This document provides an overview of fish classification systems presented by Nelson in 1984 and updated in 2016. It outlines the major taxonomic groups of fish, including jawless fish (hagfish and lampreys), cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays), and bony fish classified into ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish. The updated 2016 classification separates hagfish from other fish and divides bony fish into two subclasses based on fin structure.
Fins are the most distinctive morphological features of fish and they plays a predominant role for locomotion of fish under the water. It is important to know how many kinds of fins are present and their precise functions.
Fins are the most distinctive morphological features of fish and they plays a predominant role for locomotion of fish under the water. It is important to know how many kinds of fins are present and their precise functions.
Digestive physiology of herbivorous fishMahendra Pal
The knowledge of food and feeding habits and the physiology of digestion of any organism is most essential for development of artificial feed in culture practices. Fish and shellfish belong to the poikilothermous animal. The digestion process is somewhat different than the terrestrial animals. Similarly the mechanism of digestion and absorption process is quite different in fishes and shellfishes. The basic function of digestive system is to dissolve foods by rendering them soluble so that they can be absorbed and utilized in the metabolic process. The system may also function to remove dangerous toxic properties of certain food substances.
Fish generally change their feeding habits depending upon availability of food. So according to their feeding fishes are classified into different categories viz., predators, grazers, strainers, suckers and parasites.
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
Common carp(cyprinus carpio)freshwater fish,bangladeshAl Nahian Avro
A short description about common carp.presentation on common carp.which scientific name is cyprinus carpio.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
Fish are all members of the phylum Chordata, sub-phylum Vertebrata. Fish are generally spindle-shaped, oval in section, and flattened either sideways or dorsal-ventrally. The skin is covered in protective scales, with some exceptions (lampreys, ocean sunfish). All fins have fins of some sort, all the size, number, and shape vary. Fish breathe through gills, and only a very few have actual lungs. Most fish have a special organ known as a swim bladder that prevents them from sinking, and, in some cases, aids in respiration. The common name "fish" refers to four different classes, depending on the person classifying them (there are numerous different ways to classify fish). Bony fish also have special adaptations that allow them to remain buoyant. A special organ called a swim bladder housed under the bony skeleton is a gas filled chamber that allows the bony fish to remain floating in the water. Some fish have a connection between this organ and the digestive tract to allow the extraction of oxygen. Another special adaptation is the operculum, a flap on each side of the fish that covers the chambers housing the gills. A bony fish is able to breathe without swimming simply by moving the operculum. Other hallmarks of these fish are paired fins, many teeth, dermal scales in the skin (in most species), and numerous vertebrae. Most bony fish are ray-finned fish, meaning that they have thin, flexible skeletal rays. Lobe-finned fish, the other type of bony fish, have muscular fins supported by bones. Only one species of lobe-finned fish, the coelacanth, still lives. However, it was the lobe-finned fish that made possible the colonization of land.
Digestive physiology of herbivorous fishMahendra Pal
The knowledge of food and feeding habits and the physiology of digestion of any organism is most essential for development of artificial feed in culture practices. Fish and shellfish belong to the poikilothermous animal. The digestion process is somewhat different than the terrestrial animals. Similarly the mechanism of digestion and absorption process is quite different in fishes and shellfishes. The basic function of digestive system is to dissolve foods by rendering them soluble so that they can be absorbed and utilized in the metabolic process. The system may also function to remove dangerous toxic properties of certain food substances.
Fish generally change their feeding habits depending upon availability of food. So according to their feeding fishes are classified into different categories viz., predators, grazers, strainers, suckers and parasites.
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
Common carp(cyprinus carpio)freshwater fish,bangladeshAl Nahian Avro
A short description about common carp.presentation on common carp.which scientific name is cyprinus carpio.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
Fish are all members of the phylum Chordata, sub-phylum Vertebrata. Fish are generally spindle-shaped, oval in section, and flattened either sideways or dorsal-ventrally. The skin is covered in protective scales, with some exceptions (lampreys, ocean sunfish). All fins have fins of some sort, all the size, number, and shape vary. Fish breathe through gills, and only a very few have actual lungs. Most fish have a special organ known as a swim bladder that prevents them from sinking, and, in some cases, aids in respiration. The common name "fish" refers to four different classes, depending on the person classifying them (there are numerous different ways to classify fish). Bony fish also have special adaptations that allow them to remain buoyant. A special organ called a swim bladder housed under the bony skeleton is a gas filled chamber that allows the bony fish to remain floating in the water. Some fish have a connection between this organ and the digestive tract to allow the extraction of oxygen. Another special adaptation is the operculum, a flap on each side of the fish that covers the chambers housing the gills. A bony fish is able to breathe without swimming simply by moving the operculum. Other hallmarks of these fish are paired fins, many teeth, dermal scales in the skin (in most species), and numerous vertebrae. Most bony fish are ray-finned fish, meaning that they have thin, flexible skeletal rays. Lobe-finned fish, the other type of bony fish, have muscular fins supported by bones. Only one species of lobe-finned fish, the coelacanth, still lives. However, it was the lobe-finned fish that made possible the colonization of land.
Identification of Indian Major Carps,Catla catla (catla), Labeo rohita (rohu) and Cirrhinus cirrhosus (mrigal),Chinese Major carps , Grass, silver, bighead, and black carp , OTHER COMMON SPECIES OF PAKISTAN, Trout, Salmon, Tilapia
Mollusca of India and need for conservationAshish sahu
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
This presentation is on Endangerd species of marine mammals and marine birds. Explain about bioligy,habitat,reproduction,threats and conservations of the animals.
Ecosystem Ecology: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, POPULATION ECOLOGY, INTRODUCTION TO SEED DISPERSAL
Producers, Consumers, Food Chain, Food Web, Relationships between living organisms, Biogeochemical Cycles
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Turkey is a native bird of America. This ppt covers the classification, geographic distribution, habitat, behaviour, reproduction and use of Turkey by humans.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Fish are aquatic vertebrates with gills and fins rather than lungs and
legs.
• Fish represent huge diversity in shape, size, color, and habitat.
• In geologic time they preceded the other vertebrate groups which are
derived from them.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Fish share with vertebrates a basic body plan of bilateral symmetry,
with a dorsal supporting structure the notochord as a precursor to
the series of harder vertebrae.
• Currently, fish are the most numerous vertebrates representing
roughly 50 percent of al vertebrate species now alive.
• In 2016, Nelson reported 32,000 species of Fish.
5. CLASSIFICATION BY NELSON-1984
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)
Superclass Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Subclass Cyclostomata
Order Myxiniformes (Hagfishes)
Order Petromyzoniformes (Lampreys)
7. CLASSIFICATION BY NELSON-1984
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)
Superclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilagnous Fish)
Subclass Holocephali
Order Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
8. CLASSIFICATION BY NELSON-1984
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)
Superclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)
Order Heterodontiformes (Port Jackson shark)
Order Hexanchiformes (cow shark)
Order Squaliformes (dogfish)
Order Lamniformes (basking shark, mackerel shark)
Order Rajiformes (rays)
9. GNATHOSTOMATA-JAWED FISHES
Subclass: Holocephali
Order: Chimaeriformes
Family: Chimaeridae
Genus: Hydrolagus
Specie: H. colliei
Chimaeras
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Heterodontiformes
Family: Heterodontidae
Genus: Heterodontus
Specie: H. portusjacksoni
Port Jackson shark
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Hexanchiformes
Family: Hexanchidae
Genus: Hexanchus
Specie: H. griseus
Cow shark
10. GNATHOSTOMATA-JAWED FISHES
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Squaliformes
Family: Squalidae
Genus: Squalus
Specie: S. acanthias
Dogfish
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Cetorhinidae
Genus: Cetorhinus
Specie: C. maximus
Baskingshark
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Rajiformes
Family: Aetobatidae
Genus: Aetobatus
Specie: A. narinari
Spotted eagle ray
11. CLASSIFICATION BY NELSON-1984
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Subclass Crossopterygii
Order Coelacanthiformes (Latimeria)
Subclass Dipneusti (lungfishes)
Order Ceratodontiformes
Order Lepidosireniformes
Subclass Brachiopterygii (bichirs)
Order Polypteriformes (Polypterus)
13. CLASSIFICATION BY NELSON-1984
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)
Subclass Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Order Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish)
Order Lepisosteiformes (gars)
Order Anguilliformes (eels)
Order Cypriniformes (carps, suckers, and loaches)
Order Salmoniformes (salmon)
14. GNATHOSTOMATA-JAWED FISHES
Subclass: Actinopterygii
Order: Lepisosteiformes
Family: Lepisosteidae
Genus: Lepisosteus
Specie: L. oculatus
Spotted gar
Subclass: Actinopterygii
Order: Anguilliformes
Family: Angullidae
Genus: Anguilla
Specie: A. Anguilla
European eel
Subclass: Actinopterygii
Order: Acipenseriformes
Family: Acipenseridae
Genus: Acipenser
Specie: A. oxyrinchus
Sturgeon
15. GNATHOSTOMATA-JAWED FISHES
Subclass: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Genus: Cyprinus
Specie: C. carpio
Common carp
Subclass: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Salmo
Specie: S. sala
Atlantic salmon
16. CLASSIFICATION BY NELSON-1984
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)
Subclass Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Order Beloniformes (flying fishes)
Order Lophiiformes (anglerfishes)
Order Siluriformes (catfishes)
Order Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks)
Order Tetraodontiformes (triggerfish)
19. CLASSIFICATION BY NELSON-2016
• Nelson and colleagues separated the hagfish from the lampreys and all
other extant fish on the basis of lack of any vertebral elements in hagfish.
• There is a small group of ‘relict fish’ (lungfish, coelacanth, and bichirs)
which show a variety of primitive characteristics indicating their status as
remnants of very ancient lineages.
• Class Osteichthyes now have two Subclasses.
Subclass Actinopterygii (most bony fish)
Subclass Sarcopterygii (bony fish species close to terrestrial vertebrates)
20. CLASSIFICATION
BY NELSON-
2016
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Craniata
Infraphylum Myxinimorpha (Hagfish)
Infraphylum Vertebrata (Vertebrates)
Superclass Petromyzontimorphi (Lampreys)
Superclass Pteraspidomorphi
Superclass Anaspidomorphi
Superclass Thelodontimorphi
Superclass Osteotracomorphi
Superclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes_ according to old classification
Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
Subclass Sarcopterygii
21. REFRENCE
BOOK: ESSENTIAL FISH BILOLOGY: Diversity, Structure, and Function
AUTHORS: DEREK BURTON AND MARGARET BURTON