practices. Advantages include ease of conduct and cost efficiency. The disadvantages include low response rates and a variety of biases.
An analytical study tests a hypothesis to determine an association between two or more variables, like causation, risk, or effect. Such studies have two or more study groups for comparison.
The primary focus of this article will be the three most common types of analytical observational studies –
cross-sectional,
case control (also known as retrospective) and
cohort (or longitudinal, also known as prospective) studies.
It may be pertinent to note that the primary objective of most clinical studies is to determine one of the following - burden of disease (prevalence
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
3 cross sectional study
1. Cross Sectional Study Prof. Wei-Qing Chen MD PhD Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology School of Public Health 87332199 [email_address]
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14. Measure: Prevalence Example: RQ: What is the prevalence of chronic pain after hernia surgery? Exposure of interest : Hernia surgery Outcome of interest : Chronic pain (lasting for more than 3 months) Methods: questionnaire survey Sample: All patients who had a hernia procedure between 1995-1997 n=350 Results: Period prevalence chronic pain = 30% (CI 95% 24 - 36%) Point prevalence chronic pain = 25% (on day of survey)
This lecture seeks to provide you with a basic understanding of Cross-Sectional Studies, the most common observational study used by Epidemiologists. Additional textbook resources can be found in the following annotated bibliographies on my Web site: <UL> <LI><B><A HREF= “http://www.bettycjung.net/Biostats.htm”> Annotated Biostatistics Bibliography </A></B></LI> <LI><B><A HREF= “ http://www.bettycjung.net/Epi.htm”>Annotated Epidemiology Bibliography </A></B></LI> <LI><B><A HREF=“http://www.bettycjung.net/Methods.htm”>Annotated Research Methods</A></B></LI> <LI><B><A HREF=“http://www.bettycjung.net/Research.htm”>Annotated Research Practice (A - L)</A></B></LI> <LI><B><A HREF=“http://www.bettycjung.net/Researc1.htm”>Annotated Research Practice (M - Z)</A></B></LI> <LI><B><A HREF=“http://www.bettycjung.net/Stats.htm”>Annotated Statistics Bibliography </A></B></LI></LI></UL> Sources for this lecture include: L, Gordis (1996) Epidemiology , R.M. Page, G.E. Cole & T.C. Timmreck (1986) Basic Epidemiological Methods and Biostatistics , and W.H.O. (1990) Basic Epidemiology .
Cross-Sectional studies are examples of applied research. Applied research is probably THE research approach taken by Public Health Practitioners in the course of their work. Because Public Health seeks to ensure the health of the Public, it does this by first trying to prevent problems before they occur. This is what Prevention is all about. And, if a problem has already occurred, Public Health Practitioners work hard to control the situation. If it affects a lot of people, and public health interventions, strategies, programs can address the problem, then surveillance systems will be developed and maintained. These systems help to keep the problem under control, by monitoring the problem as well as providing data to evaluate the effectiveness of the solutions (interventions, strategies, programs). These strategies seek to prevent the problem from occurring again. In fact, Public Health has been so successful in ensuring the Public’s health that it is sometimes taken for granted, until some disaster occurs. As a result, public health programs don’t always get the funding they can really use to remain vigilant. These issues are ones of Public Health Infrastructure, which Healthy People 2010 (US Public Health Service planning document) does address. So, in order to conduct applied research in Public Health, I think it is essential that there is an infrastructure that supports this type of research so Public Health can fulfill its mission to ensure the health of the Public.
Ottawa ankle rule. XR if age > 55 yrs, unable to wt bear and bone tenderness on maleolus.
NB Prevalence versus incidence (get over time) Relative prevalence - prev in group with RF compared to those without,
Interpretation of data from a cross-sectional study such as this one must keep in mind a number of considerations. First, cross-sectional studies provide data on prevalence, not incidence. If incidence is our real interest, as it generally is for etiologic research, prevalence may not be a good surrogate. An important problem with prevalence data is that cross-sectional studies include only “survivors” and “stayers”. Rapidly fatal conditions will be greatly underrepresented in a cross-sectional study, compared to the total number of people who are affected during a given time interval. Also, conditions and characteristics associated with outmigration will also be underrepresented. In addition, for associations where causation is a possibility, it may be difficult to determine whether the “cause” preceded the “effect”. With the HIV seroprevalence survey there is the additional uncertainty about what population to apply the results to. Since a major objective in this instance was to find out if heterosexually-acquired HIV was present in NC, generalizability was less of a concern. Even so there was naturally interest in knowing whether these results might be mirrored in other STD clinics in the state, both in terms of the seroprevalence figures and also the associations, as well as whether these results would be similar in other subpopulations, such as injection drug users.
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Is there systematic increase or decrease of RF? Is there systematic increase or decrease of RF? Child care increases liklihood of going to MDs office. NSSP increases liklihood of going to MDs office. Does child care increase risk of NSSP? Prevalence incidence bias. HLA-A2 affects survaival of children with leukaemia, not a RF for poor prognosis.