This document provides an overview of soils, fertilizers, and potting mixes for green industry training. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Different fertilizer types like slow-release and those suitable for turfgrass are described. The challenges of Nevada's alkaline, coarse-textured soils are addressed, emphasizing the need to choose adapted plants and amend soils for optimal growing conditions.
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
This document provides information on plant containers and nursery equipment. It discusses the different types of containers used for growing plants, including group containers like flats and individual containers like pots. It also describes common nursery equipment such as secateurs, pruning knives, spray pumps, and wheelbarrows that are used to care for and transport plants. Modern nurseries utilize a wide range of equipment on both small and large scales, from basic hand tools to more sophisticated machinery, to help reduce costs and increase productivity.
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
This document discusses water and its role in plants. It covers several key points:
1) Water is essential for plant growth and processes like photosynthesis and transpiration. It acts as a solvent for minerals and transports nutrients through plants.
2) Factors like temperature, humidity, and wind affect transpiration in plants. Transpiration cools plants and transports water and minerals through xylem and sugars through phloem.
3) Different types of water are held in soil, including gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic water. The document discusses soil water movement and plant water relations.
Germination is the process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout under the right conditions. There are two main types of germination - epigeal, where the cotyledons are pushed above ground, and hypogeal, where the cotyledons remain underground. Germination requires proper temperature, moisture, oxygen levels, and sometimes light or a period of cold. Seeds can exhibit dormancy due to an underdeveloped embryo, hard seed coat, or other internal and external factors, preventing germination until certain conditions are met.
Bonsai is the Japanese art form of growing and pruning minature trees in containers.Bonsai is an old Chinese art of growing trees. Bonsai comprises a tree or shrub planted in a small container for developing as a miniature plant showing the general appearance of that plant species found in nature.
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
This document provides information on plant containers and nursery equipment. It discusses the different types of containers used for growing plants, including group containers like flats and individual containers like pots. It also describes common nursery equipment such as secateurs, pruning knives, spray pumps, and wheelbarrows that are used to care for and transport plants. Modern nurseries utilize a wide range of equipment on both small and large scales, from basic hand tools to more sophisticated machinery, to help reduce costs and increase productivity.
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
This document discusses water and its role in plants. It covers several key points:
1) Water is essential for plant growth and processes like photosynthesis and transpiration. It acts as a solvent for minerals and transports nutrients through plants.
2) Factors like temperature, humidity, and wind affect transpiration in plants. Transpiration cools plants and transports water and minerals through xylem and sugars through phloem.
3) Different types of water are held in soil, including gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic water. The document discusses soil water movement and plant water relations.
Germination is the process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout under the right conditions. There are two main types of germination - epigeal, where the cotyledons are pushed above ground, and hypogeal, where the cotyledons remain underground. Germination requires proper temperature, moisture, oxygen levels, and sometimes light or a period of cold. Seeds can exhibit dormancy due to an underdeveloped embryo, hard seed coat, or other internal and external factors, preventing germination until certain conditions are met.
Bonsai is the Japanese art form of growing and pruning minature trees in containers.Bonsai is an old Chinese art of growing trees. Bonsai comprises a tree or shrub planted in a small container for developing as a miniature plant showing the general appearance of that plant species found in nature.
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
Seeds are the most important means of plant reproduction and have many uses for humans. Seed technology is the study of seed production, handling, and storage in order to ensure high quality seeds for successful crop production. It is important for maintaining genetic resources and allowing study of plant processes. Seeds are a major source of food, feed, fibers, oils and other products worldwide.
In simplest terms soil sterilization consist in getting
rid of the organisms harmful to plant growth or
atleast, in reducing their numbers to a point where
they are no longer of consequence without permanently eliminating or disturbing the balance of those organisms essenstial for fertility.
Soil sterilization is indispensable to modern practice, not only
because it ensures clean soil but because it provides better
nutrition; indeed, it is the basis of the best nutrition.
Basically it is treatment of soil of glasshouses , greenhouse and other horticultural soils in order to kill weed, seeds, plant disease organisms, and pests.
Sterilisation is distinct from disinfection, sanitization and pasteurization in that sterilization kills, deactivates, or eliminates all forms of life and other biological agents.
Example: Molya disease of wheat caused by Heterodera avenae White tip disease of rice caused by Aphelenchoides besseyi . Soil borne pathogens like Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotia can be controlled by this.
Organic manure, importance & propertiesMahiiKarthii
Organic manures are substances derived from animal and plant residues that are organic in nature and supply plant nutrients. They improve soil structure, water and nutrient retention, and support microbial activity. Fortified organic manures enrich organic waste with inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers to increase crop yields while protecting soil quality. Examples include enriched farmyard manure prepared by mixing mineral nutrients and zinc sulfate into farmyard manure.
Plant propagation structures in plant nursery.pptPudhuvai Baveesh
Plant propagation structures like greenhouses, polyhouses, net houses, plastic tunnels, mist chambers and hot beds play an important role in nursery production. They help maintain optimal climate conditions for seed germination and rooting cuttings. Greenhouses allow year-round production and offer precise environmental control. Polyhouses, net houses and plastic tunnels are also used for off-season propagation. Mist chambers maintain high humidity needed for rooting cuttings. Hot beds provide early seedling starts using supplemental heat. These structures enhance nursery productivity and quality through customized growing environments.
This document summarizes nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in various fruit crops. It describes the causes of deficiencies in crops like aonla, citrus, grapes, and avocado and the associated symptoms such as necrosis, splitting, chlorosis and burn. It outlines strategies for diagnosing deficiencies through soil and plant tissue analysis and provides guidance on optimal plant parts and stages for sampling. Treatment recommendations include fertilizer and foliar sprays tailored to the specific deficient nutrient.
Grafting involves uniting a scion from one plant to a stock plant to produce desirable traits. Reasons for grafting include changing plant size, increasing plants that cannot be reproduced otherwise, producing disease or pest resistance, altering form or variety, and enabling earlier flowering. For grafting to be successful, the scion and stock must be compatible and their cambium layers must be in contact. Grafting is also dependent on the physiological stage of the plants and cut surfaces must be protected from drying.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Computer aided design for landscape gardening MahaveerNagar17
This document presents information on a seminar about applying computer-aided design (CAD) systems for landscape gardening. It discusses the history and components of CAD systems, as well as the major steps and functions/limitations of CAD software for landscape design. The advantages of CAD systems include reducing errors, reusing designs, and viewing 3D sketches before implementation. Disadvantages include expense and needing training. CAD tools make designing more efficient and accurate.
The document discusses the role of mulching in crop production. It describes various types of mulches including organic mulches like grass, straw and sawdust, as well as synthetic mulches like black plastic, clear plastic and degradable plastic films. The document outlines the steps for laying mulch films in fruit crops and vegetable crops, including sizing the film, cutting it, cleaning the area, and fixing the film around plants. Mulching is beneficial as it conserves soil moisture, lowers soil temperature, and reduces weeds.
Seed viability refers to a seed's ability to germinate and is affected by various conditions. Viability is highest at physiological maturity and then declines over time, with lifespan varying greatly between species. Conditions like cold, dry storage help maximize longevity. Factors like mechanical damage, incomplete pollination, weathering, moisture content, temperature, and fungi can all negatively impact viability during development and storage. Proper drying and storage at low moisture levels and temperatures can extend viability significantly.
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
This document discusses various budding and grafting methods used in horticulture. It defines budding and grafting, lists their benefits, and describes several common techniques. Budding methods covered include shield budding, patch budding, chip budding, ring budding, and modified ring budding. Grafting methods discussed are veneer grafting, whip grafting, tongue grafting, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and bridge grafting. The document also addresses factors like budwood selection and season that influence budding and grafting success. A case study example demonstrates how grafting can boost plant growth, increase stress tolerance, and provide resistance to pathogens.
This document discusses nursery management. Some key points:
1. A nursery is a place where planting materials are raised through seeds or vegetative means with care before being transplanted elsewhere. Proper nursery management is important for mass producing quality planting materials.
2. The main phases of nursery management include planning, demand assessment, establishing a mother block, land and infrastructure requirements, and plant protection. Key elements are the nursery site, the plants being grown, and the nursery manager.
3. Proper media, containers, growing structures and environmental control are needed to successfully propagate plants. Root trainers can develop strong root systems to aid in plant establishment. The nursery manager must understand
The seed plot technique is used to produce healthy potato seed with low virus incidence. It involves selecting virus-free plants and storing their tubers separately to plant in isolated seed plots during periods of low aphid activity. This technique produces 2600 tons of breeder seed annually in India, saving $484 million by reducing seed imports. Studies show seed plot systems yield 6-15% higher than normal cultivation practices in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia.
1. The document discusses several diseases that affect fenugreek, including Cercospora leaf spot, charcoal rot, powdery mildew, downy mildew, rust, root/collar/foot rot, damping off, Fusarium wilt, and yellow mosaic virus.
2. It provides details on the pathogens, symptoms, conditions that favor disease development, and management strategies for each disease. The pathogens are fungi or viruses and the diseases can cause lesions, wilting, rotting, or mottling of leaves and stems.
3. Management involves cultural practices like crop rotation, as well as chemical controls like fungicides or resistant varieties depending on the specific disease. Maintaining proper growing
This document provides an overview of soils, potting mixes, and their ingredients. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Key points include: potting mixes aim to balance aeration and water retention through ingredients like perlite, vermiculite, bark, and peat moss. Soilless mixes are preferred over field soil alone due to restrictions on drainage in pots. The goal is to select ingredients that create a stable, nutrient-rich substrate with proper bulk density, porosity, and pH for plant needs. Questions about specific crop requirements or mix formulations can be directed to the expert contact provided.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
Seeds are the most important means of plant reproduction and have many uses for humans. Seed technology is the study of seed production, handling, and storage in order to ensure high quality seeds for successful crop production. It is important for maintaining genetic resources and allowing study of plant processes. Seeds are a major source of food, feed, fibers, oils and other products worldwide.
In simplest terms soil sterilization consist in getting
rid of the organisms harmful to plant growth or
atleast, in reducing their numbers to a point where
they are no longer of consequence without permanently eliminating or disturbing the balance of those organisms essenstial for fertility.
Soil sterilization is indispensable to modern practice, not only
because it ensures clean soil but because it provides better
nutrition; indeed, it is the basis of the best nutrition.
Basically it is treatment of soil of glasshouses , greenhouse and other horticultural soils in order to kill weed, seeds, plant disease organisms, and pests.
Sterilisation is distinct from disinfection, sanitization and pasteurization in that sterilization kills, deactivates, or eliminates all forms of life and other biological agents.
Example: Molya disease of wheat caused by Heterodera avenae White tip disease of rice caused by Aphelenchoides besseyi . Soil borne pathogens like Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotia can be controlled by this.
Organic manure, importance & propertiesMahiiKarthii
Organic manures are substances derived from animal and plant residues that are organic in nature and supply plant nutrients. They improve soil structure, water and nutrient retention, and support microbial activity. Fortified organic manures enrich organic waste with inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers to increase crop yields while protecting soil quality. Examples include enriched farmyard manure prepared by mixing mineral nutrients and zinc sulfate into farmyard manure.
Plant propagation structures in plant nursery.pptPudhuvai Baveesh
Plant propagation structures like greenhouses, polyhouses, net houses, plastic tunnels, mist chambers and hot beds play an important role in nursery production. They help maintain optimal climate conditions for seed germination and rooting cuttings. Greenhouses allow year-round production and offer precise environmental control. Polyhouses, net houses and plastic tunnels are also used for off-season propagation. Mist chambers maintain high humidity needed for rooting cuttings. Hot beds provide early seedling starts using supplemental heat. These structures enhance nursery productivity and quality through customized growing environments.
This document summarizes nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in various fruit crops. It describes the causes of deficiencies in crops like aonla, citrus, grapes, and avocado and the associated symptoms such as necrosis, splitting, chlorosis and burn. It outlines strategies for diagnosing deficiencies through soil and plant tissue analysis and provides guidance on optimal plant parts and stages for sampling. Treatment recommendations include fertilizer and foliar sprays tailored to the specific deficient nutrient.
Grafting involves uniting a scion from one plant to a stock plant to produce desirable traits. Reasons for grafting include changing plant size, increasing plants that cannot be reproduced otherwise, producing disease or pest resistance, altering form or variety, and enabling earlier flowering. For grafting to be successful, the scion and stock must be compatible and their cambium layers must be in contact. Grafting is also dependent on the physiological stage of the plants and cut surfaces must be protected from drying.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Computer aided design for landscape gardening MahaveerNagar17
This document presents information on a seminar about applying computer-aided design (CAD) systems for landscape gardening. It discusses the history and components of CAD systems, as well as the major steps and functions/limitations of CAD software for landscape design. The advantages of CAD systems include reducing errors, reusing designs, and viewing 3D sketches before implementation. Disadvantages include expense and needing training. CAD tools make designing more efficient and accurate.
The document discusses the role of mulching in crop production. It describes various types of mulches including organic mulches like grass, straw and sawdust, as well as synthetic mulches like black plastic, clear plastic and degradable plastic films. The document outlines the steps for laying mulch films in fruit crops and vegetable crops, including sizing the film, cutting it, cleaning the area, and fixing the film around plants. Mulching is beneficial as it conserves soil moisture, lowers soil temperature, and reduces weeds.
Seed viability refers to a seed's ability to germinate and is affected by various conditions. Viability is highest at physiological maturity and then declines over time, with lifespan varying greatly between species. Conditions like cold, dry storage help maximize longevity. Factors like mechanical damage, incomplete pollination, weathering, moisture content, temperature, and fungi can all negatively impact viability during development and storage. Proper drying and storage at low moisture levels and temperatures can extend viability significantly.
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
This document discusses various budding and grafting methods used in horticulture. It defines budding and grafting, lists their benefits, and describes several common techniques. Budding methods covered include shield budding, patch budding, chip budding, ring budding, and modified ring budding. Grafting methods discussed are veneer grafting, whip grafting, tongue grafting, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and bridge grafting. The document also addresses factors like budwood selection and season that influence budding and grafting success. A case study example demonstrates how grafting can boost plant growth, increase stress tolerance, and provide resistance to pathogens.
This document discusses nursery management. Some key points:
1. A nursery is a place where planting materials are raised through seeds or vegetative means with care before being transplanted elsewhere. Proper nursery management is important for mass producing quality planting materials.
2. The main phases of nursery management include planning, demand assessment, establishing a mother block, land and infrastructure requirements, and plant protection. Key elements are the nursery site, the plants being grown, and the nursery manager.
3. Proper media, containers, growing structures and environmental control are needed to successfully propagate plants. Root trainers can develop strong root systems to aid in plant establishment. The nursery manager must understand
The seed plot technique is used to produce healthy potato seed with low virus incidence. It involves selecting virus-free plants and storing their tubers separately to plant in isolated seed plots during periods of low aphid activity. This technique produces 2600 tons of breeder seed annually in India, saving $484 million by reducing seed imports. Studies show seed plot systems yield 6-15% higher than normal cultivation practices in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia.
1. The document discusses several diseases that affect fenugreek, including Cercospora leaf spot, charcoal rot, powdery mildew, downy mildew, rust, root/collar/foot rot, damping off, Fusarium wilt, and yellow mosaic virus.
2. It provides details on the pathogens, symptoms, conditions that favor disease development, and management strategies for each disease. The pathogens are fungi or viruses and the diseases can cause lesions, wilting, rotting, or mottling of leaves and stems.
3. Management involves cultural practices like crop rotation, as well as chemical controls like fungicides or resistant varieties depending on the specific disease. Maintaining proper growing
This document provides an overview of soils, potting mixes, and their ingredients. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Key points include: potting mixes aim to balance aeration and water retention through ingredients like perlite, vermiculite, bark, and peat moss. Soilless mixes are preferred over field soil alone due to restrictions on drainage in pots. The goal is to select ingredients that create a stable, nutrient-rich substrate with proper bulk density, porosity, and pH for plant needs. Questions about specific crop requirements or mix formulations can be directed to the expert contact provided.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
This document provides information on problem soils and their management. It discusses various types of problematic soils like saline, sodic, saline-sodic, acidic soils and their characteristics. The key reclamation methods for these soils including cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, organic and chemical amendments, and improved irrigation management are explained. The document also covers distribution and management of specific problem soils like acid sulphate and calcareous soils.
This document provides an overview of plant nutrition and fertilizers. It discusses essential plant nutrients including macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and micronutrients. It describes cation exchange capacity, soil pH, soil organic matter, nutrient deficiencies, and fertilizer types including slow-release and chelated micronutrient fertilizers. Guidelines are provided for fertilizing trees and turfgrass based on soil tests and nutrient requirements.
This document outlines the course content for SOL 202 - Problematic Soils and their Management. It covers problematic soil types like saline, sodic, acid and eroded soils. Section A discusses soil quality, waste lands and problem soils in India. Section B covers reclamation and management of different problematic soils through mechanical, hydrological, chemical and biological methods. Section C discusses irrigation water quality and use of saline water in agriculture. Section D covers multipurpose tree species for soil bioremediation. The assignments involve discussing soil fertility, waste lands, saline/sodic soil reclamation and other topics.
Characteristics of soil which encourage a good response of crops to fertilize...RohitKarde2
The document discusses soil characteristics that encourage good crop response to fertilizers. It covers physical properties like structure, texture and porosity which impact soil fertility. Biological properties like organic matter and microorganisms are also important. Chemical properties determine nutrient availability and deficiencies. Maintaining soil health through organic matter, drainage and preventing compaction leads to better fertility. The document also discusses saline, alkali and saline-alkali soils, how they are classified based on pH, EC and SAR values, and their global and local distribution.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
This document discusses different types of problematic soils and their management. It introduces salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes their characteristics and compares them. Reclamation methods for these soils include cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, biological and chemical amendments like gypsum, and irrigation management. Acidic soils and their reclamation using liming are also covered. The document provides an overview of various challenging soil conditions and approaches to improve soil productivity.
Fertilizers are substances added to soil or plant tissues to supply essential nutrients for plant growth. They are classified based on their nutrient composition (complete/incomplete), physical form (granular, powder, liquid), and concentration of primary nutrients (N, P, K). Major fertilizer types include nitrogenous (urea, ammonium), phosphatic (SSP, TSP, DAP), and potassic (MOP, potassium sulfate) fertilizers. Micronutrients like iron, manganese, zinc, copper and molybdenum are also required in small amounts and are supplied through fertilizers like chelates and frits to ensure their availability to plants. Proper understanding and application
This document discusses crop management on problem soils. It defines problem soils as soils that fail to perform normal soil functions like providing mechanical support, moisture, oxygen, and nutrients. The main types of problem soils discussed are salt-affected soils, waterlogged soils, eroded soils, and weed-infested soils. The document focuses on salt-affected soils, outlining various classification systems for saline and sodic soils. It also describes the effects of salt on plant life, including decreased water uptake, specific ion toxicity, nutritional imbalances, and soil structure degradation. Causes of soil salinity and classifications of salt tolerance in crops are covered as well.
This document discusses soil formation and properties. It covers:
1. Soil formation occurs through weathering of rocks, addition of organic matter, and formation of organo-mineral complexes. Weathering includes physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks.
2. Physical properties of soil include texture, structure, density, porosity, consistency, temperature, color, and resistivity. Chemical properties include cation exchange capacity and pH.
3. Cation exchange capacity and pH are important as they influence nutrient availability and microbial activity. Soil properties impact functions like plant growth, water storage, and serving as a habitat.
This document discusses the management of problematic soils, including acid soils, saline soils, and alkaline soils. It defines each soil type and describes their characteristics. For acid soils, the main problems are toxicity of aluminum and manganese, deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and poor microbial activity. Management approaches include growing acid-tolerant crops and applying liming materials like limestone to raise the soil pH. Saline soils have high salt content, while alkaline soils have excess sodium. Gypsum and sulfur are used to replace sodium on exchange sites and leach it from the soil profile.
Salt affected soils for improvement of cropsJanetSweety1
This document summarizes different types of salt-affected soils including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. Saline soils have a conductivity over 4 dS/m and sodium percentage below 15, forming from salinization processes in arid regions. Sodic soils have conductivity below 4 dS/m and sodium percentage over 15, forming from alkalization processes. Saline-sodic soils have both high conductivity and sodium percentage, forming from combined salinization and alkalization. Management includes leaching salts, drainage, appropriate irrigation, amendments, and crops tolerant of sodicity and salinity.
The factors which relate to structure and composition of soil are called edaphic factors.
Soil is a very complex medium. A good fertile soil contains mineral matter (40%), organic matter (10%), water (15%) and air (25%).
Mineral matter in the soil occurs in the form of particles. Soil can be studied under Physical and chemical properties.
Calcium oxide (CaO), also known as quicklime, is commonly used for liming ponds. When water is added to CaO, it produces calcium hydroxide and releases heat. Liming with CaO increases pond pH and alkalinity, making nutrients more available to plants and fish. It can also remove carbon dioxide, kill unwanted organisms, and disinfect pond bottoms. The proper dose of liming depends on the initial pond soil pH. Liming provides several benefits but must be applied carefully as a rapid pH increase can be lethal to fish.
Soil acidity is a major problem in India, affecting 49 million hectares of land. Soil becomes acidic due to excessive leaching of basic ions caused by high rainfall or crop removal, from soils formed on acid parent materials, or from the use of acid-forming fertilizers. The major processes involved in developing acidic soils are laterization under tropical climates, podzolization in humid temperate regions, and leaching of organic matter in heavy rainfall areas. Management of acidic soils requires adding basic amendments like lime to raise the pH.
This document summarizes key edaphic, or soil-related, factors. It defines edaphic factors as abiotic soil components like temperature, pH, and mineral composition. Soil is described as the biologically active upper layer of Earth's crust that serves as a habitat and nutrient reservoir. Soil properties like texture, structure, temperature, moisture, organic matter, nutrients, and cation exchange capacity are explained in relation to the types of organisms that can inhabit different soils. Methods for analyzing soil temperature, pH, moisture, organic matter, calcium, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels in the field are also outlined.
Fertilizers are substances added to soil or land to increase its fertility and support plant growth. They provide essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Fertilizers can be classified based on their nutrient composition (complete or incomplete), physical form (granular, powdered, liquid), nutrient content (high or low analysis), and acid/alkaline effect on soil. Common nitrogen fertilizers include urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate. Phosphorus fertilizers include single superphosphate, triple superphosphate, diammonium phosphate and rock phosphate. Potassium fertilizers include muriate of potash, potassium sulfate and potassium nitrate. Micronutrients like iron
Similar to Soils, Fertilizers and Potting Mixes (20)
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
3. Plant roots need gases
•Oxygen - burns (respires) sugars provided by the
canopy (leaves) for energy
•Release carbon dioxide in the process
•If the two gases cannot freely exchange with the
atmosphere…
• respiration shuts down
• roots die off
• Plants can’t get water or nutrients.
•Many root- and wood-rotting organisms (fungi)
thrive in low oxygen soil conditions.
4. Composition of a typical soil
Water
Air
Mineral
fraction
Organic matter
6. The effect of particle size
Sand particles Clay particles
Water flow
Air flow
7.
8. Texture effects on soil physical properties
Texture Available water Aeration Drainage Compaction
Sand
Loam
Silt loam
Clay loam
Clay
9. Soil texture and drainage
Sand
Silt Loam Clay Loam
Coarse
Texture
Medium
Texture
Fine
Texture
Can’t I just add Sand or Clay
to balance the condition of
the soil?
10. Answer: No…!
•Why? It’s a problem of scale:
• Soil weighs about 90 lbs per cu. ft.
• Soil from a hole 3 ft. in diameter by 2 ft deep is
about 18 cu. ft., and weighs 1600 lbs.
• To change the texture by 10 to 20% would require
160 to 320 lbs of material (sand or clay)
• Requires considerable expense and effort
• Could just be creating cement!
19. Excavation and Fill Soils
•Needed to provide proper grade and
surface drainage, but…
•Generally low in organic matter
•Excavated subsoils (basement, grade cut…)
•Often stockpiled for extended periods (much of
the organic matter decomposed in 2 to 6
months)
•Thoroughly disturbed, mixed and broken
up, structure has been reduced, even
eliminated.
21. Excessive drainage problem
•Very sandy soil
•Coarse soils are naturally droughty within
hours after rain.
•Add extra organic matter (but not to tree
planting holes)
•Precise water management (frequent, low
volume – like drip/trickle systems)
22. Amending soils with organic matter
•Improves drainage and aeration of clay soils
•Improves water-holding capacity of sandy soils
•Reduces compaction
•Provides/retains nutrients
•Locally lowers soil pH
•NOTE: Add no more than 25% by volume
• Higher levels can cause significant soil settling as OM
breaks down
24. Water and mineral nutrition
• Water action helps release minerals into the soil
solution (dissolving, freeze-thaw breakdown—
weathering of rock)
• Water is the medium by which mineral nutrients travel
to, into, and through the roots
25. Soil chemical properties greatly affect the
release of nutrients or the movement of water
•Soil texture
•pH affects mineral form and release
•Accumulation of salts: carbonates, sodium,
chloride and sulfates, etc.) can restrict water and
nutrient uptake, or alter soil structure
26. What is pH?
• pH is measured as the “activity” or concentration of
hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution.
• The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the
lower the pH (more acidic).
2 4 6 8 10 12
Neutral
(7.0)
acidic alkaline
27. •Why worry about soil pH?
•Affects the dissolution of
soil minerals
•Generally, higher pH =
lower mineral availability
29. •Why? Another problem of scale:
•Western soils have VERY large reservoirs of pH
buffers in the soil (solid carbonates and other
minerals, ex. “free lime”)
• 1% CaCO3 in an acre-foot of soil weighs 40,000 lbs
• Nevada soils frequently contain 20-30%
•All buffering compounds would have to be
dissolved and neutralized before the pH will
drop.
Answer: No
30. Buffering reactions:
CaCO3 + CO2 (in water) Ca2+ + 2 HCO3
(Calcium Carbonate) (Bicarbonate)
HCO3 + H+ (in water) CO2 + H2O
(this is just one acid neutralization reaction -- no
change in pH, i.e., no increase in free H+)
Added acid (H+) is consumed until all Carbonates
are dissolved, or other cations leached from the
system (i.e., Total Alkalinity is neutralized).
32. pH tolerant = iron-efficient plants
Iron-inefficient Intermediate Iron-efficient
Quaking aspen Red maple Ash
Sugar maple European beech Linden
Sweetgum Horsechestnut Scotch pine
Silver maple Baldcypress Ginkgo
Pin oak Quaking aspen Burr oak
34. “Typical” Nevada soils
•Arid/Droughty conditions
•Low precipitation
•Coarse, sandy soils
•High pH (alkaline – 7 to 8+)
•Reduced mineral nutrient release (especially
Iron)
•May not be able to “fix” the conditions.
35. IF I CAN’T FIX THE
SOIL, WHAT DO I
DO?
• Choose species adapted
to the conditions at hand
• Prepare soils for best
possible condition
36. Soil Organic Matter
• Originates from living organisms,
consisting mostly of carbon and nitrogen.
• Includes living organisms (bacteria, fungi,
earthworms) and decaying plant matter.
• Soil organisms use decaying plant matter
as a food source.
37. Humus
• An organic component of soil, formed by the
decomposition of leaves and other plant material
by soil microorganisms.
• “Stable” vs. “active” (compost)
• Stable humus does not add nutrients, but it does
bind and store nutrients.
• Presence of stable humus can prevent leaching
of nutrients from the soil.
38. Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
The degree to which cations can be held by
soil particles and exchanged with soil water.
Cation Anion
positively charged negatively charged
ex. Mg2+ ex. SO42-
Positive ions attract negative ions.
39.
40. Essential Nutrients
Chemical elements involved in the
metabolism of the plant or necessary
for the plant to complete its life cycle
Fertilizers are mineral salts.
44. Fertilizers
Inorganic
•Release elements
quickly in water
•Excess can “burn”
plants
•Urea is treated as
inorganic because of
“quick release” of N
•Solubility not affected
by temperature
•May leach from soil
Organic
•Release inorganic
ions slowly
Examples:
•Urea formaldehyde
•Isobutylidene diurea
(IBDU)
•Manures
•Sewage sludge
•Blood
•Bone meal
46. Slow-release: urea aldehydes
•Urea formaldehyde
• 36-38% nitrogen
• Slowly released
• Relies on microbial
breakdown
•IBDU – isobutylidene
diurea
• Slowly released
• Not dependent on microbial
activity.
47. Slow-release: sulfur-coated
•Prills of various
fertilizers (urea, triple
superphosphate,
potassium sulfate,
potassium chloride)
•Coated with sulfur and
wax-like sealant
•Not dependent on
microbial activity
Sulfur-coated urea
48. Water-Insoluble Nitrogen (WIN)
GUARANTEED MINIMUM ANALYSIS
Total Nitrogen (N) 12.0 %
Water Insoluble Nitrogen (N) 10.8%
Iron (Fe) 0.2%
Organic Matter 80.0%
Look for WIN that is at least 50% of total Nitrogen.
49. Forms of Nitrogen
•Ammonium (NH4+)
•Potential toxicity
•Acidifying
•Should be no more
than 40% of total N for
container plants
•Urea – broken down
to ammonium
•Nitrate – less chance
of toxicity but greater
chance of leaching
Ammonium toxicity symptoms
51. pH adjustment for turfgrass?
•Use of regular sulfur applications can deteriorate
soil structure and cause build-up of soluble salts.
•Hard water used for irrigation can negative the
acidifying effects.
•Acidifying fertilizers are a better option for western
soils
• Offset alkalinity of irrigation water
• Temporarily low soil pH at time of fertilization.
52. N is most important for turfgrass fertility
•Elicits the strongest growth response
•Enhances green color
•Absorbed primarily in NO3− form
•Can be translocated to leaf tissue within 24 hours.
53. Analysis of quick-release N fertilizers
N carrier Analysis Burn
potential
Soil reaction
Ammonium
nitrate
33-0-0 High Acidic
Potassium
nitrate
13-0-44 High Basic
Ammonium
sulfate
21-0-0 High Acidic
Urea 45-0-0 High Slightly acidic
Monoammonium
phosphate
11-50-0 Moderate Slightly acidic
Diammonium
phosphate
20-50-0 Moderate Basic
54. Analysis of slow-release N fertilizers
N carrier Analysis Burn
potential
Activity at
low
temperatures
IBDU 31-0-0 Moderately
low
Moderate
Sulfur-coated
Urea (SCU)
22 to 38-0-0 Low Moderate
Resin-coated
urea
24 to 35-0-0 Low Moderate
Urea
formaldehyde
36 to 38-0-0 Low Very low
Manures Variable Very low Very low
Activated 4 to 6-4-0 Very low Very low
55. Turfgrass N requirements by species
Grass species Lbs. N per 1,000 sq. ft. per
year
Creeping bentgrass 3 to 8
Kentucky bluegrass 2 to 4
Perennial ryegrass 2 to 4
Red fescue 1 to 3
Chewings fescue 1 to 3
Tall fescue 1 to 2
Dwarf fescue 1 to 2
No more than 1 lb. N in any one application.
56. Phosphorus requirements of turf
•Greatest response to phosphorus seen with
turfgrass seedlings.
•Deficiencies rarely observed in established turf
• Exceptions include low soil P levels or pH above 7.8
•Applications should be based on soil tests.
•High soil P levels increase potential for annual
bluegrass (weed) infestation.
58. Potassium requirements of turf
•K involved stress resistance, wear tolerance,
disease resistance
•Factors that affect requirements:
•Clipping removal, irrigation, soil texture
•Application should be based on soil tests.
59. “Winterizers”
•Only good for warm-
season grasses.
•Cool-season grasses
need nitrogen in the
fall.
•When? -mean daily
temperature for three or
more consecutive days
is below 50 degrees F.
60. Turf Fertilization Schedule
Maintenance
level
Spring
April/May
Summer
June July
Fall
Sept Nov
Total
Pounds of N per 1,000 square feet
Low 1 - - 1 - 2
Medium 1 - - 1 1 3
High 1 0.5 0.5 1 1 4
Fertilization may be reduced by as much as
one half if clippings are consistently recycled
back into the lawn.
61. Iron deficiency
•Most common micronutrient deficiency for
turfgrass
•Intervienal chlorosis of leaf blades and thinning of
turf
•More serious problem when pH above 7.5 or high
soil phosphorus.
•Spray every two weeks with 1 to 2 ounces ferrous
sulfate per 1,000 sq. ft. until corrected.
62. Fertilizer calculations
•You have a 50-lb bag of 26-5-10 fertilizer that you
want to apply to a lawn at a rate of 1.0 lb nitrogen
per 1000 sq ft. How much of the 26-5-10 fertilizer
will you need to apply per 1000 sq ft?
•Ignore the weight of the fertilizer bag and divide
the amount of nitrogen desired (1.0 lb nitrogen per
1000 sq ft) by the percentage of nitrogen in the
bag (26%). 26% = 0.26.
•(1.0 lb nitrogen per 1000 sq ft) ÷ 0.26 = 3.8 lb of a
26-5-10 fertilizer is needed to supply 1.0 lb
nitrogen per 1000 sq. ft.
67. Shift towards soilless potting mixes
•Do not need to be
pasteurized
(sterilized)
•Lighter in weight
(lower shipping
costs)
•Mixes are more
consistent – you
know what to expect
68. Properties of soilless potting mixes
•Water retention
•Aeration
•Drainage
The goal is to increase aeration without decreasing water
retention.
69. •Perlite
• Volcanic origin
• Low bulk density
• Good drainage and aeration
• Low CEC and water-holding
•Vermiculite
• Heat-expanded mica
• Low bulk density
• Use coarse grades for best
aeration and drainage
• High CEC and water-holding
Coarse mineral components
Vermiculite
pH 7.5
pH 7.5 (U.S.), 9.0 (African)
70. Sand
•Coarse concrete-grade
(washed)
•High bulk density
•Excellent drainage and
aeration
•Increases water-holding
when mixed with bark
•Decreases water-
holding when mixed
with field soil
•Low CEC
71. Calcined Clays
• Good water- and nutrient-holding capacity
• Excellent drainage qualities
• Provides Coarse Texture and Aggregated
Structure
• Little influence on pH of a mix
• Bulk density 30 to 40 lbs/ft3
72. Bulk Density
•How heavy per unit
volume
•Acceptable range:
40 to 60 lb/ft3
•Too heavy: not
economical to ship
•Too light: pots with
plants topple
Material
Bulk density at
CC
(lbs/ft3
)
Field soil 106
Sand 107
Sphagnum peat 54
Coir (coconut
fiber)
46
Vermiculite 46
Pine bark 51
Perlite 32
Rock wool 54
CC = Container Capacity
73. Peats
•Sphagnum moss - a moss that grows in
acid bogs in North America, Canada, and
northern Europe
•Sphagnum peat moss - the partially
decomposed remains of Sphagnum moss
•Peat moss (or moss peat) – partially
decomposed Sphagnum or hypnum
•Reed-sedge peat – reeds, sedges,
marsh grasses and cattails (variable in color
and other properties)
•Peat humus – highly decomposed; low
water-holding capacity
Less decomposed
More
decomposed
74. Sphagnum moss Sphagnum moss peat – pH 3.0 to 4.0
Hypnum moss peat– pH 5.2 to 5.5
Reed-sedge peat – pH 4.0 to 7.5
75. Peat-based mixes
•Common formulations:
•Sphagnum peat moss / vermiculite (1 : 1)
•Sphagnum peat moss / perlite (1 : 1)
•Excellent water- and nutrient-holding, good
drainage.
•Very difficult to re-wet if allowed to dry out.
•Must be careful not to over-fertilize and
water enough to leach out excess nutrients.
•Breaks down over time.
76. Bark-based products
•Cheaper than
Sphagnum peat
• pH 4.5, increases
over time
•Excellent aeration and
wettability
•Poor water-holding
•Often mixed with sand
and vermiculite or
peat moss (3 bark : 1
sand : 1 vermiculite or
peat moss)
pH of softwoods 3.0 to 4.0
pH of hardwoods 6.0 to 7.0
78. •Dolomitic limestone
• Correct the pH or acidity of a
mix
•Phosphate
• Superphosphate (0-45-0)
•Nitrogen and
potassium
• Enough to last 2 weeks
•Micronutrient mix
• Enough to last the growing
season
•Wetting agent
• Gel granules help media hold
water longer
Other Pre-plant Additives
Hydrogel crystals used as a
wetting agent
79. Organic mixes
• OMRI –
• Organic Materials Review
Institute
• Assures products are
consistent with the
requirements of the National
Organic Standard.
• Challenge is not finding
ingredients but in getting
consistency.
• May not use wetting agents
in certified organic
products.
80. Summary – container substrates
•Stable product that will not shrink in volume during
plant production / shelf time.
•Bulk density low enough for shipping and handling
but high enough to prevent toppling of plants.
•At least 10 to 20% air by volume at CC (container
capacity) in a 6.5-inch pot
•High cation exchange capacity (CEC) for nutrient-
holding.
•pH of 6.2 to 6.8 (soil-based) or 5.4 to 6.5 (soilless)
– crop dependent