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Environmental problems in pakistan
- 1. Environmental Problems inPakistan Presented By Haleema Zeb Abbasi 1
- 2. • The upperlayer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles. 2
- 3. Soil Problems inPakistan • Decline soil fertility, • Soil salinity, • Soil erosion, • Soil contamination, • Deforestation, • Desertification, • Scarcity of essential minerals • Steadily depletion of organic matter contents. 3
- 4. 1. Decline SoilFertility Soil fertility decline is defined as; • The decline in chemical soil fertility or a decrease in the level of soil organic matter, PH, cation exchange capacity and plant nutrients 4
- 5. Causes of declinesoil fertility • Soil erosion • Growing crops • Leaching • Limited rainfall • Crop burning 5
- 6. Effects • Nutrient depletionor nutrient decline (larger removal than addition of nutrients). • Nutrient mining (large removal of nutrients and no inputs). • Acidification (decline in pH and=or an increase in exchangeable Al). • The loss of organic matter. 6
- 7. Remedies • Introducing pasturephases and leguminous Crops • Adding inorganic fertilizers • Addition of lime • Reduced tillage system • Retaining crop residues on site 7
- 8. 2. Desertification • Desertificationis land degradation process in arid and semi-arid areas. • It is a process by which fertile land is transformed into desert. 8
- 9. Main Causes ofdesertification • Overgrazing • Drought • Urbanization • Climate change • Over cultivation • Deforestation • Natural disasters. 9
- 10. Effects • Loss ofbiodiversity. • More chance of Floods. • Soil erosion. • More chance of Desertification and drought 10
- 11. • Loss ofnutrients • Poor Water Quality • Hunger problems • Increase in sand storms 11
- 12. Remediation for Desertification •Rising awareness of the problem • Planting indigenous trees and shrubs • Developing sustainable agricultural practices • Controlled grazing • Crop rotation (increase fertility & reduce soil erosion) • Proper land management • Soil and water management • Introduce proper technologies • Manage dry land resources • Tree planting schemes to reduce soil erosion 12
- 13. 3. Soil salinity •Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. • Salts occur naturally within soils and water. 13
- 14. Causes of Salinization •The presence of soluble salts, such as sulfates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium in the soil • Low annual rainfall in semiarid areas • A high water table • At the base of hill slopes • And in flat, low-lying areas surrounding sloughs and shallow bodies of water • A high rate of evaporation 14
- 15. Effects of Salinization •High levels of salt in the soil have a similar effect as doughtiness by making water less available for uptake by plant roots. • Few plants grow well on saline soils • Salinization often restricts options for cropping in a given land area. • Salinization degrades the quality of shallow ground water and surface water resources, such as ponds, sloughs, and dugouts. 15
- 16. Remedies to ControlSalinization • By managing the area contributing excess water to the soil(recharge area) or • By managing the area where the excess water comes to the surface (discharge area). 16
- 17. 4. Soil Erosion •Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away (by water or wind) of the top layer of soil (dirt). • It is one form of soil degradation. • If the soil has eroded, the crops that make food will not grow very well. 17
- 18. Causes of SoilErosion • Rainfall & flooding • Wind • Overgrazing • Lack of vegetation • Deforestation • Farming 18
- 19. Effects of SoilErosion • Loss of topsoil • Soil compaction • Reduced organic matter • Poor drainage • Long term erosion • Water pollution • Issue with plant production 19
- 20. Remediation Measures • Forestprotection • Careful tilling • Crop rotation • Mulching • Buffer strips • Contour farming • Wind breakers 20
- 21. 5. Deforestation • Deforestationis when forests are destroyed by cutting trees (logging) and not replanting them. • This can include clearing the land for agriculture or grazing, or using the timber for fuel, construction or manufacturing. 21
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- 24. The Effect ofDeforestation on Nutrient Cycling 24
- 25. Remediation • Law andpolicies • Controlled logging • Afforestation • Conservation 25
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