A very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia.
Carp is a common name for various species of freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae.
They have been introduced to various locations around the world.
Hill areas offer good scope for the development- of fisheries—both for commercial and sport purposes.
The coldwater fishery resources in India comprise high and mid-altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers.
The importance of coldwater fisheries lies in their unique biodiversity, valuable germplasm and maintenance of environmental quality in hills.
Coldwater fishes breed naturally but since some species have been listed as endangered, therefore artificial breeding is now being practiced to restore the diversity.
Hill areas offer good scope for the development- of fisheries—both for commercial and sport purposes.
The coldwater fishery resources in India comprise high and mid-altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers.
The importance of coldwater fisheries lies in their unique biodiversity, valuable germplasm and maintenance of environmental quality in hills.
Coldwater fishes breed naturally but since some species have been listed as endangered, therefore artificial breeding is now being practiced to restore the diversity.
A short description about catla fish.presentation on catla fish.which scientific name is catla catla,cyprinus catla & gibelion catla.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
Common carp(cyprinus carpio)freshwater fish,bangladeshAl Nahian Avro
A short description about common carp.presentation on common carp.which scientific name is cyprinus carpio.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
A short description about catla fish.presentation on catla fish.which scientific name is catla catla,cyprinus catla & gibelion catla.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
Common carp(cyprinus carpio)freshwater fish,bangladeshAl Nahian Avro
A short description about common carp.presentation on common carp.which scientific name is cyprinus carpio.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
On-farm feed management practices for three Indian major carp species - in An...International Aquafeed
Global aquaculture production is estimated at 66.7 million tonnes. Asian fed aquaculture contributed for 54 percent of the total aquaculture production. The estimated fish production from Asia contributed 88.5 percent of fish in terms of quantity and 71 percent in terms of value to total world fed aquaculture production (FAO, 2006).
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
the presentation provides the details regarding the murrels or snakeheads which includes the basic taxonomy, some of the important species, distribution, special characters, its aquaculture potential, food and feeding habits, sexual dimorphism, parental care, age at maturity, the maturity stages, breeding season, courtship and mating, natural spawning, fecundity, induced spawning using ovaprim and HCG and LHRHa, and also the detailed facts regarding larval reariing.
Reproduction is a fundamental biological process which enables continuation of species. In fisheries biology, reproduction assumes greater significance to understand sexual
dimorphism, process of maturation, size or age of maturity, breeding season, spawning area, sexual segregation, migration, fecundity, embryonic and larval development and
recruitment. Most of the management strategies in capture fisheries are based on reference points that are the manifestations of reproductive biology. In aquaculture,
knowledge of reproductive biology of a fish is essential for hatchery production of fish feeds.
,
Nazmul Haque Syekat
Puffer fish belonging to the family tetraodontidae are usually distributed in the shallow waters. During investigation in stations viz. Marina Park, Chidiyatapu and Burmanullah, around Andaman, five species from genus Arothron and two from Canthigaster have been recorded and were mostly found to prefer coral reefs and rock crevices, with the exception of Arothron immaculatus, which was found to be present in the open waters and it confined to sandy bottom substrate with patches of sea grasses around them. These fishes were found to be most diverse and abundant in Chidiyatapu with the Margelef’s Richness Index of 2.49, Shannon-Wiener index of 1.05 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.96. Biometric analysis results demonstrate that they have shown an isometric growth. The individuals collected were mostly lying in the length group of 120-160 mm. Gut content analysis of A. Immaculatus reveals that the fish feed mainly on molluscs and sea urchin and the other food items were shrimps, crabs, sponges, micro algae, foraminiferans etc. gastro-somatic index, hepato-somatic index and gonado-somatic indices were also calculated to throw light upon the feeding behavior and reproductive maturity of the fishes. Most of the individuals were found to be in the developing stage of maturity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Carp is one of the main species of China's aquaculture industry, forming 13 percent of its farmed fish output. Because of their wide adaptability, carp can be farmed in an extensive variety of regions. However, in recent years their quality in China has declined. With the blind pursuit of production volumes and backward steps in breeding management technology, many problems have appeared in carp aquaculture.
Culture and management techniques of Vietnamese KoiAbdullaAlAsif1
The first time study approach about culture and management in Bangladesh was conducted to observe the induce breeding, nursing and rearing technique of Vietnam koi (Anabas testudineus) fish culture in fresh water farm in Mymensingh region, Bangladesh for a period of 120 days from May, 2013 to August, 2013. In this study, inducing agent PG was used to achieve fertilization and hatching success of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. During induce breeding, male and female in a ratio of 1:1 were used. The females were given single injection of 6-8 mg PG/kg body weight and the males were given 2-3 mg PG/kg body weight and nursing and rearing of vietnam koi (Anabas testudineus) fish were carried out as monoculture in earthen ponds. In this study, two earthen ponds of 20 decimal with an average depth of 2.5 to 3 feet and two earthen ponds of 50 decimal with an average depth of 3 to 5 feet were used for nursing and rearing of Vietnam koi respectively. Nursing and rearing of Vietnam koi (Anabas testudinus) were carried out as monoculture in earthen ponds. The water temperature in the culture pond was ranged from 31.29±0.85 to 35.5±0.58 0 C during nursing and rearing. The value of Dissolve Oxygen (DO) and pH was ranged from 6.20±0.41 to 5.0±0.71 mg/l and 7.8±0.62 to 7.1±0.47 respectively. The average weight of the fingerlings during stocking was 0.8g in nursery stage and 20g in rearing stage. Fingerlings were stocked at 1750 fish /decimal in the rearing pond. Fry in the nursing ponds were fed with Hatchery feed (powder) at the rate of 40-50% of their total body weight. Fingerlings in the rearing ponds were fed with Koi Starter and Koi Grower feed at the rate of 15-20% of their total body weight. The final average weight (g) of Vietnam koi was (0.8±0.08)g in nursery stage & (200.0±0.82)g in rearing stage. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of total artificial feed was 1.63. The survival rate of Vietnam koi fish was 70% and the net production was 167kg/decimal. The total benefit was 5,48,455.00 BDT. Benefit-cost ratio of this study was 1.43. Therefore, it could be concluded that nursing and rearing of Vietnam koi (Anabas testudineus) by using artificial feed under a monoculture system in the earthen ponds is potentially and economically feasible.
Indigeneous major carp.pptx by Boby BasnetBoby Basnet
Biology of cultivated fish species: morphological characters, feeding habits, growth rate and reproductive behavior indigenous major carp by Assistant Prof. Boby Basnet.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladesh : A Seminar Paperihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
The term “sustainability” or also “sustainable development”, often used as nothing more than a catch-phrase, has much more to offer. It is a concept to guarantee a livable environment for all people in the long term, encompassing at least three fundamental components of sustainable development, preservation of a functional environment, economic welfare and social equity. Accordingly, also in the field of aquaculture, aiming for sustainability requires not only the achievement of environmental objectives, but also to provide clear economic advantages for aquaculture farmers in the long term. However, the term “sustainability” is often diluted and weakened , being used by politicians, entrepreneurs and the public, in a general way on numerous occasions, very often in a superficial or misleading way and with an incorrect definition, just to exploit the positive , connotations of the term.
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energyihn FreeStyle Corp.
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
Rotifers are popularly called as wheel animalcules. They are an important group of live food organisms for use in aqua hatcheries. Brachionus, which is the most known form of all rotifers, serve as an ideal starter diet for early larval stages of many fish and prawn species in marine as well as freshwater. Species of the genus Brachionus (Brachionidae: Rotifera) are well represented in different water bodies worldwide (Pejler, 1977). Depending on the mouth size of the cultured organisms, small (50 to 110 micron length) or large (100 to 200 micron length) rotifers are used. There are about 2,500 species of rotifers have been known from global freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. B. plicatilis is the species used most commonly to feed fish larvae in hatcheries around the world. It is a euryhaline species, small and slow swimming, with good nutritional value. It is well suited to mass culture because it is prolific and tolerates a wide variety of environmental conditions. The rotifer, B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, have been indispensable as a live food for mass larval rearing of many aquatic organisms (Maruyama et al., 1997). By way of significant developments in larval rearing technology of fishes, demand for the rotifer is further increasing.
A rice-fish system is an integrated rice field or rice field/pond complex, where fish are grown concurrently or alternately with rice. Fish may be deliberately stocked (fish culture), or may enter fields naturally from surrounding water ways when flooding occurs (rice field fisheries), or a bit of both. Fish yields can range widely from of 1.5 to 174 kg/ha/season depending on the type of rice fish system, the species present, and the management employed.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Goat cum Fish Farming - Present Status and Prospect in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Growth Performance of Catla (Catla catla) Fed Diets Containing Different Leve...ihn FreeStyle Corp.
Carp culture has attained commercial culture status.
Feed has become the most important component.
Fish meal induce good growth but it is expensive.
Due to the scarcity of fish meal ; alternative protein sources is gaining importance.
Spirulina platensis (blue green algae) ; A Cyanobacterium.
Spirulina as the replacement of fish meal.
How to write a project proposal ? (*For bd students only)ihn FreeStyle Corp.
Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) is one of the commercially farmed fish in Bangladesh and it has gained rapid popularity because of its fast growth and high yields. The species is important for its nutritional and medicinal value. However, the absence of a readily available starter feed in commercial hatcheries remains a major problem in its production. Fish larvae rely on the yolk sac for its nutritional requirements during early stages of growth. Then larvae require live foods such as Artemia nauplii, yeast, unicellular algae, rotifers, copepods, cladocerans as the most appropriate starter foods because the larvae have difficulty in assimilating dry prepared diets due to their incomplete development of the digestive system (Arimoro, 2006; Olurin et al. 2012). These live foods offer an appropriate size ingestible by a wide range of larval fish species and are rich carriers of digestive enzymes (Kolkvoski, 2001). Live foods also affect the fatty acid profile of larvae (Kainz, 2004; Das, 2006; Tocher, 2010). However, information on appropriate live foods for the larviculture of stinging catfish are scarcely available.
What is the stocking density of fish in semi intensive cultureihn FreeStyle Corp.
Stocking Density: Stocking density also known as per-unit stocking amount or stocking rate, refers to the quantity of fry or fingerlings per unit of water area.
Poly Culture: The concept of poly culture of fish is based on the concept of total utilization of different trophic and spatial niches of a pond in order to obtain maximum fish production per unit area. Different compatible species of fish of different trophic and spatial niches are raised together in the same pond to utilize all sorts of natural food available in the pond.
Semi Intensive Culture: Semi-intensive culture systems depend largely on natural food which is increased over baseline levels by fertilization and/or use of supplementary feed to complement natural food.
The increased production of marine fish has come primarily through the motorization of traditional craft, the introduction of new craft and the introduction and popularization of new’ types of synthetic gear, which have replaced the traditional gear. In almost every country, this process has been either instituted or actively supported by the governments in the form of generous subsidies and credit schemes. Blue Economy could play an important role in the economic upliftment of the country in the context of poverty alleviation, ensuring food and nutrition security, combating climate change impacts. Blue Economy requires a balanced approach between conservation, development and utilization of marine and coastal eco-systems, all oceanic resources and services with a view to enhancing their value and generates decent employment, secure productive marine economy and healthy marine eco-systems.
Fisheries and aquatic resources are economically, ecologically, culturally and aesthetically important to the nation. From the global perspectives, the main issues facing by the international fishing community generally are over fishing, overcapacity, by-catch management as well as environmental degradation. The combined effect of these factors that have made 60-70% of the major world fisheries resources are in urgent need of management action to restrict the increase in fishing capacity and to rehabilitate damaged resources (FAO,1991). In Bangladesh, fisheries is one of the major subsectors of agriculture, which play a dominant role in nutrition, employment, earning foreign currency and other areas of economy. Many of our open waterbody are polluted with various pollutants and harmful chemicals. Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) has prepared the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) for Bangladesh in December 2001. The goal of the NWMP is to implement the National Water Policy (NWPo) and contribute to national economic development through rational management of open water resources, in a way that protects the natural environment and improves the quality of life for the people of Bangladesh. Open water fisheries are major aquatic common property resources in Bangladesh covering over four million hectares. Around ten percent of the population of 120 million depend for their livelihoods on fisheries.
Hygiene standards and procedures usually described as Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) or Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), have been in place for many years and constituted an essential tool in traditional food control. These concepts are still essential in a modern food control system by providing the basic environmental and operating conditions for production of safe food and thus being a requisite or foundation for HACCP in an overall food safety management program. What is new is the concept of formalizing the prerequisite program alongside HACCP and the legal requirement in some countries (USA) of documented monitoring of certain sanitation areas.
Non-Infectious Disease
Not caused by pathogens
Cannot be transmitted to other species
Malnutrition, Avitaminoses, Heavy Metals etc. are responsible
Risk factors:
Genetics
Life-style
Environmental factors
Genetic Risk Factors
Determined by genes
Familial Disease Tendency
Disease runs in species
Recessive gene disorders
Down syndrome
Born with extra chromosome
Sex-linked disorders
Linked to x chromosome (female)
Can be recessive in females
Color blindness, hemophilia, & muscular dystrophy
A popular food fish in South Asia. Five types of ilish can be found worldwide.
Yearly ilish caught are 5,000,000 tons. Among them, 50%-60% are caught by Bangladesh.
About 450,000 people are directly involved with the catching for livelihood; around four to five million people are indirectly involved with the trade.
Ideally, surimi should be made from low-value, white-fleshed fish with excellent gelling ability and which are abundant and available year-round. At present, Alaskan pollack accounts for a large proportion of the surimi supply. Other species, such as sardine, mackerel, barracuda, striped mullet have been successfully used for surimi production.
Any aquatic invertebrate animals having a cutaneous or calcareous shell surrounding there body and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or phylum Echinodermata is known as shellfish. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. The most commercially important shellfish are:
• Mollusk: Oysters, mussels, scallops and clams
• Crustacean: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab and crayfish
• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Shellfish hatchery is a place where shellfish seeds are produced in a controlled way. Hatchery management is a branch of science which deals with the activities including from collection of brood shellfish to seed production. Culturing of shellfish has occurred since ancient times. Although controlled rearing of young shell has long existed, hatchery production is a more recent advancement. Producing seed under controlled conditions in a hatchery will disconnect its production from environmental factors and provide a reliable supply of seed. Oysters, mussels and mud crabs are the most important groups of shellfish after shrimp and prawn. These are popular among the western countries and becoming more popular all over the world. So hatchery management of oyster, mussel and crab is crucial.
The homeotherms are otherwise known as warm blooded animals. Their body temperature remains constant irrespective of change in environmental temperature e.g. birds and mammals. The poikilotherms are otherwise known as cold blooded animals. Their body temperature fluctuates according to change of the temperature in the surroundings e.g. fishes, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Food and Feeding Habit
Growth
Maturity
Fecundity
Breeding Season and Spawning
Characteristics Habitat
3. A very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia.
Carp is a common name for various species of freshwater
fish of the family Cyprinidae.
They have been introduced to various locations around the
world.
Carps
4. Grass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idellus
Grass carp is a natural
inhabitant of the flatland
Rivers of China and the
middle and lower reaches
of river Amur in USSR.
The fish has been
introduced into many other
countries in recent times.
5. Mainly
herbivores.
Grass carp
normally eats
aquatic weeds &
phytoplankton of
the fresh water.
Has specialized
pharyngeal teeth
for rasping
aquatic
vegetation.
The natural food
of grass carp fry
about 7-9mm
long is protozoa,
rotifers & nauplii
.
Food and Feeding Habit
6. In natural waters, grass carp attains a length of 15 to 30 cm weighing 225g
to 650g at the end of 1st year.
A length of 60cm and a weight of 1.8 to 2.3kg at the end of second year.
After four years, the weight may be 4.5 kg.
Comparing the daily growth of grass carp in different countries, observed
to be 2.8g in Siberia, 3.3 g in Turkmenia and south China, 4.7g in India.
Chinese ponds, grass carp attains a weight of 225 to 680g in first year, 1200
to 2300g in second, 2700g in third and 3800g in forth year.
Growth
7. In China, the approximate age at maturity of
grass carp is 1500 days, counting only those
days when temperature true exceeds 150C.
Age at which grass carp attains maturity varies
greatly with climate and environmental
factors, especially temperature.
Maturity
8. Country Age at maturity
(year)
Weight
(kg)
China
South 4-5 6-8
Central 4-5 6-8
Northeast 6-7 6-8
India
Pond-breed 2 1.5
wild 3 4-8
Malaysia 1-2 2.3-3-2
Taiwan 4-5 3 or more
Size and age at first maturity of grass
carp in different countries
9. Lin(1935) reported that in China a female grass carp
weighing 7kg had 100,000 ova.
Inaba estimated that 485,000 ova in a grass carp weighing
7.1kg.
Fecundity
10. Total
Length
cm
Weight of
Fish gm
Weight of
ovaries gm
Weight of
fish: weight
of ovaries
Total
number of
eggs
Average
diameter of
ovaries(mm)
73.8 4768 540 6.7:1 372600 1.21
75 5330 880 6.6:1 441700 1.31
78.6 5476 656 8.3:1 396200 1.35
78.9 5724 1129 5:1 618100 1.30
79.2 7036 553 12.7:1 308800 1.33
*From Alikunhi and Parsmeswaran
Size and fecundity of grass carp
11. The fish breeds during monsoon months in
the flowing waters of its natural habitat, the
rivers.
Does not spawn naturally in the static
waters of ponds and tanks.
Breeding season and Spawning
12. Silver Carp
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Silver carp naturally occurs in the
river systems, Yangtze, West
River, Kwangsi and Kwangtung in
south and central China and in the
Amur Basin in USSR.
Introduced into many countries in
recent years for aquaculture.
13. One to three-day old fry, when about 7-9 mm long, mainly feed on zooplankton, rotifers and
copepod nauplii.
Their diet expands as the fry grow to include copepods, Cladocera and phytoplankton.
Still larger fry and adults feed on Flagella, Dino-flagellata, Myxophyceae,Bacillariophyceae,
etc., primarily phytoplankton and secondarily zooplankton.
They have phytoplanktophagous feeding habit.
Food and Feeding Habit
14. Under a given set of conditions, the growth rate of fry of silver
carp is extremely high in the first 10 days the fish doubling its
weight every second day and becoming about 19 mm long
weighting 0.09 g in 10 days, 47 mm long weighting 1.1 g in 20
days and 17 cm long weighting 5.5 g in 60 days.
Absolute weight increases 0.001-0.02 g/day in the first 10 days
and 4.2 g/day during the fingerling stage.
Silver carp attains highest growth rate in length in the second
year of life and maximum growth rate in weight in the third
year.
Growth
15. Age(years) Body Length(cm) Weight(g)
2 50 1803
3 57.6 4650
4 60.3 5340
5 63 6400
Adapted from Chang (1963)
Growth of Silver carp In Tabular form
16. Of the environmental factors, temperature exercises
maximum effect on the maturity of silver carp.
The age at first maturity of silver carp can be
approximated by the same formula as for grass carp.
However, this may not be applicable in locations
other than China.
Maturity
17. Country Sexual maturity Authority
Age(year) Weight(kg)
South China 2-3 2-5 Kuronuma(1968)
Central China 4-5 2-5 Kuronuma(1968)
North China 5-6 2-5 Kuronuma(1968)
Rumania 6-9 6-8 Woynarovich(1968)
Sexual maturity of silver carp reported from
China and Rumania are shown in Table
18. Alikunhi and Parameswaran reported the fecundity of
silver carp weighing 3.18kg-8.51kg, as 145000-2044000.
The number of eggs per gram body weight was 171 and
per gram ovary weight, 292.
The fecundity of silver carp at different sizes and ages,
as observed at the Pond Culture Division of Central
Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Cuttack, India is
shown in table next.
Fecundity
19. Particular of
stock
No. of
examined
Range and average Percentag
e of
ovarian
weight,
range and
average
Ova per g
body
weight
range and
average
Ova per g
ovary
weight
range and
average
Ova
diameter
range and
average
Length Weight
g
One year old
induced bred
9 38.8-57.5
(52.2)
591-2430
(1734)
9.6-24
(14.4)
75-252
(167)
788-1768
(1165)
1.07-1.36
(1.20)
2 year old
Tone river
stocked
reared in
Cuttok, India.
8 56.5-74
65.9
3178-6523
(4572)
14.3-34.9
(25.6)
46-313
(25.6)
318-951
(732)
-
3+ stock 14 63.5-82.8
(74.7)
4994-8512
(6323)
13.6-27.2
(20.2)
100-228
(161)
518-1031
(801)
1.21-1.36
(1.225)
4+ stock 2 80.2-82.5
(81.4)
6294-7491
(7208)
22-24
(23)
160-180
(170)
667-822
(745)
1.31-1.35
The fecundity of silver carp at different sizes and ages
20. Silver carp breeds naturally during April-July in the flowing waters of its
natural habitat, the rivers of China.
In the Tone River in Japan, where the fish has established itself, it spawns
naturally during June-July.
At Cuttack in India, pond reared fully ripe males are available during April-
May and the females, a little later, during May-July (Alikunhi et al.1963).
The fish does not spawn naturally in ponds and tanks.
Breeding and Spawning
21. Bighead Carp
Bighead carp is the natural
inhabitant of the river
systems Yangtze, West
river , Kwangsi and
Kwangtung of South and
central China and the
species has been
transplanted into many
countries recent years.
22. Larvae feed mainly on unicellular planktonic
organisms , nauplii and rotifers.
Fry and adults feed on diverse forms of planktonic
life , mainly zooplankton as well as Bacillariophyceae ,
Flagellata, Dinoflagellata , Myxophyceae etc.
The alimentary canal of this fish is much shorter, size
for size than that of Silver carp.
Food and Feeding Habit
23. In aquaculture operations, growth rate would
depend on rate of stocking, food available
naturally from aquatic fertilization and
supplied supplementarily, competition with
other species co stocked, conversion rate and
environmental conditions.
Growth
24. Age(years) Body Length(cm) Weight(g)
2 63.0 3250
3 74.6 10,700
4 75.1 10,900
5 77.8 11,800
Adapted from Chang et al. (1983)
Growth Of Bighead Carp
25. The pattern of attainment of maturity follows the same
principle as that of Silver carp and Grass carp.
Sexual maturity of silver carp reported from China, Taiwan,
USSR are shown in Table:
Maturity
Country Age at maturity
(year)
Weight
(kg)
China
South 3-4 5-10
Central 4-5 5-10
Northeast 6-7 5-10
USSR 5 -
Taiwan 3-4 5 or more
Adapted from Chang et al. (1983)
26. Breeding and Spawning
The fish breeds during monsoon months in the flowing
waters of its natural habitat, the rivers, but does not
sp0awn naturally in the static waters of ponds and tanks.
April–June, peak in May (Asia) .
Spawning temperature 22–30 C in native range.
Large tributaries with high flow (0.8 m/sec) are required.
Males are promiscuous and will chase females, occasionally
rubbing their head against the belly of the female.
Spawning occurs at the surface over rocky areas in flowing
water.
A single female may spawn more than once within a year
Fecundity
The fecundity is 126 eggs per gram of body
weight.
27. Common Carp
Cyprinus carpio
Known as “European Carp”.
Olive green coloration above,
yellowish below.
Fins often reddish.
Body laterally compressed
Body height 1/4 body length.
Triangular head with blunt
snout and thick nose plate.
28. Food and Feeding Habit
Carnivorous, Detrivorous
Juvenile Feed On
• First feeding at 6-7 mm
• At 10-20 mm feed primarily on small
zooplankton & protozoans
• At 20-100 mm feed on a variety of
zooplankton, protozoans, small
crustaceans & insect larva
• Larger than 100 mm feed on bottom
detritus composed of decayed plant
matter & benthic organisms.
• Feed on bottom
detritus
composed of
decayed plant
matter and
benthic
organisms.
Adult
Feed
On
29. Growth varies with geography
Highest in tropical and
subtropical conditions.
Reaching 0.4 kg in the 1st year.
0.8 kg in the 2nd year.
1.5 kg in the 3rd year.
2.0 to 2.5 kg by the end of their
4th year
Growth & Maturity
Age at first maturation: 2-3 years
(males), 4-5 years (female)
Weight at first maturation: 1-2 kg (male),
3-5 kg (female)
Length at first maturation: 25-30 cm
(male), 34 cm (female)
30. Total fecundity ranges
from 90,000 to 300,000
ova/kg live weight of
the female
Egg diameter 1.0-1.5
mm
Eggs sink and adhere to
rooted vegetation or
other firm substrates
Eggs generally occur in
clusters of several
hundred
Can hatch in 6 days
when temperature is 21
deg C
Fecundity
31. April-June in temperate climates
Year-round in tropical climates
Limited to freshwater
Breeding season and Spawning
33. Surface to Column feeder.
Feeds on plant matters including decaying
vegetation
Well habituated in taking rice bran, wheat bran,
mustard oil cake and other supplementary feed
under aquaculture system.
Food and Feeding Habit
34. Growth ,Maturity ,Breeding & Spawning
•The minimum age at
first maturity for both
sexes is two years,
while complete
maturity is reached
after four years in
males and five years
in females.
•In captivity with
proper feeding the
species attains
maturity towards the
end of second year
Growth
&
Maturity
•Polygamous fish.
•Spawning season,
extending from April
to September.
•Optimum temperature
for spawning is 22-31
°C.
•In nature, spawning
occurs in the shallow
and marginal areas of
flooded rivers.
•However, breeding
does not take place in
such lentic pond
environments.
Breeding
&
Spawning
35. The fecundity varies from 226 000 to 2 794 000.
It depends upon fish size and ovary weight.
On average it ranges from 200 000-300 000 eggs/kg.
Fecundity
36. Catla
Catla catla Compressed body.
comparatively short with broad
head.
Mouth is wide, upper lip is thin and
covered by skin of snout.
Lower lip is moderately thick,
Dorsal profile is more convex than
that of abdomen.
Gill opening is circular.
37. Carnivorous , Mainly column feeder.
Feeds mainly on zooplankton
Utilize the mid layers of habitat.
Also consume detritus & decayed vegetation
Food & Feeding Habit
38. Growth
Catla is the fastest
growing of all Indian
major carps.
In natural waters, catla
attains a length of 295
mm in the 1st year,
514 mm in the 2nd year,
716 mm in the 3rd year.
323 mm in the 4th year.
Growth & Maturity
Marurity
Catla attains first maturity
in the second year of life.
Alikunhi mentioned that in
ponds catla becomes
mature when 22 months
old.
Natarajan & Jhingran
estimated that catla from
River Jamuna at first
maturity were in the
second year age-group.
39. This fish Breeds during summer and rainy season.
Eggs are not floatable, non-adhesive and yellowish in color
The spawning season of catla coincides with the southwest
monsoon in north eastern India & Bangladesh, where it lasts from
May to August and in north India and Pakistan, from June to
September.
Breeding & Spawning
40. Age of
Fish(Year
s)
Total Length(mm) Weight(g) Weight of
ovary(g)
No of ovary
3+ 783 11229 301 230831
3+ 795 10445 335 343987
3+ 795 11279 3187 1234676
4 840 13445 3325 3214667
5 915 15677 3340 34562198
5 925 16678 4435 3452789
5 935 17338 2345 3007654
5+ 950 18445 3118 3241987
FECUNDITY
41. The body is elongated and streamlined
Dorsal profile more convex than that of abdomen.
Ventral profile slightly convex. Grayish or greenish color on the
back and silvery at the sides and below
Fins are slightly orange colored in larger specimen
Lateral line present and complete with about 40-45 scales
MRIGAL
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
42. Bottom dweller & Detritivour.
Feed on both natural and supplementary feeds
Well habituated in taking rice bran, wheat bran,
mustard oil cake and other supplementary feed under
aquaculture system.
FOOD & FEEDING HABIT
43. Growth & Maturity
Growth
• In natural waters, the fish
shows a very rapid growth
rate in the first four years of
its life.
• Followed by a period of slow
growth in the next 3 years.
• The growth rate thereafter
becomes even slower.
Maturity
•Mrigal is reported to attain its first
maturity when about 1years of old
•the males mature at the end of the
first year and females, some time
later.
•the first maturity of mrigal at a
length of 349 mm, when the fish
was 2+ years old.
•The minimum age of mrigal at first
maturity, has been reported to be
two years for males and three
years for females.
44. FECUNDITY, SPAWNING & BREEDING
FECUNDITY
• The fecundity of mrigal vary
from 124,800 to 1,905,000 in
specimens weighing 904 g and
4,503 g.
• Maximum number of eggs
released by a mrigal, weighing
4.76 kg, was 1,164,000
SPAWNING
• The spawning season of mrigal
depends on the onset and
duration of the monsoon. It
coincides with the southwest
monsoon in India, Bangladesh
and Pakistan.