The document discusses high strain pile testing using a Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) system. It provides an overview of PDA testing methodology, including measuring strain and acceleration at the pile top to determine forces and stresses in the pile. It also describes using PDA data to evaluate pile integrity, bearing capacity, and resistance distribution. The document outlines PDA capabilities such as remote monitoring and analyzing restrike data. It further explains the Case Method for determining static pile capacity from PDA measurements.
Fighter Aircraft Performance, Part I of two, describes the parameters that affect aircraft performance.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Payload Mass Improvements of Supersonic Retropropulsive Flight for Human Clas...Max Fagin
Supersonic retropropulsion (SRP) is the use of retrorockets to decelerate during atmospheric flight while the vehicle is still traveling in the supersonic/hypersonic flight regime. In the context of Mars exploration, subsonic retropropulsion has a robust flight heritage for terminal landing guidance and control, but all supersonic deceleration has, to date, been performed by non-propulsive (i.e. purely aerodynamic) methods, such as aeroshells and parachutes.
Extending the use of retropropulsion from the subsonic to the supersonic regime has been identified as an enabling technology for high mass humans-to-Mars architectures.
However, supersonic retropropulsion still possess significant design and control challenges, stemming mainly from the complex interactions between the hypersonic engine plumes, the oncoming airflow, and the vehicle’s exterior surface. These interactions lead to flow fields that are difficult to model and produce counterintuitive behaviors that are not present in purely propulsive or purely aerodynamic flight.
This study will provide an overview of the work done in the design of SRP systems. Optimal throttle laws for certain trajectories will be derived that leverage aero/propulsive effects to decrease propellant requirements and increase total useful landing mass. A study of the mass savings will be made for a 10 mT reference vehicle based on a propulsive version of the Orion capsule, followed by the 100 mT ellipsoid vehicle assumed by NASA’s Mars Design Reference Architecture.
Fighter Aircraft Performance, Part II of two, describes the parameters that affect aircraft performance.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Fighter Aircraft Performance, Part I of two, describes the parameters that affect aircraft performance.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Payload Mass Improvements of Supersonic Retropropulsive Flight for Human Clas...Max Fagin
Supersonic retropropulsion (SRP) is the use of retrorockets to decelerate during atmospheric flight while the vehicle is still traveling in the supersonic/hypersonic flight regime. In the context of Mars exploration, subsonic retropropulsion has a robust flight heritage for terminal landing guidance and control, but all supersonic deceleration has, to date, been performed by non-propulsive (i.e. purely aerodynamic) methods, such as aeroshells and parachutes.
Extending the use of retropropulsion from the subsonic to the supersonic regime has been identified as an enabling technology for high mass humans-to-Mars architectures.
However, supersonic retropropulsion still possess significant design and control challenges, stemming mainly from the complex interactions between the hypersonic engine plumes, the oncoming airflow, and the vehicle’s exterior surface. These interactions lead to flow fields that are difficult to model and produce counterintuitive behaviors that are not present in purely propulsive or purely aerodynamic flight.
This study will provide an overview of the work done in the design of SRP systems. Optimal throttle laws for certain trajectories will be derived that leverage aero/propulsive effects to decrease propellant requirements and increase total useful landing mass. A study of the mass savings will be made for a 10 mT reference vehicle based on a propulsive version of the Orion capsule, followed by the 100 mT ellipsoid vehicle assumed by NASA’s Mars Design Reference Architecture.
Fighter Aircraft Performance, Part II of two, describes the parameters that affect aircraft performance.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
PROPAN - Potential Flow Code for Foils and Rotors: PROPAN is short for Propeller Panel Method. PROPAN is a panel code for the calculation of steady and unsteady potential flow around foils, open and ducted propellers, and wind and marine current turbines. PROPAN was developed by MARETEC (Marine and Environmental Technology Research Centre) at Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) which belongs to Lisbon University.
Maximum Power Extraction Method for Doubly-fed Induction Generator Wind TurbineIJECEIAES
This research presents a new scheme to extract the maximal available power from a wind turbine employing a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). This scheme is developed from the wind turbine’s MPPT-curve. Furthermore, we propose control laws for the rotor and grid side-converters. The stability of the proposed maximum available power method and the control laws are proved mathematically upon Lyapunov’s stability criterion. Their efficiency is tested through the simulations of a DFIG wind turbine in Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results are analyzed and compared with that using a conventional scheme. Thanks to the suggested scheme, the wind turbine can track its maximum power point better and the electric energy output is higher comparing with that using the conventional scheme. Furthermore, by the suggested controllers, the rotor speed and current of the DFIG converged to their desired values. In other words, the wind turbine can achieve stable operations by the suggested control laws.
This three day course is intended for practicing systems engineers who want to learn how to apply model-driven systems Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern spacecraft communications. This three-day course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered. <p>
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
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This Analog Communication Lab Manual is prepared for JNTU, Hyderabad (in a general way to be utilized for the maximum institutions) for R18 regulation.
The lattice Boltzmann equation: background, boundary conditions, and Burnett-...Tim Reis
An overview of the lattice Boltzmann equation and a discussion of moment-based boundary conditions. Includes applications to the slip flow regime and the Burnett stress. Some analysis sheds insight into the physical and numerical behaviour of the algorithm.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
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The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. High Strain Pile Testing with the Pile Driving
Analyzer System® (PDA)and CAPWAP®
PDA Wave Mechanics 1
Outline
• Introduction
– Measurement Evaluation
– Forces and Stresses in Pile
– Integrity
– Bearing capacity
– Examples
• Summary
• Problems
PDA Wave Mechanics 2
Measuring strain and acceleration
at one point
Strain transducer Accelerometer
PDA Wave Mechanics 3
2. Alternative force transducer or F=ma
For F=ma or top load cell
testing, accelerometers must
be attached to pile top.
PDA Wave Mechanics 4
PDA testing and data acquisitionPDA testing and data acquisition
After securely
attaching sensors to
pile, it is important to
input the pertinent
and latest calibration
values in PDA
PDA Wave Mechanics 5
Measurements on a follower, nearshore
PDA Wave Mechanics 6
3. The Pile Driving Analyzer - Model 8G
• Measures force and
velocity, usually near
the pile top, but also
at other locations
such as the pile toe.
• Determines Case
Method resistance,
iCAP®, energy
transferred to pile
and stresses in pile
PDA and CAPWAP 7
Site Link® for Remote Monitoring
Reduces travel cost and scheduling problems
Site Link® for Remote Monitoring
Reduces travel cost and scheduling problems
PDA and CAPWAP 8
Acceleration and Strain vs. TimeAcceleration and Strain vs. Time
Accelerometers, one on each
side; acceleration, velocity,
displacement
Strain Transducers, one on
each side; yield strain, stress
and average force
PDA Wave Mechanics 9
4. ●
Compressive stresses, forces: FMX, CSX, CSI
PDA Wave Mechanics 10
●CSX = 233 MPa (33.8 ksi)
FMX = 1280 kN
●CSX = 233 MPa (33.8 ksi)
FMX = 1280 kN
●
● ●CSI = 245 MPa (35.5 ksi)
For H-piles, Load Cell or F=ma Measurements: no CSI
PDA Wave Mechanics 11
Compressive stresses, forces: FMX, CSX, CSI
Force, Velocity, DisplacementForce, Velocity, Displacement
FMX
DMX = ½ max (d1 + d2)
DFN = ½ (d1 fin + d2 fin)
d2(t) = ∫v2(t) dt
d1(t) = ∫v1(t) dt
d1 max
PDA Wave Mechanics 12
d1 fin
d2 fin
5. Pile top force and velocity from PDAPile top force and velocity from PDA
We are measuring the total force and the total velocity
We plot both together using Z to scale velocity
We are measuring the total force and the total velocity
We plot both together using Z to scale velocity
F(t) = ½ A E [ε1(t) + ε2(t)]
v(t) = ½ [v1(t) + v2(t)] Z
PDA Wave Mechanics 13
Fu = - vu (EA/c)Fu = - vu (EA/c)
u = - vu (E/c)u = - vu (E/c)
εu = - vu / cεu = - vu / cεd = vd / cεd = vd / c
d = vd (E/c)d = vd (E/c)
Fd = vd (EA/c)Fd = vd (EA/c)
If wave travels
“downwards”
If wave travels
“upwards”
PDA Wave Mechanics 14
Superposition of WavesSuperposition of Waves
Fd=ZvdFd=Zvd
Downward Waves
Fu=-ZvuFu=-Zvu
Upward Waves
F = Fd + Fu
v = vd + vu
PDA Wave Mechanics 15
6. Wave Down and Wave Up from F and Zv
Fd=½(F+Zv) Fu=½(F-Zv)
Fd or Wd; Fu or Wu
Fd1 or Wd1
Fd2 or Wu2
PDA Wave Mechanics 16
If we know wave up and wave down
We can calculate
Pile forces at other locations
If we know wave up and wave down
We can calculate
Pile forces at other locations
The force at any point along the pile length can be
determined from the superposition of the forces in
the upward traveling and downward traveling waves
The force at any point along the pile length can be
determined from the superposition of the forces in
the upward traveling and downward traveling waves
F = Fu + FdF = Fu + Fd
PDA Wave Mechanics 17
L
2L/ct = 0 L/c
Upward
Wave
Upward
Wave
Downward
Wave
Downward
Wave
Wave Superposition for Force below SensorsWave Superposition for Force below Sensors
X
Fd1
Fu2
Fx = Fu2 + Fd3
Fd3
2x/c
PDA Wave Mechanics 18
7. TopToe
t3
Tension Stress Calculation – Wave-UpTension Stress Calculation – Wave-Up
Point of max tension
min Fu
min Fu
PDA Wave Mechanics 19
Pile Damage: BTA, LTD
LTD
•A reduction of pile impedance (Z)
above the pile toe causes a tension
reflection before 2L/c
•The time at which the tension
reflection arrives at the gage location
indicates the depth to Z-reduction:
LTD = (tdamage / 2) c
•The magnitude of the Z-reduction is
calculated with the -formula
PDA Wave Mechanics 21
t1
t3
Fu,1 = ½(Ft3-Zvt3)
Fd,1 = ½(Ft1+Zvt1)
Damage Example
PDA Wave Mechanics 22
8. PDA Capacity Monitoring
The 1965 (Phase 1) equation was based on a
rigid body model: Ru = F(to) - mp a(to)
Time to is time of zero velocity – no damping
to
PDA Wave Mechanics 23
But then we derived the 1968 Case Method
Resistance Waves
L/c
L
x
Ri
-½Ri
RB
RB
Upward traveling wave at time 2L/c:
Fu,2 = -Fd,1 + ½Ri + ½Ri + RB
RTL = Fu,2 + Fd,1
Fd,1
-Fd,1
½Ri
PDA Wave Mechanics 24
½Ri
RD = Jv vtoe = Jc Z vtoeRD = Jv vtoe = Jc Z vtoe
Calculated Damping Component
The Case Method
uses the pile toe velocity for damping calculations; it is
affected by shaft and toe soil resistance!
Calculated Damping Component
The Case Method
uses the pile toe velocity for damping calculations; it is
affected by shaft and toe soil resistance!
PDA Wave Mechanics 25
Jv … viscous damping factor [kN/m/s]
Jc … the dimensionless Case Damping Factor
vtoe = (2Fd1 – RTL)/Z based on wave mechanics
9. Case Method Static Resistance
Rstatic= RTL - RD
Rstatic= Fu,2 + Fd,1 - Jc(2 Fd,1 – Fd1 – Fu,2)
Rstatic= (1 – Jc)Fd,1 + (1 + Jc )Fu,2
Total Resistance = Static + Dynamic ResistanceTotal Resistance = Static + Dynamic Resistance
PDA Wave Mechanics 26
Fd,1 = 5,450 kN
Fu,2 = 2,730 kN
Rstatic = (1 – Jc) Fd,1+ (1 + Jc) Fu,2Rstatic = (1 – Jc) Fd,1+ (1 + Jc) Fu,2
RTL = 5,450 + 2,730 = 8,180 kN
For example with Jc= .3
Rstatic = (1 - .3) 5,450 + (1 + .3) 2,730 = 7,350 kN
RTL = 5,450 + 2,730 = 8,180 kN
For example with Jc= .3
Rstatic = (1 - .3) 5,450 + (1 + .3) 2,730 = 7,350 kN
PDA Wave Mechanics 27
Maximum Case Method Resistance, RXiMaximum Case Method Resistance, RXi
t1 t2
2L/c
Calculates Rstatic
at all times after
the first velocity
peak
Selects the
maximum Rstatic
for JC= 0.i
Calculates Rstatic
at all times after
the first velocity
peak
Selects the
maximum Rstatic
for JC= 0.i
PDA Wave Mechanics 28
10. Shaft and Toe Resistance
2L/ct = 0 L/c
L
x
R
-½R
RB
½R
RB
Fd,1 -Fd,1
½R
PDA Wave Mechanics 29
Ri - Wave upRi - Wave up
R
½R
PDA Wave Mechanics 30
An Example: PDA Capacity Results
End of Driving
PDA Wave Mechanics 31
12. PEBWAP for and End Bearing Pile
20x0.5” OEP; LG = 22.3 m; D46-32; 0.6 mm/bl; JC = 0.3
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
7500
0 5 10 15
Resistance-kN
Toe Displacement - mm
Total Resistance Static Resistance
Static Resistance = Total Resistance – Damping Factor * Toe Velocity
PDA and CAPWAP 35
THE CAPWAP METHODTHE CAPWAP METHOD
1 Set up pile and soil model and assume
Rshaft and Rtoe
1 Set up pile and soil model and assume
Rshaft and Rtoe
Rshaft
Rtoe
5 If no satisfactory match: Go to Step 25 If no satisfactory match: Go to Step 2
4 Adjust Rshaft and Rtoe4 Adjust Rshaft and Rtoe
3 Compare WUC with measured WUM3 Compare WUC with measured WUM
2 Apply measured WDM to pile model at top and
calculate complementary WUC
2 Apply measured WDM to pile model at top and
calculate complementary WUC
WUM
WDM
WUC
PDA and CAPWAP 36
First try (poor)
Final match (good)
Adjustments
CAPWAP is an
Iterative Process
PDA and CAPWAP 37
13. Seg. i
∆Li
Ri
Fdo
i
Fdn
i
Fun
i
Fuo
i
Rdi
Rui
The Pile is divided in Np
uniform pile segments of
approximately 1 m length.
Segment lengths are chosen
for equal time increment
∆t = ∆Li/ci.
Each Segment has:
impedance Zi,,= EiAi/ci ,
mass mi = Zi ∆t and
stiffness ki = Zi/∆t .
The Pile Model
PDA and CAPWAP 38
The Combined CAPWAP Pile and Soil ModelThe Combined CAPWAP Pile and Soil Model
Soil segment length:
LSi = Nfac Li
Soil segment length:
LSi = Nfac Li
Spring (static resistance)
Dashpot (dynamic resistance)
Spring (static resistance)
Dashpot (dynamic resistance)
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
Pile Model:
Impedance Zi
= EiAi/ci
Pile Segment
Length Li
Wave Travel
time in Pile
t = Li/ci
Pile Model:
Impedance Zi
= EiAi/ci
Pile Segment
Length Li
Wave Travel
time in Pile
t = Li/ci
PDA and CAPWAP 39
Rui, qi
Rt, qt
Ji
JT Shaft Resistance,
Ns times
Shaft Resistance,
Ns times
tG
The Basic
CAPWAP
Soil Model
The Basic
CAPWAP
Soil Model
End
Bearing
End
Bearing
PDA and CAPWAP 40
14. mt
Rui, qi
Rt, qt
Ji
JT
JSK
JBT
Add Radiation Damping
Inertia Resistance
Add Radiation Damping
Inertia Resistance
tG
ms
mPL
Some
CAPWAP
Soil Model
Extensions
Some
CAPWAP
Soil Model
Extensions
mSP
PDA and CAPWAP 41
Signal Matching ExampleSignal Matching Example
PDA and CAPWAP 42
First Trial Analysis (Lousy Match)First Trial Analysis (Lousy Match)
Input F
Matching F
Input F
Matching v
or
Input v
Matching F
or
PDA and CAPWAP 43
16. CAPWAP Help FeaturesCAPWAP Help Features
HC
CAPWAP Variable Help
HC
CAPWAP Variable Help
HR
CAPWAP Resistance
vs Displacement Help
HR
CAPWAP Resistance
vs Displacement Help
PDA and CAPWAP 47
CAPWAP’s
Static Pile and
Soil Model
CAPWAP’s
Static Pile and
Soil Model
kshaft, I = Ru,i
/qi
ktoe, i
Ru, i
kp, i
Rtoe, i
Q
u
1
uto
e
PDA and CAPWAP 48
CAPWAP Static AnalysisCAPWAP Static Analysis
The final static
load
displacement
curve is from a
t-z and q-z
analysis
The final static
load
displacement
curve is from a
t-z and q-z
analysis
PDA and CAPWAP 49
17. CAPWAP Static
Analysis
Options
CAPWAP Static
Analysis
Options
Smoothing
User Capacity
Uplift Test
Extrapolation
Failure Criteria
Smoothing
User Capacity
Uplift Test
Extrapolation
Failure Criteria
PDA and CAPWAP 50
Standard OutputStandard Output
PDA and CAPWAP 51
Comprehensive CAPWAP ReportComprehensive CAPWAP Report
• “Blow Count” is
from Direct Input in
CAPWAP or from
PDA-W
• “Job Information”
provides for other
information input
PDA and CAPWAP 52
18. Summary
Table Output
Summary
Table Output
Ri, qi, Ji
PDA and CAPWAP 53
Numerical
Output
Numerical
Output
Case Method
Extrema
PDA and CAPWAP 54
TAMPA DRILLED SHAFT TESTING
PDA and CAPWAP 55
19. Instrumentation
PDA and CAPWAP 56
CAPWAP Results for several blows
APE 750; 60 ton ram (2.4% of test load = 2470 tons). Four blows; 4.5 ft drop; 6 ft dia. shafts;
(under pier) in limestone
see: Rausche, Likins, Hussein, (2008). GSP #180, ASCE
Proposed failure criterion for dynamic tests for the cumulative toe
displacement:
D/60
60 ton ram was 2.4% of failure load
2500 ton failure load
72” dia shaft; Cooper Marl
Large diameter shaft in soil
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
PileTopDisplacement(in)
Pile Top Load (Kips)
Blow 3 = 2.5 FT Stroke Blow 4 = 4.0 FT Stroke
Blow 5 = 5.0 FT Stroke Elastic Line
PDA and CAPWAP 58
20. CAPWAP Comparisons
with Static Load Tests – H-Pile
H-pile 14x73 (356 x 109);
Penetration 45 m
Soil: Silts and clays with N<15
for depths < 30 m, then clays
and silts with 40<N<100 to 45 m.
Hammer: D30-32
EOD: 8 mm set/blow
BOR: 5 mm set/blow
EOR: 15 mm set/blow
CAPWAP 21-day Restrike (Blow 2): Ru=2060 kN; (Blow 25): Ru=1600 kN
Static Load Test (48 days): 2000 kN; Rausche, Likins, Hussein, 2008.
PDA and CAPWAP 59
Florida Drilled ShaftFlorida Drilled Shaft
Diameter:
• to 20 ft (6.1m) 28” (710mm)
• to 44 ft (13.4m) 24” (610mm)
• Soil: Shaft: Sand
Toe: Soft Limestone.
• Hammer: 10 tons
Hussein et al., 1992
6.1 m
13.4 m
Toe 2
Toe
Shaft
Shaft
Note:
Toe 2 treatment much simplified in
CAPWAP 2014
PDA and CAPWAP 60
Florida Drilled Shaft: Class A PredictionFlorida Drilled Shaft: Class A Prediction
• Required Rult:
1000 kips (4450 kN)
• Static and dynamic
tests indicate a
capacity less than
760 kips (3380 kN),
depending on criterion
3560 kN
• Offset Criterion yields
650 kips (2890 kN)
from static and
dynamic test.
PDA and CAPWAP 61
21. CAPWAP Correlation:
Automatic Procedure
CAPWAP Correlation:
Automatic Procedure
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CAPWAP Correlation:
Radiation Damping Model
CAPWAP Correlation:
Radiation Damping Model
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Combined Data Bases of GRL 1996
and from Stress Wave Conferences
Mean: 0.98; COV: 0.17; N = 303
Likins and Rausche, 2004
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22. CAPWAP Critique - iCAP Features
• CAPWAP is Non-unique?
Just one result!
• CAPWAP is Slow?
Real time result!
• CAPWAP needs Experience?
Done by PDA Operator!
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iCAP Application
• When?
– During Monitoring
– During Restrike
– During Reanalysis
• When Not?
– When pile and/or soil properties are not well known
– Problem data which lead to poor matches
• How?
– Just turn it on
• Notes:
– iCAP can be run directly from CAPWAP-2014 for non-
uniform piles
– iCAP is no CAPWAP; differences must be expected;
review is recommended
66PDA and CAPWAP 66
Summary
• PDA Testing During Driven Pile installation,
called monitoring, checks driving stresses, pile
integrity, resistance at the time of testing
• Performing a resike test after waiting yields a
dynamic load test.
• Case Method closed form measurements
together with stress wave considerations yield
information on
– dynamic stresses
– pile integrity
– bearing capacity
PDA Wave Mechanics 67