This document provides an overview of soils, potting mixes, and their ingredients. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Key points include: potting mixes aim to balance aeration and water retention through ingredients like perlite, vermiculite, bark, and peat moss. Soilless mixes are preferred over field soil alone due to restrictions on drainage in pots. The goal is to select ingredients that create a stable, nutrient-rich substrate with proper bulk density, porosity, and pH for plant needs. Questions about specific crop requirements or mix formulations can be directed to the expert contact provided.
This document summarizes information about soil color, including its definition, causes, and classification. Soil color is influenced by organic matter, iron, aluminum, and other compounds, and can provide clues about soil composition and environmental conditions. It is classified using the Munsell color book system. The key causes of soil color mentioned are organic matter content, iron and aluminum oxides, moisture level, and oxidation rates.
Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water and air. It supports plant growth by providing nutrients and anchoring plants. Soil formation involves weathering of bedrock and develops distinct layers over time. Soil properties like texture, structure, porosity and permeability impact water and nutrient retention. Erosion by water and wind degrades soils and impacts agriculture. Conservation techniques like contour plowing, cover cropping and reduced tillage help mitigate erosion.
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...MohanSahu35
This document provides information about a course assignment on phosphorus reactions in acid and alkaline soils. The assignment covers topics such as problems of phosphorus availability in acid and alkaline soils, reactions of phosphorus in soils including adsorption and precipitation, types of phosphorus fixation, behavior of phosphatic fertilizers in soils, and management of phosphorus under field conditions. The document outlines the contents to be covered in the assignment and provides details on various phosphorus reactions and processes in different soil types.
Calcareous soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India (IGKV RAIPUR ,...Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses calcareous soils, which contain high amounts of calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils form in both arid and humid regions through weathering of parent rocks containing calcium carbonate. They are characterized by a calcic horizon with over 15% calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils have properties like effervescing when acid is added, high pH between 7-8.5, and flocculated structure. Nutrient availability can be reduced for phosphorus, potassium and zinc due to high calcium carbonate levels. Calcareous soils are found distributed in parts of India like eastern Uttar Pradesh and north Bihar districts.
Plant growth relies on obtaining sufficient nutrients within their sufficiency range. Deficiencies or toxicities outside this range cause declines. The 16 essential nutrients are divided into macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl) based on plant needs. Common Montana soil deficiencies include N, P, K, B, Zn and Fe resulting in characteristic symptoms like chlorosis or necrosis. Maintaining adequate organic matter and choosing fertilizer products containing a balanced mix can help prevent deficiencies.
Soil erosion is a major global problem, with 75 billion tons of fertile soil lost annually worldwide. Wind erosion is a significant issue, removing 40% of Pakistan's soil over time. Several factors influence wind erosion, including soil texture, structure, protection by plants, rainfall, and wind force. Methods to control wind erosion include planting shelterbelts, increasing soil organic matter, strip cropping perpendicular to winds, leaving stubble barriers, and reducing tillage. Proper land management is key to reducing the effects of wind on soils.
This document summarizes the key impacts and management of waterlogged soils. It notes that waterlogging can lead to oxygen depletion, increased bulk density, lowered redox potential, and nutrient toxicity issues like iron and manganese. Crop yields are reduced due to waterlogging, with losses ranging from 40-77% depending on the crop. Management strategies include land leveling, controlled irrigation, use of tolerant crop varieties, raised bed planting, drainage systems, and establishing deep-rooted plants for bioremediation. Rice cultivation can help reclaim waterlogged soils due to its extensive root system and ability to dilute soil salinity.
This document summarizes information about soil color, including its definition, causes, and classification. Soil color is influenced by organic matter, iron, aluminum, and other compounds, and can provide clues about soil composition and environmental conditions. It is classified using the Munsell color book system. The key causes of soil color mentioned are organic matter content, iron and aluminum oxides, moisture level, and oxidation rates.
Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water and air. It supports plant growth by providing nutrients and anchoring plants. Soil formation involves weathering of bedrock and develops distinct layers over time. Soil properties like texture, structure, porosity and permeability impact water and nutrient retention. Erosion by water and wind degrades soils and impacts agriculture. Conservation techniques like contour plowing, cover cropping and reduced tillage help mitigate erosion.
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...MohanSahu35
This document provides information about a course assignment on phosphorus reactions in acid and alkaline soils. The assignment covers topics such as problems of phosphorus availability in acid and alkaline soils, reactions of phosphorus in soils including adsorption and precipitation, types of phosphorus fixation, behavior of phosphatic fertilizers in soils, and management of phosphorus under field conditions. The document outlines the contents to be covered in the assignment and provides details on various phosphorus reactions and processes in different soil types.
Calcareous soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India (IGKV RAIPUR ,...Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses calcareous soils, which contain high amounts of calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils form in both arid and humid regions through weathering of parent rocks containing calcium carbonate. They are characterized by a calcic horizon with over 15% calcium carbonate. Calcareous soils have properties like effervescing when acid is added, high pH between 7-8.5, and flocculated structure. Nutrient availability can be reduced for phosphorus, potassium and zinc due to high calcium carbonate levels. Calcareous soils are found distributed in parts of India like eastern Uttar Pradesh and north Bihar districts.
Plant growth relies on obtaining sufficient nutrients within their sufficiency range. Deficiencies or toxicities outside this range cause declines. The 16 essential nutrients are divided into macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl) based on plant needs. Common Montana soil deficiencies include N, P, K, B, Zn and Fe resulting in characteristic symptoms like chlorosis or necrosis. Maintaining adequate organic matter and choosing fertilizer products containing a balanced mix can help prevent deficiencies.
Soil erosion is a major global problem, with 75 billion tons of fertile soil lost annually worldwide. Wind erosion is a significant issue, removing 40% of Pakistan's soil over time. Several factors influence wind erosion, including soil texture, structure, protection by plants, rainfall, and wind force. Methods to control wind erosion include planting shelterbelts, increasing soil organic matter, strip cropping perpendicular to winds, leaving stubble barriers, and reducing tillage. Proper land management is key to reducing the effects of wind on soils.
This document summarizes the key impacts and management of waterlogged soils. It notes that waterlogging can lead to oxygen depletion, increased bulk density, lowered redox potential, and nutrient toxicity issues like iron and manganese. Crop yields are reduced due to waterlogging, with losses ranging from 40-77% depending on the crop. Management strategies include land leveling, controlled irrigation, use of tolerant crop varieties, raised bed planting, drainage systems, and establishing deep-rooted plants for bioremediation. Rice cultivation can help reclaim waterlogged soils due to its extensive root system and ability to dilute soil salinity.
Conservation agriculture aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated soil, water, and biological management combined with minimal disturbance and external inputs. It is based on three principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Adopting conservation agriculture can increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, boost crop yields, reduce erosion, and decrease costs through lower fuel and labor needs. The approach is applicable worldwide in a variety of climates and for many crops.
introduction about acidic soil and area distribution ,classification of acidic soil and source of acidic soil formation , characteristic of acid soil ,what are the impact on soil properties . Reclamation of acid soil , conclusion about acidic soil
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of tank silt in crop production. It begins by defining tank silt as soil deposited in tanks due to rainfall erosion. It then discusses the causes of siltation in tanks and the characteristics of tank silt. The advantages and constraints of using tank silt in agriculture are provided. Several studies are summarized that examined the effects of tank silt application on soil properties, crop growth, and yield. The conclusion is that applying appropriate doses of tank silt can increase soil fertility and nutrient levels, thereby improving crop production.
This document provides an overview of measuring soil moisture using digital image processing. It begins with an introduction stating that soil moisture content is important for crop growth and needs to be measured online. It then describes applying digital image processing techniques to images of soil layers to extract the gray value characteristic, and analyzing the relationship between gray value and soil moisture content. Experimental results showed an approximate linear relationship between soil moisture percentage and image gray value.
This document summarizes key topics related to soil science and tree nutrition. It discusses the components and properties of soil, including texture, structure, pH, and moisture content. Soil provides nutrients, water, and gas exchange for plant growth. The document also covers urban soil challenges, irrigation methods, and water conservation. Maintaining proper soil conditions is important for tree health.
Lime requirement of acid soil, liming materials, reclamation and management o...MahiiKarthii
The document discusses lime requirement of acid soils and liming materials. It states that lime requirement is the amount of lime needed to raise the pH of an acidic soil to a desired level, as determined by the Shoemaker buffer method. Liming materials include oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates of calcium and magnesium. Examples given are limestone, dolomite, slags, and wood ash. The efficiency of liming materials depends on their purity, fineness, and neutralizing value. Liming raises the soil pH and reduces aluminum and manganese toxicity, while improving the availability of phosphorus, micronutrients, and nitrogen fixation.
This document discusses soil conservation and soil erosion. It defines soil conservation as preventing soil loss from erosion, reduced fertility, overusage, acidification, salinization, waterlogging, and contamination. It then discusses different types of degraded soils including overgrazed soil, acidic soil, waterlogged soil, and contaminated soil. The key points made are: 1) soil provides nutrition for plant and animal life and supports agriculture, 2) soil is necessary for water supply, 3) soil erosion is caused by detachment, movement, and deposition of topsoil by forces like water and wind, and 4) human activities like overgrazing, deforestation, plowing, and construction can negatively impact soils and contribute to erosion.
Fertilizer use efficiency depends on many factors related to the soil, climate, crop, and fertilizer characteristics. Only a fraction of the nutrients in fertilizer may be absorbed by crops, with the rest lost through leaching, volatilization, immobilization, or interactions between fertilizers. Maximum efficiency is obtained when the minimum amount of fertilizer needed is applied based on soil testing. Efficiency varies depending on soil properties like texture, pH, temperature, and moisture as well as the fertilizer type and application method used.
Role of fertilizer green manuring in conservation agronomyShahzad Sial
Fertilizers and green manuring are important practices in conservation agronomy. Fertilizers enhance plant growth by providing essential nutrients and can be organic or inorganic. Green manuring involves planting legumes or other crops to enrich soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and addition of organic matter. Careful consideration of soil type, crop needs, climate, and other local factors is important when determining appropriate fertilization and green manuring practices.
Sodic soils are characterized by a disproportionately high concentration of sodium in the cation exchange complex. They occur in arid and semi-arid regions and have poor physical and chemical properties that impair water infiltration, availability, and plant growth. Sodic soils have an exchangeable sodium percentage over 15% and pH over 8.5. The high sodium content causes clay particles to disperse, preventing aggregation and clogging soil pores. This restricts water and air movement and root penetration, inhibiting plant growth. Management strategies aim to leach sodium from the soil profile and replace it with calcium using gypsum or low sodium irrigation water.
The document discusses various mechanical/engineering measures for soil conservation. It describes 14 different measures including broad beds and furrows (BBF), contour bunding, graded bunding, contour trenches, bench terracing, micro catchments, farm ponds, percolation ponds, and temporary gully control structures like woven wire check dams and brush dams. Each measure is explained along with its purpose, suitable land types, construction details, and benefits for controlling soil erosion and moisture conservation.
This document discusses various topics related to soil health including soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. It provides details on soil survey, soil pollution sources and effects, and applications of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture, forestry, land use mapping, and urban planning. Key points covered are soil formation, classification, variability, monitoring soil quality, and controlling soil pollution through sustainable practices. Remote sensing techniques and their use in various fields like agriculture, natural resource management, and infrastructure development are also summarized.
The document discusses modern irrigation and fertigation technologies used in vegetable cultivation. It describes different irrigation methods like flood, sprinkler and drip irrigation and their advantages. Drip irrigation is highlighted as the most efficient method as it applies water and fertilizers directly to plant roots with minimal losses. Key principles of drip irrigation include partial wetting of soil and ensuring every plant receives water. Fertigation techniques are explained which combine fertilizer application with irrigation for optimum nutrient delivery to plants. Maintaining proper fertilizer mixtures, water quality, soil testing and crop demands are emphasized for effective fertigation.
Soil crusting refers to the formation of a compact, dense layer on the surface of soil when it dries after rain or irrigation. This crust has very small pores and high density. It forms mainly in arid and semi-arid regions due to the breakdown of soil aggregates by raindrops. There are three main types of soil crusts: structural, erosion/depositional, and cryptogamic. Structural crusts form directly from the compaction of dispersed soil particles. Erosion/depositional crusts involve stripping away of upper layers. Cryptogamic crusts contain algae and fungi. Soil crusting reduces infiltration and aeration, negatively impacting plant growth. It can be prevented
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Salt Affected Soils and Their ManagementDrAnandJadhav
1. The document discusses various types of problem soils including saline soils, saline-alkali soils, sodic soils, and their characteristics.
2. Saline soils contain excess neutral soluble salts like NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 which increase the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Saline-alkali soils have both excess salts and alkalinity due to sodium.
3. Sodic soils have a high percentage of sodium ions that disperse clay particles and destroy the soil structure, reducing permeability and aeration. Reclamation methods include leaching salts, applying gypsum or other amendments, and growing salt-tolerant crops.
This document provides an overview of soils, fertilizers, and potting mixes for green industry training. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Different fertilizer types like slow-release and those suitable for turfgrass are described. The challenges of Nevada's alkaline, coarse-textured soils are addressed, emphasizing the need to choose adapted plants and amend soils for optimal growing conditions.
This document summarizes different types of problematic soils, including their causes and solutions. There are two main types - chemical soils like acidic, saline, sodic, and alkaline soils which form due to chemical imbalances, and physical soils with issues like hard pans, waterlogging, and dispersion. Solutions include adding lime to acidic soil, leaching salts from saline soil, changing plant varieties for sodic soil, and installing drainage for waterlogged soils. The document provides details on the characteristics and remediation approaches for each problematic soil type.
Conservation agriculture aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated soil, water, and biological management combined with minimal disturbance and external inputs. It is based on three principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Adopting conservation agriculture can increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, boost crop yields, reduce erosion, and decrease costs through lower fuel and labor needs. The approach is applicable worldwide in a variety of climates and for many crops.
introduction about acidic soil and area distribution ,classification of acidic soil and source of acidic soil formation , characteristic of acid soil ,what are the impact on soil properties . Reclamation of acid soil , conclusion about acidic soil
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of tank silt in crop production. It begins by defining tank silt as soil deposited in tanks due to rainfall erosion. It then discusses the causes of siltation in tanks and the characteristics of tank silt. The advantages and constraints of using tank silt in agriculture are provided. Several studies are summarized that examined the effects of tank silt application on soil properties, crop growth, and yield. The conclusion is that applying appropriate doses of tank silt can increase soil fertility and nutrient levels, thereby improving crop production.
This document provides an overview of measuring soil moisture using digital image processing. It begins with an introduction stating that soil moisture content is important for crop growth and needs to be measured online. It then describes applying digital image processing techniques to images of soil layers to extract the gray value characteristic, and analyzing the relationship between gray value and soil moisture content. Experimental results showed an approximate linear relationship between soil moisture percentage and image gray value.
This document summarizes key topics related to soil science and tree nutrition. It discusses the components and properties of soil, including texture, structure, pH, and moisture content. Soil provides nutrients, water, and gas exchange for plant growth. The document also covers urban soil challenges, irrigation methods, and water conservation. Maintaining proper soil conditions is important for tree health.
Lime requirement of acid soil, liming materials, reclamation and management o...MahiiKarthii
The document discusses lime requirement of acid soils and liming materials. It states that lime requirement is the amount of lime needed to raise the pH of an acidic soil to a desired level, as determined by the Shoemaker buffer method. Liming materials include oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates of calcium and magnesium. Examples given are limestone, dolomite, slags, and wood ash. The efficiency of liming materials depends on their purity, fineness, and neutralizing value. Liming raises the soil pH and reduces aluminum and manganese toxicity, while improving the availability of phosphorus, micronutrients, and nitrogen fixation.
This document discusses soil conservation and soil erosion. It defines soil conservation as preventing soil loss from erosion, reduced fertility, overusage, acidification, salinization, waterlogging, and contamination. It then discusses different types of degraded soils including overgrazed soil, acidic soil, waterlogged soil, and contaminated soil. The key points made are: 1) soil provides nutrition for plant and animal life and supports agriculture, 2) soil is necessary for water supply, 3) soil erosion is caused by detachment, movement, and deposition of topsoil by forces like water and wind, and 4) human activities like overgrazing, deforestation, plowing, and construction can negatively impact soils and contribute to erosion.
Fertilizer use efficiency depends on many factors related to the soil, climate, crop, and fertilizer characteristics. Only a fraction of the nutrients in fertilizer may be absorbed by crops, with the rest lost through leaching, volatilization, immobilization, or interactions between fertilizers. Maximum efficiency is obtained when the minimum amount of fertilizer needed is applied based on soil testing. Efficiency varies depending on soil properties like texture, pH, temperature, and moisture as well as the fertilizer type and application method used.
Role of fertilizer green manuring in conservation agronomyShahzad Sial
Fertilizers and green manuring are important practices in conservation agronomy. Fertilizers enhance plant growth by providing essential nutrients and can be organic or inorganic. Green manuring involves planting legumes or other crops to enrich soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and addition of organic matter. Careful consideration of soil type, crop needs, climate, and other local factors is important when determining appropriate fertilization and green manuring practices.
Sodic soils are characterized by a disproportionately high concentration of sodium in the cation exchange complex. They occur in arid and semi-arid regions and have poor physical and chemical properties that impair water infiltration, availability, and plant growth. Sodic soils have an exchangeable sodium percentage over 15% and pH over 8.5. The high sodium content causes clay particles to disperse, preventing aggregation and clogging soil pores. This restricts water and air movement and root penetration, inhibiting plant growth. Management strategies aim to leach sodium from the soil profile and replace it with calcium using gypsum or low sodium irrigation water.
The document discusses various mechanical/engineering measures for soil conservation. It describes 14 different measures including broad beds and furrows (BBF), contour bunding, graded bunding, contour trenches, bench terracing, micro catchments, farm ponds, percolation ponds, and temporary gully control structures like woven wire check dams and brush dams. Each measure is explained along with its purpose, suitable land types, construction details, and benefits for controlling soil erosion and moisture conservation.
This document discusses various topics related to soil health including soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. It provides details on soil survey, soil pollution sources and effects, and applications of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture, forestry, land use mapping, and urban planning. Key points covered are soil formation, classification, variability, monitoring soil quality, and controlling soil pollution through sustainable practices. Remote sensing techniques and their use in various fields like agriculture, natural resource management, and infrastructure development are also summarized.
The document discusses modern irrigation and fertigation technologies used in vegetable cultivation. It describes different irrigation methods like flood, sprinkler and drip irrigation and their advantages. Drip irrigation is highlighted as the most efficient method as it applies water and fertilizers directly to plant roots with minimal losses. Key principles of drip irrigation include partial wetting of soil and ensuring every plant receives water. Fertigation techniques are explained which combine fertilizer application with irrigation for optimum nutrient delivery to plants. Maintaining proper fertilizer mixtures, water quality, soil testing and crop demands are emphasized for effective fertigation.
Soil crusting refers to the formation of a compact, dense layer on the surface of soil when it dries after rain or irrigation. This crust has very small pores and high density. It forms mainly in arid and semi-arid regions due to the breakdown of soil aggregates by raindrops. There are three main types of soil crusts: structural, erosion/depositional, and cryptogamic. Structural crusts form directly from the compaction of dispersed soil particles. Erosion/depositional crusts involve stripping away of upper layers. Cryptogamic crusts contain algae and fungi. Soil crusting reduces infiltration and aeration, negatively impacting plant growth. It can be prevented
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Salt Affected Soils and Their ManagementDrAnandJadhav
1. The document discusses various types of problem soils including saline soils, saline-alkali soils, sodic soils, and their characteristics.
2. Saline soils contain excess neutral soluble salts like NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 which increase the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Saline-alkali soils have both excess salts and alkalinity due to sodium.
3. Sodic soils have a high percentage of sodium ions that disperse clay particles and destroy the soil structure, reducing permeability and aeration. Reclamation methods include leaching salts, applying gypsum or other amendments, and growing salt-tolerant crops.
This document provides an overview of soils, fertilizers, and potting mixes for green industry training. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Different fertilizer types like slow-release and those suitable for turfgrass are described. The challenges of Nevada's alkaline, coarse-textured soils are addressed, emphasizing the need to choose adapted plants and amend soils for optimal growing conditions.
This document summarizes different types of problematic soils, including their causes and solutions. There are two main types - chemical soils like acidic, saline, sodic, and alkaline soils which form due to chemical imbalances, and physical soils with issues like hard pans, waterlogging, and dispersion. Solutions include adding lime to acidic soil, leaching salts from saline soil, changing plant varieties for sodic soil, and installing drainage for waterlogged soils. The document provides details on the characteristics and remediation approaches for each problematic soil type.
This document discusses crop management on problem soils. It defines problem soils as soils that fail to perform normal soil functions like providing mechanical support, moisture, oxygen, and nutrients. The main types of problem soils discussed are salt-affected soils, waterlogged soils, eroded soils, and weed-infested soils. The document focuses on salt-affected soils, outlining various classification systems for saline and sodic soils. It also describes the effects of salt on plant life, including decreased water uptake, specific ion toxicity, nutritional imbalances, and soil structure degradation. Causes of soil salinity and classifications of salt tolerance in crops are covered as well.
This document provides information on problem soils and their management. It discusses various types of problematic soils like saline, sodic, saline-sodic, acidic soils and their characteristics. The key reclamation methods for these soils including cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, organic and chemical amendments, and improved irrigation management are explained. The document also covers distribution and management of specific problem soils like acid sulphate and calcareous soils.
Characteristics of soil which encourage a good response of crops to fertilize...RohitKarde2
The document discusses soil characteristics that encourage good crop response to fertilizers. It covers physical properties like structure, texture and porosity which impact soil fertility. Biological properties like organic matter and microorganisms are also important. Chemical properties determine nutrient availability and deficiencies. Maintaining soil health through organic matter, drainage and preventing compaction leads to better fertility. The document also discusses saline, alkali and saline-alkali soils, how they are classified based on pH, EC and SAR values, and their global and local distribution.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils occur when rainfall is insufficient to leach salts below the root zone, leaving soils high in salts like sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate. Saline soils have high salt levels that increase osmotic pressure and reduce water availability to plants. Sodic soils have high sodium levels that disperse soil particles, reducing infiltration and root growth. Saline-sodic soils contain both high salts and sodium but remain flocculated if salt levels stay elevated; management focuses on exchanging sodium for calcium followed by leaching salts. Proper irrigation water quality and sufficient leaching are needed to manage all salt-affected soils for agriculture.
The factors which relate to structure and composition of soil are called edaphic factors.
Soil is a very complex medium. A good fertile soil contains mineral matter (40%), organic matter (10%), water (15%) and air (25%).
Mineral matter in the soil occurs in the form of particles. Soil can be studied under Physical and chemical properties.
1) Soil is formed through the weathering of bedrock and deposition of sediments. It consists of minerals, organic material, water and air.
2) Soil formation involves weathering of bedrock into regolith, which further breaks down into soil particles. Organic material and sediments are also deposited.
3) Soil characteristics like texture, color and porosity depend on the parent material and particle sizes. Different climates produce different soil profiles with varying layers.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
This document provides an overview of soil and water management topics including soil physical properties, erosion control, and residue management. It discusses key soil properties like texture, structure, bulk density and their effects. Texture is determined by sand, silt and clay content and affects properties like aeration and water retention. The Universal Soil Loss Equation is presented as a tool to calculate soil erosion based on rainfall, soil erodibility and management factors. Conservation practices to control erosion include crop rotation, residue management, contouring, grassed waterways and terraces. Proper soil and water management is important for soil health, water quality and agricultural productivity.
This document outlines the course content for SOL 202 - Problematic Soils and their Management. It covers problematic soil types like saline, sodic, acid and eroded soils. Section A discusses soil quality, waste lands and problem soils in India. Section B covers reclamation and management of different problematic soils through mechanical, hydrological, chemical and biological methods. Section C discusses irrigation water quality and use of saline water in agriculture. Section D covers multipurpose tree species for soil bioremediation. The assignments involve discussing soil fertility, waste lands, saline/sodic soil reclamation and other topics.
This document discusses different types of problematic soils and their management. It introduces salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes their characteristics and compares them. Reclamation methods for these soils include cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, biological and chemical amendments like gypsum, and irrigation management. Acidic soils and their reclamation using liming are also covered. The document provides an overview of various challenging soil conditions and approaches to improve soil productivity.
This document summarizes key edaphic, or soil-related, factors. It defines edaphic factors as abiotic soil components like temperature, pH, and mineral composition. Soil is described as the biologically active upper layer of Earth's crust that serves as a habitat and nutrient reservoir. Soil properties like texture, structure, temperature, moisture, organic matter, nutrients, and cation exchange capacity are explained in relation to the types of organisms that can inhabit different soils. Methods for analyzing soil temperature, pH, moisture, organic matter, calcium, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels in the field are also outlined.
Minerology and classification of different problamaticsoilNihar Ranjan Dash
This document discusses different types of problematic soils, including physical, chemical, and biological problem soils. It focuses on the mineralogy and classification of soils with physical problems like slow permeability, crusting, hard pans, and shallowness. It also examines chemical problem soils that are alkaline, acidic, or saline. Alkaline soils are further classified as non-saline alkali or saline-alkali soils. Key factors that determine alkalinity like carbonate species, pH, sodium adsorption ratio, and residual sodium carbonate are defined. An experiment analyzing the mineral composition of different soils through X-ray diffraction is summarized.
Soil Science Simplified.ppt #soil science #fundamentals of sailajaysaini99283371
This document provides an introduction to basic soil properties and formation factors. It discusses why soil is an important resource, noting its role in plant growth, water filtration, gas exchange, and historical record. The document then covers physical soil properties like texture, structure, pore space, temperature, and color. It describes the components that make up soil, such as sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. It also explains methods for determining properties like texture, using the soil texture triangle and Munsell color system.
Environmental problems in Pakistan include soil degradation through declining fertility, salinity, erosion, and contamination. Specific issues include loss of organic matter; depletion of nutrients; acidification; and the transformation of fertile land into desert through overgrazing, drought, deforestation, and climate change. Remediation requires practices like crop rotation, controlled grazing, planting indigenous trees, and sustainable agricultural techniques to restore soil health and combat desertification.
Similar to 2013 Green Industry Training: Soils and Potting Mixes (20)
This document summarizes best practices for managing trees during drought conditions. It discusses how drought impacts trees, effective irrigation strategies like hydrozoning and using drip irrigation, and other drought management techniques. It also provides recommendations for selecting drought-resilient tree species for urban landscapes, describing species from zones 4-7 that can tolerate lower water conditions. Examples of susceptible and tolerant species are given. The goal is to keep urban trees healthy during water shortages through irrigation optimization and choosing adapted plants.
This document summarizes the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing bioplastic containers to petroleum-based containers. The LCA analyzed the environmental impacts from cradle-to-gate and partial cradle-to-grave. For the cradle-to-gate analysis, bioplastics made from PLA, PHA, and various biocomposite formulations were compared to polypropylene containers. The LCA found that the bioplastics generally had higher global warming and fossil fuel impacts than polypropylene, though some formulations like PLA-SPA-BioRes performed better. A partial cradle-to-grave analysis considered various end-of-life scenarios for the containers.
This document summarizes several experiments conducted on bioplastic containers for growing plants. A container aesthetics experiment tested various bioplastic formulations for growing gerbera and asparagus fern over 10-15 weeks. A shuttle tray experiment grew marigolds in different bioplastic containers for 7 weeks. A container nutrition trial grew marigolds in various bioplastic and petroleum plastic containers with 5 fertilizer treatments over 5 weeks. The nutrition trial showed differences in plant growth and nitrogen uptake between container materials and fertilizer levels.
1) A survey of 241 consumers found that while price and durability most influence plant container purchases, over 50% would pay more for renewable, biodegradable, or fertilizing containers.
2) Cluster analysis identified two groups: "The Green Ones" favor environmental attributes and would pay up to $1 extra, while "The Ones Who Do Not Act" prioritize price and would pay up to $0.25 extra.
3) A container trial at greenhouses and gardens sold the most PHA-DDGS, PLA-Soy-Biores, and recycled paper fiber containers, suggesting consumer interest in bioplastics.
This document summarizes research on bioplastic container cropping systems and biodegradation of biocontainers in soil and compost. Over multiple rounds of experiments, various bioplastic materials and composites were tested for biodegradation rates in both soil over 1.5 years and industrial compost over 12 weeks. Materials with high biomass content like PHA and PLA composites with soy exhibited nearly complete degradation within the testing periods. Temperature was found to strongly correlate with degradation rates in compost. Additional rounds tested commercial-grade biocontainers and impacts of colorants on compostability. Future work may develop biocontainers that pelletize into fertilizer after use.
Jake Behrens presented on biocontainer materials made from renewable polymers and fillers. Various polymer matrices like PLA and PHA were evaluated along with fillers such as soy polymer, lignin, and DDGS to increase degradation and strength properties. Formulations were processed via extrusion and injection molding, which presented difficulties due to lack of shear thinning and high injection pressures. Results from tensile and crush tests showed that filler content inversely affected strength, and adding 1% colorant improved appearance and strength. The conclusions were to avoid moisture during processing, decrease temperatures with a plasticizer, and that colorant aided properties.
The survey found that over 90% of gardening consumers are willing to purchase bioplastic plant pots. Biodegradable and fertilizing pots had the highest willingness to purchase and pay extra. Pots labeled "compostable" will appeal most to environmentally sensitive consumers, who are more willing to purchase and pay more for bioplastic pots compared to the overall population. Key factors influencing purchase included willingness to compost, experience with peat pots, and concerns about GMOs. Younger consumers and renters were willing to pay more for fertilizing pots.
The document summarizes current research on bioplastics being conducted through a collaborative research center. It provides an overview of plastics and processing methods like injection molding. It reviews the history of bioplastics beginning in the late 1800s. Current bioplastics like PLA, PHB, and bio-PET are discussed along with their production and degradation. The center aims to develop high-value products from agricultural and forest resources, promote compatibility with industry, and support economic growth. Projects focus on biopolymers, composites, coatings and adhesives. Member universities contribute expertise in materials science, engineering and agriculture.
This document summarizes research on the economics and marketing of bioplastic containers. It discusses the goals and limitations of cost-benefit analysis for bioplastics. It also analyzes survey data on consumers' and producers' willingness to pay for bioplastic pots. The surveys found that consumers are generally willing to pay a modest premium for bioplastic pots with certain desirable characteristics like improved plant health or soil biodegradability. Producers of bioplastics may also find a market among consumers interested in environmentally-friendly products.
This document summarizes a project to develop sustainable bioplastic container systems for greenhouse and nursery crop production. The project aims to create bioplastic containers that function as well as petroleum-based plastics during plant growth but can then degrade, providing fertilizer or soil conditioning. Over four billion petroleum plastic containers are used annually but less than 2% are recycled. The project will screen bioplastic formulations, improve top performers, and collaborate with manufacturers and growers to commercialize the best materials. Eighteen formulations were developed and ten prototypes will be commercially tested.
Green Industry Continuing Education Series
November 18, 2015
12 noon - 2 p.m.
Instructors:
Darren Blackford, Entomologist, USDA-Forest Service
Gene Phillips, Forest Health Specialist, Nevada Division of Forestry
This document discusses soil, mulch, and irrigation requirements for trees. It begins by outlining the negative effects of drought on trees, such as wilting leaves and reduced growth. It then discusses the myth that tree roots need oxygen and explains that as long as gases can freely exchange, roots will not die from a lack of oxygen. The document also covers ideal soil composition, including the importance of organic matter and pore space. Finally, it provides recommendations for amending soil, applying mulch, and using drip irrigation to improve drought resilience in trees.
This document discusses rules for estimating tree irrigation demand and surviving drought. It introduces four factors to consider: 1) transpiration rate, 2) rooting depth, 3) desiccation tolerance, and 4) tree size. It then discusses specific rules, including using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and plant factors to estimate water use, grouping plants into hydrozones based on water needs, and estimating individual tree water use based on density and crown diameter. The goal is to provide a simple method for estimating when and how much to irrigate trees to keep them healthy with limited water supplies.
This document summarizes a seminar on trees and drought held in Reno, Nevada on September 26, 2014. It discusses the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN), their role in invasive pest detection and identification, and examples of invasive pests that have caused damage, including the Asian Longhorned Beetle and Emerald Ash Borer. The seminar provided training to attendees so they could become registered First Detectors to help monitor for invasive species through the NPDN.
This document discusses selecting drought-resilient trees. It notes that drought is an increasing issue, causing tree losses. Trees have various adaptations for managing water loss, like reducing leaf area and temperature. Effective strategies include selecting native plants, looking for drought-tolerant characteristics, and choosing trees with extensive root systems. The document lists many resilient evergreen and deciduous tree species for Nevada, but cautions that some invasive species should be avoided. It emphasizes choosing the right plant for the site to minimize water and maintenance needs.
This document discusses the role of extension professionals in linking scientific research to practical application for producers. It emphasizes that research needs to provide information that influences profitability and risk management. The challenges of technology transfer include issues like impractical products, unfamiliarity, and previous bad experiences. Extension can help with applied research expertise, education experience, and relationships with key producers. The document outlines input from Utah producers on bioplastics research, including developing brand recognition, testing in local soils, and potential uses. It stresses the importance of including economics analysis, producer input, and outreach methods like workshops and field days to communicate results.
This document discusses bioplastic pots made from zein, a protein from corn. Zein pots fully biodegrade in soil within a few months when filled with organic potting substrates. However, plants grown in zein pots showed stunted growth. Experiments found that as zein pots biodegrade, they raise ammonium, EC, and pH levels in the substrate, which can delay root growth. Reformulating zein pots to reduce the protein content or slow degradation may help address this issue. Overall, zein-based bioplastic pots show potential as a compostable alternative to traditional plastic pots.
The document provides a five-step process for obtaining a login for a new volunteer management system: 1) Navigate to the website, 2) Request access by entering your email address, 3) Gain access by clicking the link in the confirmation email, 4) Change your password, and 5) Celebrate joining a system that saves paper by electronic timesheet tracking. Contact information is provided for assistance.
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2. Outline
•Soil texture, structure,
chemical properties
•Topsoil qualities
•Organic matter
•Potting media
•Ingredients
•Proportions
•Selection
3. Plant roots need gases
• Oxygen - burns (respires) sugars provided by the
canopy (leaves) for energy
• Release carbon dioxide in the process
• If the two gases cannot freely exchange with the
atmosphere
• respiration shuts down
• roots die off
• Plants can’t get water or nutrients.
• Many root- and wood-rotting organisms (fungi)
thrive in low oxygen soil conditions.
4. Composition of a typical soil
Water
Mineral
fraction
Air
Organic matter
5. Soil texture
The
mineral
particles:
sand, silt,
and clay
6. The effect of particle size
Sand particles Clay particles
Air flow
Water flow
7.
8. Texture effects on soil physical properties
Texture Available water Aeration Drainage Compaction
Sand
Loam
Silt loam
Clay loam
Clay
9. Soil texture and drainage
Coarse Medium Fine
Texture Texture Texture
Silt Loam Clay Loam
Sand
Can’t I just add Sand or Clay
to balance the condition of
the soil?
10. Answer: No…!
•Why? It’s a problem of scale:
• Soil weighs about 90 lbs per cu. ft.
• Soil from a hole 3 ft. in diameter by 2 ft deep is
about 18 cu. ft., and weighs 1600 lbs.
• To change the texture by 10 to 20% would require
160 to 320 lbs of material (sand or clay)
• Requires considerable expense and effort
• Could just be creating cement!
19. Excavation and Fill Soils
•Needed to provide proper grade and
surface drainage, but…
•Generally low in organic matter
• Excavated subsoils (basement, grade cut…)
• Often stockpiled for extended periods (much of
the organic matter decomposed in 2 to 6
months)
•Thoroughly disturbed, mixed and broken
up, structure has been reduced, even
eliminated.
21. Excessive drainage problem
•Very sandy soil
•Coarse soils are naturally droughty within
hours after rain
•Add extra organic matter (for retention)
•Precise water management (frequent, low
volume – like drip/trickle systems)
22. Amending soils with organic matter
• Improves drainage and aeration of clay soils
• Improves water-holding capacity of sandy soils
• Reduces compaction
• Provides/retains nutrients
• Locally lowers soil pH
• NOTE: Add no more than 25% by volume
• Higher levels can cause significant soil settling as OM
breaks down
24. Water and mineral nutrition
• Water action helps release minerals into the soil
solution (dissolving, freeze-thaw breakdown—
weathering of rock)
• Water is the medium by which mineral nutrients travel
to, into, and through the roots
25. Soil chemical properties greatly affect the
release of nutrients or the movement of water
• Soil texture
• pH affects mineral form and release
• Accumulation of salts: carbonates, sodium,
chloride and sulfates, etc.) can restrict water and
nutrient uptake, or alter soil structure
26. What is pH?
• pH is measured as the ―activity‖ or concentration of
hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution.
• The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the
lower the pH (more acidic).
2 4 6 8 10 12
acidic Neutral alkaline
(7.0)
27. • Why worry about soil pH?
• Affects the dissolution of
soil minerals
• Generally, higher pH =
lower mineral availability
29. Answer: No
• Why? Another problem of scale:
• Western soils have VERY large reservoirs of pH
buffers in the soil (solid carbonates and other
minerals, ex. ―free lime‖)
• 1% CaCO3 in an acre-foot of soil weighs 40,000 lbs
• Nevada soils frequently contain 20-30%
• All buffering compounds would have to be
dissolved and neutralized before the pH will
drop.
30. Buffering reactions:
CaCO3 + CO2 (in water) Ca2+ + 2 HCO3
(Calcium Carbonate) (Bicarbonate)
HCO3 + H+ (in water) CO2 + H2O
(this is just one acid neutralization reaction -- no
change in pH, i.e., no increase in free H+)
Added acid (H+) is consumed until all Carbonates
are dissolved, or other cations leached from the
system (i.e., Total Alkalinity is neutralized).
32. pH tolerant = iron-efficient plants
Iron-inefficient Intermediate Iron-efficient
Quaking aspen Red maple Ash
Sugar maple European beech Linden
Sweetgum Horsechestnut Scotch pine
Silver maple Baldcypress Ginkgo
Pin oak Quaking aspen Burr oak
34. Soil salinity = soluble salts in soil
• Salts inhibit plant growth through ―chemical
drought‖ (induced water stress), specific ion
toxicity, or soil dispersion (Sodium salts)
• Visual diagnosis: salt crusting/salt burn
• Electrical conductivity (EC) is the measure of soil
salinity.
• EC > 2 deciSiemens/meter can harm plants
• SAR – Sodium Adsorption Ratio
• SAR > 13 is sodic, but soil problems can occur at lower
levels.
36. Sources of salts
• Natural deposits
• Residual salts in new development areas (watch
fill soils)
• Irrigation waters
• natural sources (esp. shallow wells)
• water softeners (high in sodium)
• Deicing salts (road throw and sidewalk runoff)
• Over-application of fertilizers or manure and
compost
37. Other salt problems
• Sodium saturated, or Sodic soils can become
dispersed (involves clay particles).
• Breaks down soil structure
• Seals soils to air and water penetration
• Specific toxicities to specific salt constituents
39. Boron
• Essential mineral (specific ion) – becomes toxic
above 0.5-1.0 ppm
• Occurs in arid, young soils
• Other sources: well water, reclaimed water,
geothermal springs, earthquake faults
• Mobile in soils – moves up with moisture
evaporation from soil
• Boron-laden soils are often salty too!
41. Leaching salts with water
• Ensure that soil has good internal drainage.
Water must move through the soil to carry salts
out
• Add organic matter
• Deep tillage/ripping (not near established trees)
• Apply water over 1-2 days
• 6 inches of water to cut EC by 50% (in top foot)
• 12 inches of water to cut EC by 80%
• 24 inches of water to cut EC by 90%
• Only effective if water table below 6 to 8 feet
42. Do amendments help?
• Gypsum (calcium sulfate)
• Used along with leaching
• only effective for sodic soils
• Sulfur
• May be effective for sodic soils
• Limited effectiveness for pH on a landscape scale
• Organic matter
• Improves soil structure
• Does not lower salinity
• Does not affect boron levels
44. ―Typical‖ Nevada soils
• Arid/Droughty conditions
• Low precipitation
• Coarse, sandy soils
• High pH (alkaline – 7 to 8+)
• Reduced mineral nutrient release (especially
Iron)
• Higher evaporation levels produce saline or
sodic conditions
• May not be able to ―fix‖ the conditions.
45. IF I CAN’T FIX THE
SOIL, WHAT DO I
DO?
• Choose species adapted
to the conditions at hand
• Prepare soils for best
possible condition
50. Shift towards soilless potting mixes
•Do not need to be
pasteurized
(sterilized)
•Lighter in weight
(lower shipping
costs)
•Mixes are more
consistent – you
know what to expect
51. Properties of soilless potting mixes
•Water retention
•Aeration
•Drainage
The goal is to increase aeration without decreasing water
retention.
52. Coarse mineral components
•Perlite
• Volcanic origin
• Low bulk density
• Good drainage and aeration
• Low CEC and water-holding
•Vermiculite pH 7.5
• Heat-expanded mica
• Low bulk density
• Use coarse grades for best
aeration and drainage
• High CEC and water-holding
pH 7.5 (U.S.), 9.0 (African)
Vermiculite
53. Sand
• Coarse concrete-grade
(washed)
• High bulk density
• Excellent drainage and
aeration
• Increases water-holding
when mixed with bark
• Decreases water-
holding when mixed
with field soil
• Low CEC
54. Calcined Clays
• Good water- and nutrient-holding capacity
• Excellent drainage qualities
• Provides Coarse Texture and Aggregated
Structure
• Little influence on pH of a mix
• Bulk density 30 to 40 lbs/ft 3
55. Bulk Density
•How heavy per unit Bulk density at
CC
volume Material (lbs/ft3)
Field soil 106
•Acceptable range: Sand 107
3
40 to 60 lb/ft Sphagnum peat 54
•Too heavy: not Coir (coconut
fiber)
46
economical to ship Vermiculite 46
•Too light: pots with Pine bark 51
Perlite 32
plants topple
Rock wool 54
CC = Container Capacity
56. Peats
Less decomposed • Sphagnum moss - a moss that grows in
acid bogs in North America, Canada, and
northern Europe
• Sphagnum peat moss - the partially
decomposed remains of Sphagnum moss
• Peat moss (or moss peat) – partially
decomposed Sphagnum or hypnum
• Reed-sedge peat – reeds, sedges,
marsh grasses and cattails (variable in color
and other properties)
• Peat humus – highly decomposed; low
More water-holding capacity
decomposed
57. Sphagnum moss Sphagnum moss peat – pH 3.0 to 4.0
Hypnum moss peat– pH 5.2 to 5.5
Reed-sedge peat – pH 4.0 to 7.5
58. Peat-based mixes
•Common formulations:
• Sphagnum peat moss / vermiculite (1 : 1)
• Sphagnum peat moss / perlite (1 : 1)
•Excellent water- and nutrient-holding, good
drainage.
•Very difficult to re-wet if allowed to dry out.
•Must be careful not to over-fertilize and
water enough to leach out excess nutrients.
•Breaks down over time.
59. Coir (coconut) fiber – alternative to peat?
• Made from coconut
husks.
• High water-holding
capacity
• Excellent drainage
• Absence of weeds and
pathogens
• Decomposes slowly.
• Easier to re-wet than
Sphagnum peat.
• Some sources high in ―Coco Peat‖
salts. pH 4.9 to 6.8
60. Bark-based products
• Cheaper than
Sphagnum peat
• pH 4.5, increases
over time
• Excellent aeration and
wettability
• Poor water-holding
• Often mixed with sand
and vermiculite or
peat moss (3 bark : 1
pH of softwoods 3.0 to 4.0 sand : 1 vermiculite or
pH of hardwoods 6.0 to 7.0 peat moss)
61. Pasteurization
• Eliminates disease
organisms, insects,
nematodes, weeds.
• Steam: 160F for 30 min
• Soil-based substrates
must be pasteurized.
• Soilless does not need
it unless reused.
• Does not protect
against future
infestation.
62. Other Pre-plant Additives
• Dolomitic limestone
• Correct the pH or acidity of a
mix
• Phosphate
• Superphosphate (0-45-0)
• Nitrogen and
potassium
• Enough to last 2 weeks
• Micronutrient mix
• Enough to last the growing
season
• Wetting agent
• Gel granules help media hold Hydrogel crystals used as a
water longer wetting agent
63. Organic mixes
• OMRI –
• Organic Materials Review
Institute
• Assures products are
consistent with the
requirements of the National
Organic Standard.
• Challenge is not finding
ingredients but in getting
consistency.
• May not use wetting agents
in certified organic
products.
64. Compost and manure
rules:
Compost 1. Pile must be 131-170F for
• Rarely used alone as a 3 days (closed system) to
potting ingredient (20 to 15 days (open system).
30% is common). 2. Must be turned at least 5
• Has been shown to times.
suppress plant diseases.
3. Measure respiration (CO2
• During composting process:
release, O2 uptake or
1. First phase, most materials
easily degraded (104-122F) temperature).
2. Second phase, cellulose and
pathogens (and some
beneficials) degraded (122-
149F)
3. Third phase, humus content
increases, along with some
beneficials.
65. Summary – container substrates
• Stable product that will not shrink in volume during
plant production / shelf time.
• Bulk density low enough for shipping and handling
but high enough to prevent toppling of plants.
• At least 10 to 20% air by volume at CC (container
capacity) in a 6.5-inch pot
• High cation exchange capacity (CEC) for nutrient-
holding.
• pH of 6.2 to 6.8 (soil-based) or 5.4 to 6.5 (soilless)
– crop dependent
66. Questions?
Contact:
Heidi Kratsch
University of Nevada Cooperative
Extension
Phone: 775-336-0251
Email: KratschH@unce.unr.edu
Editor's Notes
Many urban soils are disturbed by grading, mixing, compacting, and adding soil imported from other areas. Because of this, urban soils change characteristics abruptly between horizons or layers, which can affect aeration, drainage, water-holding capacity, fertility, and of course root growth and function. The soil is intentionally compacted in order to create a stable building base. Soil engineers call pore space “voids.” Their goal is to reduce the voids in creating a stable surface. The compacted soil area is overbuilt or extended beyond the edge of the structure to provide stability for the structure. Therefore, plantings adjacent to structures will encounter compaction. Also, grading the site results in soil compaction. Ideally, temporary fencing would be used to protect future planting areas from stripping, grading, and compaction. In practice, this rarely occurs.
Soils and water quality are closely linked. The availability of water to plants is decreased in saline soils because of increased osmotic tension. A white crust on the soil surface is usually a mixture of sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts. SAR expresses the accumulation of exchangeable sodium in soils. High SAR can cause soil permeability problems because the sodium can cause dispersion of soil aggregates, which decreases both drainage and soil aeration. Soils high in clay are most susceptible.
Most soil mixes also contain mineral ingredients, also known as “coarse aggregates.” These materials provide structural air spaces to growing media. Sand is used occasionally in some mixes, especially those specialized for cactus. Its general use is limited by its heavy shipping weight. Unless used in larger proportions (>50%), sand can settle and create a perched water table in pots, interfering with water drainage. Perlite is a popular additive to potting mixes because it is inert and light weight. Like sand, it does not hold moisture. Unfortunately, it has a tendency to float to the top of potting media during watering. Vermiculite is another popular additive that improves drainage and holds moisture. It also provides Mg and K, two nutrients needed for plant growth. It does tend to compress in potting media, so mixes containing it should not be “pressed.”
Many calcined clays have properties which make them desirable as potting mix components. Calcined clays are essentially indestructible particles, which provide pore space to a mix due to the large spaces created between particles, and hold water internally within their open-pore particle structure. Most calcined clays have good nutrientretention but addno nutrient value of their own. They have long been used in creating optimal bonsai and orchid mixes because they provide the excellent drainage required by these plants and do not shrink like peat-based mixes do over time. Potting mixes which decompose and shrink once installed in commercial interiorscapes (plants grown indoors) are difficult to manage and often contribute to premature plant replacements.
A potentially more environmentally friendly alternative to Sphagnum peat, coir dust is a byproduct of the coconut husk processing industry and is, therefore, a renewable resource. Also known as coco peat, coir dust has a water-holding capacity and drainage characteristics similar to peat moss. It also contains no disease pathogens or weed seeds, which can be a problem in some organic materials. It is structurally very stable and resists shrinking, which can be a problem when Sphagnum peat is used in containers. It’s also easier to re-wet than Sphagnum peat. It does not provide nutrients, so fertilizer must be provided to plants grown in mixes made with coir dust.
Other additives are sometimes added to a soil mix to customize it to the needs of the plant or grower. Fertilizer almost always needs to be added to soilless mixtures because the ingredients provide no nutrient value of their own. Fertilizers are usually provided in a slow-release form so that nutrients are made gradually available. Limestone is usually added to balance out the acidity of Sphagnum peat moss in many mixes. Some plants and mixes perform better when wetting agents are added. They help the mix hold water for a longer time so that plants can be watered less frequently. Limestone Wetting agents vary in their effectiveness and should be tested prior to large-scale use. Nutrients and wetting agents are added after the mix is steam-pasteurized, so that the additives aren’t destroyed by heat. Sometimes polystyrene pieces are added to mixes to make them lighter during plant transport.