Porifera
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Phylum Porifera contains three main classes of sponges - Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongiae. Sponges have a gelatinous mesohyle layer and specialized cells including choanocytes, archeocytes, pinocytes and porocytes. Their bodies take different forms including asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid depending on the placement and number of openings.
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Echinoderms (Echinodermata)
There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms:
crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers).
Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago).
Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Habitat
Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas.
Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999)
Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes
• brackish water
Other Habitat Features
• intertidal or littoral
GeoGraphy and eco-system
Geographic Range
Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• arctic ocean
• indian ocean
• atlantic ocean
• pacific ocean
• mediterranean sea
Eco-system
Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.
Work cited:
Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286.
Ecosystem Roles
Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
Ecosystem Impact: keystone species
Annelida
The document discusses the phylum Annelida. It covers their introduction, unique characters, general characters, morphology and anatomy, classification, harmful effects, and benefits. Annelida are segmented worms with a coelom, metameric segmentation, and cephalization. They exhibit homonomous metamerism and have three main body regions. Their anatomy includes systems like integumentary, digestive, circulatory, excretory, nervous, and reproductive. They are classified into classes like Polychaeta, Hirudinea, and Oligochaeta.
Phylum Cnidaria, Coelenterata pptx
This document describes the phylum Cnidaria and some of its key characteristics. It discusses the body wall and nematocysts, alternation of generations, maintenance functions like digestion and movement, and reproduction. It also describes five classes within the phylum - Hydrozoa, Staurozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. For Hydrozoa, it provides details on classes like Obelia, with colonial polyps, and Gonionemus, which is a medusa-dominant hydrozoan. Hydra is also discussed as an example without a medusa stage.
Phylum Mollusca
This document summarizes the characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It describes their soft unsegmented bodies, bilaterally symmetrical structure, and hard calcareous shells. It divides the body into a head, mantle, visceral mass, and foot. It provides details on their digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and nervous systems. It lists the six major mollusc classes and provides one example for each: Monoplacophora, Amphineura, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Pelecypoda/Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.
Paramecium
A paramecium is a single-celled microorganism that can move using cilia, ingest food which is broken down in food vacuoles, and reproduce through binary fission. It has an oval shape with cilia covering its pellicle membrane and contains structures like the oral groove, cell mouth, contractile vacuole, and two types of nuclei. Paramecia move by spiraling through water as their cilia beat in different directions depending on whether they are moving forward or backward. They feed by sweeping bacteria and other microbes into their oral groove using cilia and breaking the food down digestively as it travels through the cell in food vacuoles.
Canal system in sponges.pptx
Sponges,are pore bearing,multicellular,diploblastic animals that belong to phylum Porifera
Body of all sponges is perforated by large number of pores called ostia through which water enters Inside body and flows through a system of criss-crossing canals known as canal system
Three main types of canal systems in the order of increasing complexity are Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid type.
9. Phylum Porifera Notes
Phylum Porifera includes about 5,000 living species of sponges. There are three main classes: Hexactinellida (glass sponges), Demospongia (most diverse class making up 90% of species), and Calcarea (found in shallow waters with calcium carbonate spicules). Sponges are the most primitive multicellular animals and feed by filtering water through their outer walls using flagella and contractile cells to pump water in and out for feeding, waste removal, and oxygen intake. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Phylum Porifera
This document summarizes key aspects of the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes their multicellular origins, body structures, cell types, skeleton formation, water circulation, feeding, reproduction, development, and classification. The four classes of sponges - Hexactinellida, Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae - are introduced along with examples.
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Echinoderms (Echinodermata)
There are main 5 classes of living echinoderms:
crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars); asteroids (STARFISH); ophiuroids (brittle stars); echinoids (SEA URCHINS, etc); and holothuroids (sea cucumbers).
Echinoderms have been well preserved as FOSSILS; all existing classes and several others now extinct were present in the Ordovician (505-438 million years ago). They may have originated in the Precambrian (over 570 million years ago).
Common name : sea lilies, Sea Stars(STARFISH), sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.
Habitat
Echinoderms occupy all habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and soft-bottom areas.
Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea.(Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003; University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000; Waggoner, 1999)
Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes
• brackish water
Other Habitat Features
• intertidal or littoral
GeoGraphy and eco-system
Geographic Range
Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• arctic ocean
• indian ocean
• atlantic ocean
• pacific ocean
• mediterranean sea
Eco-system
Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters, lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers causing overgrazing of kelp forests with the result that an alga-denuded "urchin barren" forms.
Work cited:
Lawrence, J. M. (1975). "On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins". Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review 13: 213–286.
Ecosystem Roles
Echinoderms are usually intricate parts of their ecosystems. Many asteroids are keystone species. Sea urchins, if not controlled by predators, may overgraze their habitat. Asteroids have several commensals, including polychaetes that feed on leftovers from the sea star's prey items. (Barnes, 1987; Brusca and Brusca, 2003)
Ecosystem Impact: keystone species
Annelida
The document discusses the phylum Annelida. It covers their introduction, unique characters, general characters, morphology and anatomy, classification, harmful effects, and benefits. Annelida are segmented worms with a coelom, metameric segmentation, and cephalization. They exhibit homonomous metamerism and have three main body regions. Their anatomy includes systems like integumentary, digestive, circulatory, excretory, nervous, and reproductive. They are classified into classes like Polychaeta, Hirudinea, and Oligochaeta.
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Phylum Mollusca
This document summarizes the characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It describes their soft unsegmented bodies, bilaterally symmetrical structure, and hard calcareous shells. It divides the body into a head, mantle, visceral mass, and foot. It provides details on their digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and nervous systems. It lists the six major mollusc classes and provides one example for each: Monoplacophora, Amphineura, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Pelecypoda/Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.
Paramecium
A paramecium is a single-celled microorganism that can move using cilia, ingest food which is broken down in food vacuoles, and reproduce through binary fission. It has an oval shape with cilia covering its pellicle membrane and contains structures like the oral groove, cell mouth, contractile vacuole, and two types of nuclei. Paramecia move by spiraling through water as their cilia beat in different directions depending on whether they are moving forward or backward. They feed by sweeping bacteria and other microbes into their oral groove using cilia and breaking the food down digestively as it travels through the cell in food vacuoles.
Canal system in sponges.pptx
Sponges,are pore bearing,multicellular,diploblastic animals that belong to phylum Porifera
Body of all sponges is perforated by large number of pores called ostia through which water enters Inside body and flows through a system of criss-crossing canals known as canal system
Three main types of canal systems in the order of increasing complexity are Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid type.
9. Phylum Porifera Notes
Phylum Porifera includes about 5,000 living species of sponges. There are three main classes: Hexactinellida (glass sponges), Demospongia (most diverse class making up 90% of species), and Calcarea (found in shallow waters with calcium carbonate spicules). Sponges are the most primitive multicellular animals and feed by filtering water through their outer walls using flagella and contractile cells to pump water in and out for feeding, waste removal, and oxygen intake. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Phylum Porifera
This document summarizes key aspects of the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes their multicellular origins, body structures, cell types, skeleton formation, water circulation, feeding, reproduction, development, and classification. The four classes of sponges - Hexactinellida, Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae - are introduced along with examples.
Reproduction in paramecium
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Phylum porifera
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Phylum Cnidaria presentation
The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria. It includes jellyfish, anemones, corals, hydroids and has over 10,000 species. Cnidarians have diploblastic tissues and a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening. They possess stinging cells called cnidocytes that are used to capture prey. Cnidarians have both polyp and medusa life stages and can reproduce sexually or asexually. The phylum is divided into four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa.
Phylum Cnidaria
1. The document provides an overview of the phylum Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish, corals, and hydroids.
2. Cnidarians are radially or biradially symmetrical and have stinging cells called nematocysts. They exhibit a diploblastic body plan with two tissue layers separated by a gelatinous mesoglea.
3. Many cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. Reproduction involves external fertilization producing a planula larva.
Phylum echinodermata
Echinoderms are marine animals with radial or pentaradial symmetry and calcareous endoskeletons. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, crinoids, and feather stars. Echinoderms have unique features like external skeletons, lack of heads, mouths on the underside, and anuses on top. They can regenerate limbs and have both sexual and asexual reproduction, though some like seahorses have male birth. The phylum contains five classes - Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea - which differ in body structure,
Molluscan
Cephalopods such as octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish evolved large brains, complex senses, and rapid locomotion for predation, but their numbers have declined dramatically. Vertebrates may have outcompeted cephalopods by developing active predatory lifestyles. Mollusks are a large phylum that includes snails, slugs, mussels and octopuses. They have soft bodies that are sometimes covered by an external shell secreted by the mantle. Mollusks display bilateral symmetry and their body plans generally include a head-foot region and visceral mass.
Phylum echinodermata 2016
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. They are radially symmetrical with a pentamerous body plan and have a water vascular system and endoskeleton. The phylum contains four classes: Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms are found on the ocean floor and have tube feet, spines or plates, and can regenerate lost body parts. Their water vascular system is unique and used for movement, structure, and respiration.
Phylum mollusca
The document describes key characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It includes information on their anatomy, physiology and taxonomy. Some key points are:
- Molluscs are soft-bodied or shelled animals including snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopuses.
- They have a mantle, visceral mass, and in most cases a shell secreted by the mantle.
- Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, chitons and others.
- Life cycles typically involve a trochophore larva, veliger larva and indirect development to adulthood.
Phylum Annelida - Class Polychaeta, Class Oligochaeta, Class Hirudinea
The document summarizes the annelid phylum, focusing on the class Polychaeta. Some key points:
- Polychaeta are segmented marine worms with parapodia used for locomotion and respiration. They display a range of feeding modes from predation to filter feeding.
- They have a distinct head with sensory organs and a retractable pharynx with jaws. Their body segments bear appendages called parapodia with setae.
- Reproduction varies but often involves asexual budding or releasing gametes into the water column in mass spawnings tied to lunar cycles.
- Examples discussed include clam worms, blood worms, fanworms and tubeworms, which may bur
Chordates and vertebrates
Here are definitions of the key terms:
Chordate - An animal belonging to the phylum Chordata, which includes all animals with a notochord or backbone at some stage of their lives.
Notochord - A flexible rod of cells that forms the basic structure along the back in early embryonic chordates. It is replaced by the vertebral column in most vertebrates.
Postanal tail - The muscular structure behind the anus that is present in early chordate embryos.
Nerve cord - A tube-like structure above the notochord that develops into the central nervous system.
Pharyngeal pouch - Sac-like projections in the throat region that filter feed in some
Arthropoda characters & classification
- Arthropoda is the largest phylum of animals, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. They are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, and have jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton.
- The phylum contains over 80% of all animal species. It is divided into subphyla including Trilobita, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, and others. Mandibulates include insects, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.
- Arthropods live in nearly all environments and have
Phylum cnidaria
The phylum Cnidaria includes sea jellies, hydra, coral colonies, sea anemones, sea pens, and sea fans. They are characterized by having radial symmetry, two germ layers, a jelly-like mesoglea layer, an acoelomate body cavity, and specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes. Many species have both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. Cnidarians play important ecological roles through food sources, habitat, symbiosis, and wave protection.
Phylum Echinodermata Presentation
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with a pentaradial symmetry as adults and a water vascular system. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. The document describes the key characteristics, anatomy, lifecycles, and functions of the five classes of echinoderms.
Canal system
The canal system in sponges helps with food acquisition, gas exchange, and waste removal. It is composed of incurrent canals that bring water into the body through openings called ostia. The water then flows into radial canals lined with collar cells that have flagella to capture food particles. These radial canals open into a central cavity called the spongocoel. Water then exits through openings called oscula. There are several types of canal systems that vary in complexity, but all involve water entering through ostia, flowing through flagellated chambers that capture food, and exiting through oscula.
Phylum Nemertea
Phylum Nemertea
Characteristics
Symmetry
Diagram
Digestive tract
Circulatory system
Reproduction
Movement
Porifera phylum
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
Phylum Annelida
The document discusses the phylum Annelida, or segmented worms. It describes their characteristics, such as being hermaphroditic and having a true coelom. It then discusses different classes of annelids, including Polychaeta (marine fanworms and free-swimming worms), Oligochaeta (earthworms), and Hirudinea (leeches). For earthworms specifically, it outlines their movement, excretion, digestion, respiration, circulation, response, and reproduction systems.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
Echinoderms
The document summarizes the five classes of echinoderms: Asteroidea (starfish), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), and Crinoidea (sea lilies). It describes the key characteristics of each class, including their anatomy, physiology, reproduction, and distinguishing features. The classes are defined by attributes such as number of arms, presence of a central disc, tube foot structure, feeding method, and whether they are sessile or mobile.
Porifera general characters
This document provides information about the phylum Porifera (sponges). It discusses their general characteristics such as being multicellular, solitary or colonial, having a canal system for water flow, and having skeletons made of silica spicules or spongin fibers. The phylum contains three classes - Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongia - which are classified based on their skeletal structures and compositions. Examples of orders and genera within each class are also provided.
Phylum Porifera
This document summarizes key aspects of the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes their multicellular origins, body structures, cell types, skeleton formation, water circulation, feeding, reproduction, development, and classification. The four classes of sponges - Hexactinellida, Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae - are introduced along with examples.
Phylum Porifera
This document provides information on the phylum Porifera (sponges). It discusses their key characteristics, including being multicellular organisms with cells not organized into tissues. Their bodies have epidermis, mesenchyme, and choanocytes. Sponges come in three basic body forms: asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid. Their skeletons contain spicules made of silica, calcite or spongin. Specialized cell types perform functions like pinacocytes, choanocytes, amoebocytes and sclerocytes. The document outlines sponge morphology and anatomy in detail across multiple pages.
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Phylum porifera
This was a group powerpoint presentation made in partial requirement for the course Veterinary Zoology (ZOO 11).
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The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria. It includes jellyfish, anemones, corals, hydroids and has over 10,000 species. Cnidarians have diploblastic tissues and a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening. They possess stinging cells called cnidocytes that are used to capture prey. Cnidarians have both polyp and medusa life stages and can reproduce sexually or asexually. The phylum is divided into four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa.
Phylum Cnidaria
1. The document provides an overview of the phylum Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish, corals, and hydroids.
2. Cnidarians are radially or biradially symmetrical and have stinging cells called nematocysts. They exhibit a diploblastic body plan with two tissue layers separated by a gelatinous mesoglea.
3. Many cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. Reproduction involves external fertilization producing a planula larva.
Phylum echinodermata
Echinoderms are marine animals with radial or pentaradial symmetry and calcareous endoskeletons. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, crinoids, and feather stars. Echinoderms have unique features like external skeletons, lack of heads, mouths on the underside, and anuses on top. They can regenerate limbs and have both sexual and asexual reproduction, though some like seahorses have male birth. The phylum contains five classes - Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea - which differ in body structure,
Molluscan
Cephalopods such as octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish evolved large brains, complex senses, and rapid locomotion for predation, but their numbers have declined dramatically. Vertebrates may have outcompeted cephalopods by developing active predatory lifestyles. Mollusks are a large phylum that includes snails, slugs, mussels and octopuses. They have soft bodies that are sometimes covered by an external shell secreted by the mantle. Mollusks display bilateral symmetry and their body plans generally include a head-foot region and visceral mass.
Phylum echinodermata 2016
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. They are radially symmetrical with a pentamerous body plan and have a water vascular system and endoskeleton. The phylum contains four classes: Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms are found on the ocean floor and have tube feet, spines or plates, and can regenerate lost body parts. Their water vascular system is unique and used for movement, structure, and respiration.
Phylum mollusca
The document describes key characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It includes information on their anatomy, physiology and taxonomy. Some key points are:
- Molluscs are soft-bodied or shelled animals including snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopuses.
- They have a mantle, visceral mass, and in most cases a shell secreted by the mantle.
- Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, chitons and others.
- Life cycles typically involve a trochophore larva, veliger larva and indirect development to adulthood.
Phylum Annelida - Class Polychaeta, Class Oligochaeta, Class Hirudinea
The document summarizes the annelid phylum, focusing on the class Polychaeta. Some key points:
- Polychaeta are segmented marine worms with parapodia used for locomotion and respiration. They display a range of feeding modes from predation to filter feeding.
- They have a distinct head with sensory organs and a retractable pharynx with jaws. Their body segments bear appendages called parapodia with setae.
- Reproduction varies but often involves asexual budding or releasing gametes into the water column in mass spawnings tied to lunar cycles.
- Examples discussed include clam worms, blood worms, fanworms and tubeworms, which may bur
Chordates and vertebrates
Here are definitions of the key terms:
Chordate - An animal belonging to the phylum Chordata, which includes all animals with a notochord or backbone at some stage of their lives.
Notochord - A flexible rod of cells that forms the basic structure along the back in early embryonic chordates. It is replaced by the vertebral column in most vertebrates.
Postanal tail - The muscular structure behind the anus that is present in early chordate embryos.
Nerve cord - A tube-like structure above the notochord that develops into the central nervous system.
Pharyngeal pouch - Sac-like projections in the throat region that filter feed in some
Arthropoda characters & classification
- Arthropoda is the largest phylum of animals, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. They are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, and have jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton.
- The phylum contains over 80% of all animal species. It is divided into subphyla including Trilobita, Chelicerata, and Mandibulata. Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. Chelicerates include spiders, scorpions, and others. Mandibulates include insects, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.
- Arthropods live in nearly all environments and have
Phylum cnidaria
The phylum Cnidaria includes sea jellies, hydra, coral colonies, sea anemones, sea pens, and sea fans. They are characterized by having radial symmetry, two germ layers, a jelly-like mesoglea layer, an acoelomate body cavity, and specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes. Many species have both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. Cnidarians play important ecological roles through food sources, habitat, symbiosis, and wave protection.
Phylum Echinodermata Presentation
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with a pentaradial symmetry as adults and a water vascular system. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. The document describes the key characteristics, anatomy, lifecycles, and functions of the five classes of echinoderms.
Canal system
The canal system in sponges helps with food acquisition, gas exchange, and waste removal. It is composed of incurrent canals that bring water into the body through openings called ostia. The water then flows into radial canals lined with collar cells that have flagella to capture food particles. These radial canals open into a central cavity called the spongocoel. Water then exits through openings called oscula. There are several types of canal systems that vary in complexity, but all involve water entering through ostia, flowing through flagellated chambers that capture food, and exiting through oscula.
Phylum Nemertea
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Symmetry
Diagram
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Reproduction
Movement
Porifera phylum
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
Phylum Annelida
The document discusses the phylum Annelida, or segmented worms. It describes their characteristics, such as being hermaphroditic and having a true coelom. It then discusses different classes of annelids, including Polychaeta (marine fanworms and free-swimming worms), Oligochaeta (earthworms), and Hirudinea (leeches). For earthworms specifically, it outlines their movement, excretion, digestion, respiration, circulation, response, and reproduction systems.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Echinoderms
The document summarizes the five classes of echinoderms: Asteroidea (starfish), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), and Crinoidea (sea lilies). It describes the key characteristics of each class, including their anatomy, physiology, reproduction, and distinguishing features. The classes are defined by attributes such as number of arms, presence of a central disc, tube foot structure, feeding method, and whether they are sessile or mobile.
Porifera general characters
This document provides information about the phylum Porifera (sponges). It discusses their general characteristics such as being multicellular, solitary or colonial, having a canal system for water flow, and having skeletons made of silica spicules or spongin fibers. The phylum contains three classes - Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongia - which are classified based on their skeletal structures and compositions. Examples of orders and genera within each class are also provided.
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This document provides information on the phylum Porifera (sponges). It discusses their key characteristics, including being multicellular organisms with cells not organized into tissues. Their bodies have epidermis, mesenchyme, and choanocytes. Sponges come in three basic body forms: asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid. Their skeletons contain spicules made of silica, calcite or spongin. Specialized cell types perform functions like pinacocytes, choanocytes, amoebocytes and sclerocytes. The document outlines sponge morphology and anatomy in detail across multiple pages.
Sponges And Placozoa
- Sponges (phylum Porifera) are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues and organs, existing as a porous body supported by spicules and composed of different cell types including choanocytes.
- Two hypotheses for the origin of multicellularity are the syncytial ciliate hypothesis and the colonial flagellate hypothesis.
- Placozoans are the sole member of phylum Placozoa, exist as two epithelial cell layers with a syncytium between, and lack organs but can glide and absorb nutrients.
Sponges And Placozoa(2)
- Sponges (phylum Porifera) are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues and organs, existing as a porous body supported by spicules and composed of different cell types including choanocytes.
- Two hypotheses for the origin of multicellularity are the syncytial ciliate hypothesis and the colonial flagellate hypothesis.
- Placozoans are the sole member of phylum Placozoa, exist as two epithelial cell layers with a syncytium between, and lack organs but can glide and absorb nutrients.
Zoology- Phylum Porifera
Phylum Porifera consists of multicellular organisms with pores and no true tissues or organs. They have a porous skeleton made of calcium carbonate, silica, or collagen spicules. Porifera live in aquatic environments and have a simple structure with outer, inner, and pore cell layers. They reproduce both asexually through budding and sexually by releasing eggs and sperm.
4 Porifera.pptx
The document discusses the phylum Porifera, which includes sponges. It describes their key characteristics such as being multicellular, heterotrophic filter feeders without tissues or organs. They have specialized cells called choanocytes that create water currents to feed the sponge. There are approximately 15,000 marine and freshwater sponge species that live in all oceans. The document outlines the different classes of sponges and their unique skeletal structures, life cycles, and reproductive methods.
1561638399Porifera AG.ppt
This document discusses the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes their key characteristics such as being multicellular, heterotrophic filter feeders without tissues or organs. They come in three main classes - Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongiae. Calcarea have calcium carbonate spicules while Hexactinellida have silica spicules. Demospongiae make up 95% of species and can have spongin or silica spicules. Sponges have specialized cell types like choanocytes and archaeocytes and can reproduce asexually through budding or sexually.
1561638399Porifera AG.ppt
This document discusses the phylum Porifera, or sponges. It describes their key characteristics such as being multicellular, heterotrophic filter feeders without tissues or organs. They come in three main classes - Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongiae. Calcarea have calcium carbonate spicules while Hexactinellida have silica spicules. Demospongiae make up 95% of species and have a skeleton of spongin. The document outlines the anatomy and life cycles of sponges and their importance as early multicellular organisms.
porifera
The document summarizes key characteristics of poriferans and related phyla. Poriferans are multicellular but lack true tissues and organs. They have pores for water flow and filter feeding. Reproduction can occur sexually or asexually through budding or gemmules. Demosponges make up most species and have skeletons of silica, spicules or spongin. Choanocytes perform filter feeding while archaeocytes are undifferentiated cells that carry out various functions.
Lecture 3 (1) porifera sponges
Sponges are primitive aquatic animals belonging to the phylum Porifera. They come in over 9,000 species and range in size from less than 1 cm to over 1 meter. Sponges have three basic cell types - pinacocytes, mesenchyme cells, and choanocytes. They live in marine environments and have simple structures with no true tissues. Sponges filter feed by drawing water through chambers lined with flagellated choanocytes and trapping particles.
Biology of sponge
This document provides information about the biology of sponges. It begins with an overview of phylum Porifera, noting that sponges are the first multicellular organisms and have a filter feeding system of pores and canals. It then describes sponge anatomy, including ostia, oscula, choanocytes, and spicules. The document discusses the ascon type of simple sponge in more detail. It notes features like their tubular shape, pores, cavity, and choanocytes. The document also covers sponge ecology, reproduction, and the parenchymula larva. It concludes with references used.
Biol201 chp5-pp-spr11-110219143125-phpapp02
This document provides an overview of Porifera and Placozoa. It summarizes the key characteristics of three main sponge body plans - Asconoid, Syconoid, and Leuconoid. Sponges are primitive filter feeders that live in marine and freshwater environments. They lack true tissues but have two main cell types - epithelioid and mesohyl tissue. Sponges reproduce both sexually and asexually. Placozoa is a simple phylum represented by Trichoplax, which superficially resembles an amoeba.
Presentation of porifera
This document provides an overview of the phylum Porifera or sponges. It discusses their key characteristics including having pores and canal systems, lacking true tissues and organs, and being filter feeders. Their body plans can include asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid structures depending on the complexity of their canal systems. Sponges reproduce both asexually through budding or fragmentation and sexually. Their skeletons may contain spicules of glass, silica, or calcium carbonate. They are found in aquatic habitats, mostly marine.
Multiple choice Which type of cells in Porifera create water current.pdf
Multiple choice: Which type of cells in Porifera create water currents? Pinacocytes
Mesenchyme Choanocytes Current ceils True/False: Porifera are triploblastic and bilaterally
symmetric. True False True/False: Protozoans exhibit some tissue level organization. True False
Solution
Ans. 1. Choanocytes in Porifera create water currents.
Ans. 2. False. Have single germ layer.
Triploblastic organisms have three germ layers.
Ans. 3. False
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes and lack any tissue level organization.
Phylum Porifera:
The members lack tissue level organization, thus are NOT triploblastic. Multicellular body, most
of them with cellular level of organization, some may form incipient tissue. Generally
asymmetric, but some may present superficial radial symmetry.
Body Organization: The outer surface of sponges, called pinacoderm, is composed one cell-thick
layer of pinacocytes. A rigid skeletal framework (siliceous or calcareous) covering the
pinacoderm may also be present in many sponges and is called spicules. The pinacoderm bears
perforation through which the water enters the body. The perforation is called ostium (pore is
lined by one cell) or dermal pore (pore is lined by several cells). Some pinacocytes are modified
as contractile myocytes and generally arranged around oscula/ dermal pores to regulate water
flow.
The inner one-cell thick surface, called choanoderm, is composed of choanocytes (collar cells).
The uniflagellated choanocytes bear a collar of microvilli surrounding the flagella. The oval end
of choanocytes is embedded in mesohyl and the flagellated end exposed in the water canal. The
large central cavity of sponges is called spongocoel. The coordinated beating of flagella of the
choanocytes lining the ostium/ dermal pores draws water in through the water canal system and
the food particles are trapped at the collar of choanocytes.
The matrix in between pinacoderm and choanoderm is called mesohyl/ mesenchyme and consists
of spicules, collagen fibers and many other type of cells (collencytes, archaeocytes, etc.)
embedded in a noncellular colloidal mesoglea. It plays crucial roles in digestion, gamete
production, secretion of skeletal components, and transport of nutrients and waste removal by
amoebocytes. The archaeocytes are amoeboid cells and can different into many other types of
cells with specialized functions- sclerocytes (secretes spicules), spongocytes (secretes spongin
collagen), collencytes (secrete collagen fibers) and lophocytes (secrete relatively large quantity
of fibrillar collagen)..
(A) Investigating Cells
This document provides information about the structure and function of different types of cells, including animal, plant, and human cells. It describes the key organelles found in typical animal and plant cells, such as the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also discusses specific cell types like amoebas, paramecium, vorticella, yeast, bone, blood, sperm, nerve, epidermis, guard, mesophyll, xylem, and phloem cells, outlining their distinguishing characteristics and roles.
porifera pptx
1. Phylum Porifera includes sponges with cellular bodies and mineralized skeletons. Lecosolenia, Eupectella, and Hyalonema are examples of sponges.
2. Lecosolenia is a colonial marine sponge with cylindrical vertical tubes connected by horizontal tubes. It has simple canal and pore systems and calcareous triaxial spicules.
3. Eupectella, known as the Venus's flower basket, is a solitary glass sponge with a rigid cylindrical shape formed by fused siliceous spicules.
4. Hyalonema is a marine glass rope sponge with a spherical body traversed by a bundle of long fused siliceous sp
Porifera
Porifera are commonly known as sponges. They are the simplest multicellular animals and were some of the earliest animals to evolve, with fossil records dating back to the Precambrian era. There are over 5000 living sponge species classified in the phylum Porifera, which contains three main groups. Sponges have a porous structure with water flowing through chambers and pores, and lack specialized tissues and organs. They feed by trapping particles from water filtered through their bodies using collar cells.
Porifera-good.ppt
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PHYLUM PORIFERA PHYLUM COELENTERATA AND PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA.pptx
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPONGES
Cellular level of complexity.
Adults asymmetrical or superficially radially symmetrical.
Adults are sessile, and larvae are motile.
Reproduction sexual and asexual.
A skeleton helps maintain the structure of the sponge.
IMPORTANT CELLS AND FUNCTIONS
Amoebocytes secret spicules – are needle-like spikes
Porocytes – are the cells in the body wall that allow water to flow through the body wall.
Choanocytes – are flagellated cells that help in filter-feeding
TYPES OF CANAL SYSTEMS
Most sponges can be classified based on their type of canal system.
Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid
ASCON
This canal system is the simplest of all three.
Steps of the passage of water through the canal system
(Entry of water- Ostia – Spongocoel- Osculum – Outside)
Sycon type
This type of canal system is more complex compared to the ascon type. EX. Scypha.
Steps of the passage of water through the canal system :
(Entry of water-Ostia- incurrent canal - Prosopyles - Radial canals – Spongocoel- Osculum – Outside)
Leucon type
Most complicated and common sponges
EX. Spongilla
Steps of the passage of water through the canal system
(Entry of water - Ostia- incurrent canal- Prosopyles -Flagellated chambers - Apopyles - excurrent canals -Osculum- Outside)
PHYLUM COELENTERATA
Characteristics of coelenterates
The members are jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and hydras.
Habitat- both marine and freshwater.
The nervous system and the circulatory system is absent.
Have a mouth surrounded by tentacles, which have stinging cells called nematocysts
Respiration is simple through the gaseous exchange.
Sexual and asexual reproduction (Budding) Ectoderm
Endoderm
mesoglia
THE REPRODUCTIVE STAGES
Alternation of generations in Coelenterates
The medusa stage reproduces sexually by the production of egg and sperm, and it gives rise to the polyp stage.
The polyp stage reproduces asexually by budding and gives rise to the medusa stages in Coelenterates
Echinodermata
Live in shandallow coastal water oceans
Exclusively marine
Unsegmented body
Pentamerous secondary radial symmetry
Unique water vascular system
Word Echinodermata meaning( spiny skin)
ORGANISMS
Sea star
Brittle star
Sand dollars
Sea cucumbers
First phylum(Internal skeleton)
With dermal calcareous ossicles
Some with spines on spicules
Digestive system complete
Locomotion by tube feet and arms
No kidney
Monoecious
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Multiple choice Which type of cells in Porifera create water current.pdf
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Porifera
- 2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Simple Sponge Morphology
- 3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sponge Body Forms
- 10. Asconoid Sponge Ostium Spongocoel Osculum Porocyte
- 11. Syconoid Sponge Osculum Ostium Spongocoel Choanocytes Radial Canal Incurrent Canal
- 12. Syconoid Sponge Spongocoel Ostium Choanocytes Radial Canal Incurrent Canal Scypha ( Grantia) xs
- 13. Leuconoid Sponge Choanocyte chamber Osculum Incurrent canal Excurrent canal Incurrent pore
- 18. Physiology
Editor's Notes
- Multicellular Body with pores (ostia) No organs or true tissues. No nervous system Adults sessile & attached to substratum. Skeleton of calcareous spicules , siliceous spicules , spongin or a combination. All aquatic, mostly marine.
- Composed of 3 layers outer layer of flattened contractile cells (pinacocytes) inner non-living mesoglea containing a variety of specialized cells collar cells (choanocytes) which capture food, etc. from water flowing through channels. Exhibit asymmetry or radial symmetry . Reproduction - asexual by buds & gemmules. Sexual by eggs & sperm.
- Calcium carbonate = chalk and limestone Silicon = sand (silicon dioxide) Collagen = main protein of connective tissue and changed into gelatin.
- Fig. 12.11a
- Large sponges filter 1500 liters/day *How important are they to the ocean environment? what would happen if there were too many? Too few? Choanocytes phagocytize Archeocytes digest No respiratory, excretory or nervous systems