This document summarizes the diversity of early vertebrates and fishes. It discusses fossils of early vertebrates like placoderms, acanthodians, and cartilaginous fishes. It also describes the two classes of jawless fishes, hagfish and lampreys. The document then covers derived characters of jawed vertebrates, fossil gnathostomes, and the subclasses of cartilaginous fishes. It provides an overview of bony fishes, including ray-finned and lobe-finned classes. Additional topics discussed include locomotion, buoyancy, respiration, feeding behaviors, migration, reproduction, and growth patterns in fishes.