2.3 time division multiple access
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TDMA divides the radio spectrum into time slots and allows only one user to transmit or receive data during each time slot. It uses a buffer-and-burst transmission method, making it well-suited for digital systems. TDMA systems employ TDMA/TDD or TDMA/FDD for duplexing and multiple access. A TDMA frame includes a preamble for identification and synchronization, and multiple time slots containing user data, trail bits, and guard bits between slots. TDMA provides high transmission rates, simpler handoff, and is more cost-effective than FDMA, though it requires minimum guard times between slots to avoid interference.
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2.2 frequency division multiple access
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a multiple access technique that assigns individual frequency bands or channels to each user. FDMA avoids interference by ensuring each user is allocated a unique frequency band. While FDMA allows multiple users to access the channel simultaneously and has low inter-symbol interference, it requires tight RF filtering to minimize adjacent channel interference and duplexers, increasing costs. Non-linear effects from power amplifiers can also cause intermodulation frequencies, interfering with adjacent channels. The capacity of an FDMA system is calculated based on the total spectrum allocation, guard band allocation, and channel bandwidth.
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This document discusses various wireless propagation channels including free space propagation, reflection, scattering, and diffraction. It covers reflection propagation mechanisms such as reflection from dielectrics and conductors. Reflection coefficients and Snell's law are explained. Models for reflection, including the two-ray ground reflection model, are provided. Diffraction models like knife-edge diffraction and multiple knife-edge diffraction using methods like Bollington's method are summarized. Scattering models including Kirchoff's theory and perturbation theory are covered. Common fading models for mobile radio like Rayleigh, Rician, and Doppler shift models are described. Finally, different types of wireless channels including time-selective, frequency-selective, general, and WSSUS channels are classified
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TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a digital transmission technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. It allocates a single frequency channel for a short time and then switches to another channel, with the digital samples from a single transmitter occupying different time slots across several frequency bands simultaneously. The current TDMA standard for cellular divides each channel into six time slots, with each signal using two slots, providing three times the capacity of earlier analog cellular standards.
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CDMA
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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
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TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a digital transmission technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. It allocates a single frequency channel for a short time and then switches to another channel, with the digital samples from a single transmitter occupying different time slots across several frequency bands simultaneously. The current TDMA standard for cellular divides each channel into six time slots, with each signal using two slots, providing three times the capacity of earlier analog cellular standards.
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CDMA
CDMA allows multiple users to share the same channel by assigning each user a unique code. It spreads the user's data signal over a wider bandwidth through multiplication with a pseudo-random code. This allows different signals to be separated at the receiver through correlation with the corresponding code. Major technologies using CDMA include WiFi, Bluetooth, and GPS, which employ techniques like DSSS, FHSS, and long/short codes. Performance of 802.11 networks can be analyzed based on collision probability and throughput calculations under saturated traffic conditions. Later developments expanded CDMA capabilities with techniques like W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, and TD-SCDMA.
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Frii's equation models free space path loss and predicts the amount of power (Pr) that can be received by an antenna at a distance D from the transmitting antenna. The equation is:
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This document discusses multiple access techniques used in satellite communications. It describes Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). It then discusses transponder assignment modes like Preassigned Multiple Access (PAMA), Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA), and Random Multiple Access (RMA). Finally, it provides more details on FDMA and TDMA frame structures, burst structures, and their advantages and disadvantages.
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Chapter8,,,,,,,multiple access
This document discusses multiple access techniques used in wireless communication systems to allow multiple mobile users to share limited spectrum bandwidth efficiently. It describes frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) as the three major techniques. FDMA assigns different frequency channels to individual users. TDMA assigns each user a unique time slot on a frequency channel. CDMA spreads user signals over a wide bandwidth using pseudo-random codes.
Chapter 3 mobile on 18-11-2019.pptx
This document discusses multiple access techniques used in wireless communication systems. It describes Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). For each technique, it provides details on how users are allocated channels/resources to allow simultaneous communication over the same frequency band. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each multiple access technique.
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The document discusses multiple access schemes used to allow multiple users to share limited wireless spectrum or communication channels simultaneously. It describes several schemes including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, and SDMA. FDMA divides the channel into frequency bands and assigns each user an individual band. TDMA divides the channel into time slots and assigns each user slots. CDMA spreads each user's signal over the entire channel using unique codes. OFDMA and SDMA combine these techniques with OFDM and spatial separation of users.
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Multiple access techniques for wireless communications
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multiple access for wireless mobile communications
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2.3 time division multiple access
- 2. Lecture Videos are available for this slides at www.youtube.com/gurukula Support by Subscribing to my Channel
- 3. Frequency Division Multiple Access - FDMA USER 1 USER 3 USER 2 GUARD BANDS To avoid interference
- 4. Time Division Multiple Access - TDMA USER 1 USER 3 USER 2
- 5. Time Division Multiple Access - TDMA TDMA divides the entire radio spectrum in to time slots, and in each slot only one user is allowed to either transmit or receive. Each user occupies a cyclically repeating time slot TDMA System transmits data in Buffer and Burst method, This makes the transmission a discontinuous one. Hence this makes the TDMA Systems more suitable for Digital Systems. Systems use TDMA/TDD or TDMA/FDD methods for Duplexing and Multiple Accessing. In TDMA/TDD – The Single Frame will be used as forward link for half of the duration and as reverse link on another half period. In TDMA/FDD – 2 Different Frames will be used for Forward and Reverse Link but the carrier frequency will be different.
- 6. Understanding TDMA Frame Structure
- 7. Time Division Multiple Access - TDMA Preamble: Consists of Address and Synchronisation bits which is used by base stations subscribers to identify each others. Information Message: Contains multiple slots of user information Each slot will have Trail Bits Sync Bits Information Guard Bits Trail Bits
- 8. Features of TDMA 1.In case of TDMA a single carrier frequency is shared among several users. The time slots used by the users depends on several factors such as modulation techniques and the available bandwidth. 2.The Handoff process is much simpler in the case of TDMA because of its discontinuity and it is able to listen to the other base stations during its idle slot time. 3.The Transmission rates are very high in the case of TDMA as compared to the FDMA because of the Adaptive Equalization which is necessary in the case of TDMA. 4.The guard time present in the case of TDMA should be minimum. 5.The main advantage of TDMA is that it is very cost-effective. 6.TDMA technology is used to separate users in time and ensure that there will not be any interference which is presented from any other simultaneous transmissions.
- 9. Efficiency in TDMA • Calculation of Efficiency becomes trivial as TDMA uses high Overhead than compared to FDMA. • The efficiency of TDMA System is a measure of the percentage of transmitted data that contains information as opposed to providing overhead for the scheme. Frame Efficiency (η 𝑓 ) is calculated by η 𝑓 = 1 − 𝑏 𝑂𝐻 𝑏 𝑇 X 100% 𝑏 𝑂𝐻 = Nr Br + Nt Bp + Nt Bg + Nr Bg Nr – Number of reference burst per frame Br – Number of overhead bits per reference burst Nt – Number of Traffic Burst per Frame Bp – Number of Overhead bits per Preamble in each slot Bg – Number of Equalent bits in each guard time interval 𝑏 𝑇 = Tf R Tf – Frame Duration R – Channel Bit Rate 𝑏 𝑂𝐻 - Number of overhead bits per frame 𝑏𝑇 – Total Number of Bits per Frame
- 10. Number of Channels in TDMA Systems • The number of TDMA Channels slots that can be provided in a TDMA system is found by multiplying the number of TDMA slots per channel by the number of channels available. 𝑵 = 𝒎(𝑩 𝒕𝒐𝒕 − 𝟐𝑩 𝒈𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒅) 𝑩 𝒄 m – maximum number of TDMA users supported in channel It is also important to note that the 2 Guard Bands , one at the lower end and other at the higher end of the allotted frequency are required to ensure the users at the edge do not “bleed over” into an adjacent radio channels
- 11. Summary • Recap of FDMA • Concepts and Working of TDMA • Frame Structure of TDMA • Features of TDMA • Efficiency of TDMA Systems • Capacity of TDMA Systems ***---***