This document provides information on problem soils and their management. It discusses various types of problematic soils like saline, sodic, saline-sodic, acidic soils and their characteristics. The key reclamation methods for these soils including cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, organic and chemical amendments, and improved irrigation management are explained. The document also covers distribution and management of specific problem soils like acid sulphate and calcareous soils.
This document discusses different types of problematic soils and their management. It introduces salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes their characteristics and compares them. Reclamation methods for these soils include cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, biological and chemical amendments like gypsum, and irrigation management. Acidic soils and their reclamation using liming are also covered. The document provides an overview of various challenging soil conditions and approaches to improve soil productivity.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
Salt affected soils for improvement of cropsJanetSweety1
This document summarizes different types of salt-affected soils including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. Saline soils have a conductivity over 4 dS/m and sodium percentage below 15, forming from salinization processes in arid regions. Sodic soils have conductivity below 4 dS/m and sodium percentage over 15, forming from alkalization processes. Saline-sodic soils have both high conductivity and sodium percentage, forming from combined salinization and alkalization. Management includes leaching salts, drainage, appropriate irrigation, amendments, and crops tolerant of sodicity and salinity.
This document discusses crop management on problem soils. It defines problem soils as soils that fail to perform normal soil functions like providing mechanical support, moisture, oxygen, and nutrients. The main types of problem soils discussed are salt-affected soils, waterlogged soils, eroded soils, and weed-infested soils. The document focuses on salt-affected soils, outlining various classification systems for saline and sodic soils. It also describes the effects of salt on plant life, including decreased water uptake, specific ion toxicity, nutritional imbalances, and soil structure degradation. Causes of soil salinity and classifications of salt tolerance in crops are covered as well.
This document outlines the course content for SOL 202 - Problematic Soils and their Management. It covers problematic soil types like saline, sodic, acid and eroded soils. Section A discusses soil quality, waste lands and problem soils in India. Section B covers reclamation and management of different problematic soils through mechanical, hydrological, chemical and biological methods. Section C discusses irrigation water quality and use of saline water in agriculture. Section D covers multipurpose tree species for soil bioremediation. The assignments involve discussing soil fertility, waste lands, saline/sodic soil reclamation and other topics.
Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
This document discusses different types of problem soils in India, including saline soils, sodic soils, and acid soils. Saline soils contain excess salts and affect plant growth through osmotic effects. Sodic soils have a high pH and sodium content which disperses clay and reduces permeability. Acid soils are characterized by low pH and aluminum toxicity. The document outlines methods for reclaiming each soil type, including leaching salts from saline soils, applying gypsum to sodic soils to replace sodium with calcium, and liming acid soils to raise pH. Crop selection, irrigation management, and soil amendments are also important strategies for reclaiming problem soils.
This document discusses different types of problematic soils and their management. It introduces salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes their characteristics and compares them. Reclamation methods for these soils include cultural practices, use of tolerant crops, biological and chemical amendments like gypsum, and irrigation management. Acidic soils and their reclamation using liming are also covered. The document provides an overview of various challenging soil conditions and approaches to improve soil productivity.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
Salt affected soils for improvement of cropsJanetSweety1
This document summarizes different types of salt-affected soils including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. Saline soils have a conductivity over 4 dS/m and sodium percentage below 15, forming from salinization processes in arid regions. Sodic soils have conductivity below 4 dS/m and sodium percentage over 15, forming from alkalization processes. Saline-sodic soils have both high conductivity and sodium percentage, forming from combined salinization and alkalization. Management includes leaching salts, drainage, appropriate irrigation, amendments, and crops tolerant of sodicity and salinity.
This document discusses crop management on problem soils. It defines problem soils as soils that fail to perform normal soil functions like providing mechanical support, moisture, oxygen, and nutrients. The main types of problem soils discussed are salt-affected soils, waterlogged soils, eroded soils, and weed-infested soils. The document focuses on salt-affected soils, outlining various classification systems for saline and sodic soils. It also describes the effects of salt on plant life, including decreased water uptake, specific ion toxicity, nutritional imbalances, and soil structure degradation. Causes of soil salinity and classifications of salt tolerance in crops are covered as well.
This document outlines the course content for SOL 202 - Problematic Soils and their Management. It covers problematic soil types like saline, sodic, acid and eroded soils. Section A discusses soil quality, waste lands and problem soils in India. Section B covers reclamation and management of different problematic soils through mechanical, hydrological, chemical and biological methods. Section C discusses irrigation water quality and use of saline water in agriculture. Section D covers multipurpose tree species for soil bioremediation. The assignments involve discussing soil fertility, waste lands, saline/sodic soil reclamation and other topics.
Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
This document discusses different types of problem soils in India, including saline soils, sodic soils, and acid soils. Saline soils contain excess salts and affect plant growth through osmotic effects. Sodic soils have a high pH and sodium content which disperses clay and reduces permeability. Acid soils are characterized by low pH and aluminum toxicity. The document outlines methods for reclaiming each soil type, including leaching salts from saline soils, applying gypsum to sodic soils to replace sodium with calcium, and liming acid soils to raise pH. Crop selection, irrigation management, and soil amendments are also important strategies for reclaiming problem soils.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
This document discusses different types of salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes the properties of each soil type and methods for reclamation. Sodic soils have a high sodium content which reduces water intake, while saline soils contain water-soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts from the root zone through irrigation and drainage. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding calcium amendments like gypsum to replace sodium on clay surfaces and improve soil structure and permeability. Proper drainage is also needed to manage salt levels in both soil types.
The Problematic soils are major constrain for agriculture. Understanding their properties in important for providing solutions. Sodic soils are one of them mainly found in coastal areas and Arid climate conditions. Further knowledge about management of sodic soils is necessary.
This document provides an overview of soils, fertilizers, and potting mixes for green industry training. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Different fertilizer types like slow-release and those suitable for turfgrass are described. The challenges of Nevada's alkaline, coarse-textured soils are addressed, emphasizing the need to choose adapted plants and amend soils for optimal growing conditions.
This document provides an overview of soils, potting mixes, and their ingredients. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Key points include: potting mixes aim to balance aeration and water retention through ingredients like perlite, vermiculite, bark, and peat moss. Soilless mixes are preferred over field soil alone due to restrictions on drainage in pots. The goal is to select ingredients that create a stable, nutrient-rich substrate with proper bulk density, porosity, and pH for plant needs. Questions about specific crop requirements or mix formulations can be directed to the expert contact provided.
Removal of Excess salts to root zone (IGKV RAIPUR C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses methods for reclaiming saline soils by removing excess salts from the root zone. Mechanical methods include flooding the land to leach salts down below the root zone through standing water. Cultural methods involve providing drainage, using salt-free irrigation water, planting seeds in furrows to avoid salt concentrations, using acidic fertilizers, and growing salt-tolerant crops. Chemical methods involve adding gypsum or sulfur to help reclaim saline soils.
Alkaline Soils
Clay soils with a pH of more than 8.5 are classified as alkaline soils. The higher pH is caused by high quantities of salt, magnesium, and calcium. Furthermore, hard water can cause the pH of soils to rise to alkaline proportions. On the other hand, sodium carbonate is the dominant component in alkaline soil. Therefore, alkaline soils inflate when exposed to sodium carbonate.
Saline Soils
When there is an overabundance of sodium ions in the clay and soil complex that still includes exchangeable calcium, the soil is referred to as saline soil, brown alkali soil, or white alkali soil. This soil continues to be flocculated or granulated. As a result, it has air and water permeability.
Agriculture on Saline and Alkaline Soils
Coconut trees may be found in abundance in coastal settings. In addition, as previously stated, farming salt-tolerant crops such as dhaincha, berseem, and other grain legume crops may aid in the reclamation of these soils. Moreover, some of the suitable agriculture on saline-alkaline soil is mentioned below:
Suitable Crops: Barley, Cotton, Sugar beet, Sugarcane, Rice, Mustard, Maize, Green Gram, Red Gram, Sunflower, Sesame, Linseed, Sorghum, Bajra, etc.
Suitable Vegetables: Tomato, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Cucumber, Bitter guard, Pumpkin, Spinach, etc.
Suitable Fruits: Guava, Beetroot, Asparagus, Coconut, Banana, Grape, Pomegranate, Date palm, etc.
Features of Saline and Alkaline Soils
The topsoil of Saline and Alkaline Soil is permeated (saturated or soaked with a material) with alkaline and saline efflorescences.
Weathering produces calcium salts, magnesium, sodium, and sulfurous acid from inert rock pieces.
In areas with a lower water table, salts permeate the subsurface, but in areas with high drainage, salts are washed away by running water.
Certain salts are delivered in suspension by rivers.
In places with a higher subsoil surface water, harmful salts are carried below by capillary forces during the summer months due to evaporation.
Water with a high salt content becomes stationary in places with inadequate drainage and accumulates all of the salt contents in the soil layer as it dissipates.
Alkaline and Saline Soil Areas in India
Saline and Alkaline Soil covers an area of 68,000 square kilometers. These soils are formed in canal rinsed lands and locations with a higher subsurface water table. This type of soil may be found in parts of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Maharashtra. However, the build-up of the salts leaves the soil unproductive and unsuited for cultivation.
The sea tides transporting salt-laden sediments damage the lands near the Khambhat Gulf of Gujarat. As a result, vast portions of the Mahi, Tapi, Narmada, and Sabarmati rivers are unproductive. When severe storms, salty sea waves invade coastal locations, rendering the soil unsuitable for farming.
1. The document discusses salt-affected soils found in arid and semi-arid regions characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation. These soils can become saline, sodic, or saline-sodic.
2. Saline soils contain appreciable amounts of soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates which do not affect the soil structure. Sodic soils contain exchangeable sodium which disperses clay and degrades the soil structure. Saline-sodic soils have high salinity and sodicity.
3. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts below the root zone. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding amendments like gypsum to replace exchangeable sodium with calcium and restore soil structure
This document summarizes methods for reclaiming alkaline and saline soils. It discusses how excess sodium and poor drainage can lead to alkalinity in soils. The main reclamation methods described are leaching salts from the soil using drainage and flooding, and converting salts using amendments like gypsum, sulfur, or iron sulfate. These amendments cause chemical reactions that replace exchangeable sodium with calcium, forming leachable sodium sulfates. Careful irrigation is also important to prevent salt accumulation and allow for salt precipitation below the root zone.
Saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils occur when rainfall is insufficient to leach salts below the root zone, leaving soils high in salts like sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate. Saline soils have high salt levels that increase osmotic pressure and reduce water availability to plants. Sodic soils have high sodium levels that disperse soil particles, reducing infiltration and root growth. Saline-sodic soils contain both high salts and sodium but remain flocculated if salt levels stay elevated; management focuses on exchanging sodium for calcium followed by leaching salts. Proper irrigation water quality and sufficient leaching are needed to manage all salt-affected soils for agriculture.
This document discusses soil salinity, its effects on plant growth, and recommendations for managing saline soils. It defines soil salinity as the salt content in soil and explains how soils become saline through natural and human-caused processes like irrigation. It then describes how salinity reduces water uptake in plants and inhibits their growth. The document also provides a scale of crop salt tolerance and notes Pakistan has over 6 million hectares of salt-affected land. Finally, it recommends drainage, use of salt-tolerant crops, and adding organic matter to help reclaim saline soils.
Acid soil formation and classification of acid soil in indiaKARTHIKEYANB30
Genesis of soil acidity,acid soil forming factors, pedogenic process influence the acid soil, acid soil classification, amelioration of soil acidity-chemistry of liming, equivalent acidity,neutralizing value or calcium carbonate equivalent
Problem soils are soils with lower productivity due to unfavorable conditions like high salt content or acidic pH levels. These include saline soils with high levels of soluble salts, sodic/alkaline soils with high exchangeable sodium, and saline-sodic soils which have both. Saline soils have EC >4 dS/m and ESP <15, making their physical condition better than sodic soils. Sodic soils have EC <4 dS/m, ESP >15, and deteriorated physical structure. Saline-sodic soils have EC >4 dS/m, ESP >15, and contain both salts and exchangeable sodium. Reclamation of saline soils can involve cultural practices, tolerant crops, biological or
This document discusses nutrient management in salt-affected soils in Uttar Pradesh, India. It defines salt-affected soils and outlines causes of soil salinity such as weathering of rocks, shallow groundwater, sea water intrusion, and poor irrigation practices. Uttar Pradesh has the largest area of alkali-affected soil in India, covering 1.35 million hectares. Management techniques include applying gypsum to provide calcium and lower soil pH, as salt-affected soils often lack calcium. A reclamation method for saline-sodic lands in Uttar Pradesh involves flushing soluble salts from the soil followed by gypsum application.
AGR515 [Management of problem soils].pptxHariomMeena51
This document discusses the reclamation of sodic soils using gypsum. It begins by providing background on the extent and types of salt-affected soils in India. Sodic soils have excess sodium that negatively impacts plant growth and soil properties by causing poor physical conditions. Reclamation of sodic soils aims to replace exchangeable sodium with calcium through the application of gypsum and leaching. Gypsum effectively ameliorates sodic soils by lowering pH and exchangeable sodium percentage over time. It also increases soil organic carbon content and available nitrogen. Gypsum is a good amendment for sodic soil reclamation due to its availability and low cost.
The document discusses the distribution and causes of different types of problematic soils in India, including acidic soils which cover 49 million hectares, or 9.3% of the country's total geographical area. It outlines the main factors that can lead to the formation of acidic, saline, sodic, saline-sodic, calcareous, and acid sulfate soils. Problematic soils pose challenges for agricultural land use due to their composition and environmental conditions.
Organic farms aim to manage soil fertility through carefully planned crop rotations, nutrient recycling, and minimizing external inputs. Key aspects of maintaining soil fertility include using crop rotations with fertility-building phases using legumes to fix nitrogen; thinking about nutrient flows at both the field and whole-farm level; frequent additions of organic matter through manures, cover crops and crop residues; and only using supplementary nutrients when necessary. Proper soil drainage, pH, and cultivation methods that optimize biological activity are also important for maximizing nutrient availability and recycling on organic farms.
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred in 1984 when a leak of toxic methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India killed over 20,000 people. Survivors continue to suffer long-term health effects from exposure to the gas. The tragedy demonstrated Union Carbide's negligence in maintaining safety measures and lack of accountability. It highlighted the need for stronger corporate responsibility and government regulations to prevent such industrial disasters in the future.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
This document discusses different types of salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes the properties of each soil type and methods for reclamation. Sodic soils have a high sodium content which reduces water intake, while saline soils contain water-soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts from the root zone through irrigation and drainage. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding calcium amendments like gypsum to replace sodium on clay surfaces and improve soil structure and permeability. Proper drainage is also needed to manage salt levels in both soil types.
The Problematic soils are major constrain for agriculture. Understanding their properties in important for providing solutions. Sodic soils are one of them mainly found in coastal areas and Arid climate conditions. Further knowledge about management of sodic soils is necessary.
This document provides an overview of soils, fertilizers, and potting mixes for green industry training. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Different fertilizer types like slow-release and those suitable for turfgrass are described. The challenges of Nevada's alkaline, coarse-textured soils are addressed, emphasizing the need to choose adapted plants and amend soils for optimal growing conditions.
This document provides an overview of soils, potting mixes, and their ingredients. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Key points include: potting mixes aim to balance aeration and water retention through ingredients like perlite, vermiculite, bark, and peat moss. Soilless mixes are preferred over field soil alone due to restrictions on drainage in pots. The goal is to select ingredients that create a stable, nutrient-rich substrate with proper bulk density, porosity, and pH for plant needs. Questions about specific crop requirements or mix formulations can be directed to the expert contact provided.
Removal of Excess salts to root zone (IGKV RAIPUR C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses methods for reclaiming saline soils by removing excess salts from the root zone. Mechanical methods include flooding the land to leach salts down below the root zone through standing water. Cultural methods involve providing drainage, using salt-free irrigation water, planting seeds in furrows to avoid salt concentrations, using acidic fertilizers, and growing salt-tolerant crops. Chemical methods involve adding gypsum or sulfur to help reclaim saline soils.
Alkaline Soils
Clay soils with a pH of more than 8.5 are classified as alkaline soils. The higher pH is caused by high quantities of salt, magnesium, and calcium. Furthermore, hard water can cause the pH of soils to rise to alkaline proportions. On the other hand, sodium carbonate is the dominant component in alkaline soil. Therefore, alkaline soils inflate when exposed to sodium carbonate.
Saline Soils
When there is an overabundance of sodium ions in the clay and soil complex that still includes exchangeable calcium, the soil is referred to as saline soil, brown alkali soil, or white alkali soil. This soil continues to be flocculated or granulated. As a result, it has air and water permeability.
Agriculture on Saline and Alkaline Soils
Coconut trees may be found in abundance in coastal settings. In addition, as previously stated, farming salt-tolerant crops such as dhaincha, berseem, and other grain legume crops may aid in the reclamation of these soils. Moreover, some of the suitable agriculture on saline-alkaline soil is mentioned below:
Suitable Crops: Barley, Cotton, Sugar beet, Sugarcane, Rice, Mustard, Maize, Green Gram, Red Gram, Sunflower, Sesame, Linseed, Sorghum, Bajra, etc.
Suitable Vegetables: Tomato, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Cucumber, Bitter guard, Pumpkin, Spinach, etc.
Suitable Fruits: Guava, Beetroot, Asparagus, Coconut, Banana, Grape, Pomegranate, Date palm, etc.
Features of Saline and Alkaline Soils
The topsoil of Saline and Alkaline Soil is permeated (saturated or soaked with a material) with alkaline and saline efflorescences.
Weathering produces calcium salts, magnesium, sodium, and sulfurous acid from inert rock pieces.
In areas with a lower water table, salts permeate the subsurface, but in areas with high drainage, salts are washed away by running water.
Certain salts are delivered in suspension by rivers.
In places with a higher subsoil surface water, harmful salts are carried below by capillary forces during the summer months due to evaporation.
Water with a high salt content becomes stationary in places with inadequate drainage and accumulates all of the salt contents in the soil layer as it dissipates.
Alkaline and Saline Soil Areas in India
Saline and Alkaline Soil covers an area of 68,000 square kilometers. These soils are formed in canal rinsed lands and locations with a higher subsurface water table. This type of soil may be found in parts of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Maharashtra. However, the build-up of the salts leaves the soil unproductive and unsuited for cultivation.
The sea tides transporting salt-laden sediments damage the lands near the Khambhat Gulf of Gujarat. As a result, vast portions of the Mahi, Tapi, Narmada, and Sabarmati rivers are unproductive. When severe storms, salty sea waves invade coastal locations, rendering the soil unsuitable for farming.
1. The document discusses salt-affected soils found in arid and semi-arid regions characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation. These soils can become saline, sodic, or saline-sodic.
2. Saline soils contain appreciable amounts of soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates which do not affect the soil structure. Sodic soils contain exchangeable sodium which disperses clay and degrades the soil structure. Saline-sodic soils have high salinity and sodicity.
3. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts below the root zone. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding amendments like gypsum to replace exchangeable sodium with calcium and restore soil structure
This document summarizes methods for reclaiming alkaline and saline soils. It discusses how excess sodium and poor drainage can lead to alkalinity in soils. The main reclamation methods described are leaching salts from the soil using drainage and flooding, and converting salts using amendments like gypsum, sulfur, or iron sulfate. These amendments cause chemical reactions that replace exchangeable sodium with calcium, forming leachable sodium sulfates. Careful irrigation is also important to prevent salt accumulation and allow for salt precipitation below the root zone.
Saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils occur when rainfall is insufficient to leach salts below the root zone, leaving soils high in salts like sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate. Saline soils have high salt levels that increase osmotic pressure and reduce water availability to plants. Sodic soils have high sodium levels that disperse soil particles, reducing infiltration and root growth. Saline-sodic soils contain both high salts and sodium but remain flocculated if salt levels stay elevated; management focuses on exchanging sodium for calcium followed by leaching salts. Proper irrigation water quality and sufficient leaching are needed to manage all salt-affected soils for agriculture.
This document discusses soil salinity, its effects on plant growth, and recommendations for managing saline soils. It defines soil salinity as the salt content in soil and explains how soils become saline through natural and human-caused processes like irrigation. It then describes how salinity reduces water uptake in plants and inhibits their growth. The document also provides a scale of crop salt tolerance and notes Pakistan has over 6 million hectares of salt-affected land. Finally, it recommends drainage, use of salt-tolerant crops, and adding organic matter to help reclaim saline soils.
Acid soil formation and classification of acid soil in indiaKARTHIKEYANB30
Genesis of soil acidity,acid soil forming factors, pedogenic process influence the acid soil, acid soil classification, amelioration of soil acidity-chemistry of liming, equivalent acidity,neutralizing value or calcium carbonate equivalent
Problem soils are soils with lower productivity due to unfavorable conditions like high salt content or acidic pH levels. These include saline soils with high levels of soluble salts, sodic/alkaline soils with high exchangeable sodium, and saline-sodic soils which have both. Saline soils have EC >4 dS/m and ESP <15, making their physical condition better than sodic soils. Sodic soils have EC <4 dS/m, ESP >15, and deteriorated physical structure. Saline-sodic soils have EC >4 dS/m, ESP >15, and contain both salts and exchangeable sodium. Reclamation of saline soils can involve cultural practices, tolerant crops, biological or
This document discusses nutrient management in salt-affected soils in Uttar Pradesh, India. It defines salt-affected soils and outlines causes of soil salinity such as weathering of rocks, shallow groundwater, sea water intrusion, and poor irrigation practices. Uttar Pradesh has the largest area of alkali-affected soil in India, covering 1.35 million hectares. Management techniques include applying gypsum to provide calcium and lower soil pH, as salt-affected soils often lack calcium. A reclamation method for saline-sodic lands in Uttar Pradesh involves flushing soluble salts from the soil followed by gypsum application.
AGR515 [Management of problem soils].pptxHariomMeena51
This document discusses the reclamation of sodic soils using gypsum. It begins by providing background on the extent and types of salt-affected soils in India. Sodic soils have excess sodium that negatively impacts plant growth and soil properties by causing poor physical conditions. Reclamation of sodic soils aims to replace exchangeable sodium with calcium through the application of gypsum and leaching. Gypsum effectively ameliorates sodic soils by lowering pH and exchangeable sodium percentage over time. It also increases soil organic carbon content and available nitrogen. Gypsum is a good amendment for sodic soil reclamation due to its availability and low cost.
The document discusses the distribution and causes of different types of problematic soils in India, including acidic soils which cover 49 million hectares, or 9.3% of the country's total geographical area. It outlines the main factors that can lead to the formation of acidic, saline, sodic, saline-sodic, calcareous, and acid sulfate soils. Problematic soils pose challenges for agricultural land use due to their composition and environmental conditions.
Organic farms aim to manage soil fertility through carefully planned crop rotations, nutrient recycling, and minimizing external inputs. Key aspects of maintaining soil fertility include using crop rotations with fertility-building phases using legumes to fix nitrogen; thinking about nutrient flows at both the field and whole-farm level; frequent additions of organic matter through manures, cover crops and crop residues; and only using supplementary nutrients when necessary. Proper soil drainage, pH, and cultivation methods that optimize biological activity are also important for maximizing nutrient availability and recycling on organic farms.
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred in 1984 when a leak of toxic methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India killed over 20,000 people. Survivors continue to suffer long-term health effects from exposure to the gas. The tragedy demonstrated Union Carbide's negligence in maintaining safety measures and lack of accountability. It highlighted the need for stronger corporate responsibility and government regulations to prevent such industrial disasters in the future.
The document announces an upcoming landscape gardening event at NAVDHARA 2023 School of Agriculture called "PAVEMENTS LANDSCAPE". Teams of 4 students will design and create a landscape model using paving materials and agricultural waste within the time limit. Participants must register and pay a 100 rupee fee. Certificates will be awarded to all participants and the top 3 teams will receive prizes. The event will take place on May 16th and be judged by faculty members.
This document provides information on solar energy storage and applications. It discusses three main methods for storing solar thermal energy: sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, and thermo-chemical storage. Sensible heat storage involves heating materials without a phase change, latent heat storage uses phase change materials, and thermo-chemical storage uses chemical reactions. Additional solar thermal storage applications discussed include solar ponds, solar distillation, solar drying, and photovoltaic energy conversion. The document also covers solar cell components and how they work to convert sunlight to electricity.
This document provides information on rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) including its history, uses, cultivation practices, processing, and diseases/pests. Key points include: rubber is an important tropical tree crop that is the primary source of natural rubber; its cultivation involves propagation through budding/grafting, tapping of trees for latex collection, and processing latex into concentrated latex or rubber sheets; and common diseases include abnormal leaf fall, powdery mildew, and bark rot while common pests are mealybugs, white ants, and caterpillars.
Lemon grass is a tropical grass grown for its oil, which is used in foods, cosmetics and medicines. It prefers temperatures between 10-30 degrees C and grows well in loamy soil with good drainage. Varieties include Nima, Krishna and NLG 84. Lemon grass is planted from seed or slips in nurseries and transplanted to fields after 2 months. It requires irrigation every 4-6 days in summer and yields are harvested every 60-70 days after 4-6 months by cutting the grass 10-15 cm above the ground. Pests include stem boring caterpillars and nematodes, while diseases include long smut, red leaf spot and rust.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
SUBJECT: AGR-411 (0+10)
TOPIC- PROBLEM SOILS AND THEIR
MANAGEMENT
Presented to- Ardith Shankar
Presented by-
Ankita Das (16306)
Anna Alokita Hembrom (16309)
Deepanjali Srivastava (16310)
Anup kumar(16311)
2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• enlist of problematic soil
• Salt affected soil
• Characteristic of salt affected soil
• Comparison between salt affected soil
• Reclamation of Saline soils
• Reclamation of sodic soils
• Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
• Acidic soils
• Reclamation of acidic soil
• Acid Sulphate soils and its management
• Calcareous soil
3. INTRODUCTION
• Problem soils are the soils whose productivity is
lowered due to inherent unfavorable soil conditions
viz., salt content and soil reaction.
• In India, the extent of salt affected soils increased
enormously to 6.74M ha.
• Soil salinity is one of the major problems restricting
crop production in the arid and semi arid regions of
the world.
4. TYPES OF PROBLEMATIC SOIL
• Saline soil
• Sodic/alkaline soil
• Saline -sodic
• Acidic soils
• Other problematic soils-
a. acid sulphate soils
b. calcareous soils
5. SALT AFFECTED SOIL
• Geographical distribution in India- 4 major tract
a. Semi arid indo gangatic alluvial tract
b. Arid tract of Rajasthan and Gujarat
c. Arid and semi arid tract of central and southern states
d. Coastal-alluvial soil
• Area Distribution in India
Saline soil- 2.96 Mha
1st Gujarat, 2nd Rajasthan
Sodic soil- 3.78 Mha
1st UP , 2nd Gujarat
Source: agrigyaan site
6. CHARACTERISTIC
Characteristics of saline soils : Saline soils contain neutral
soluble salts of chlorides and sulfates of sodium, calcium and
magnesium.
• The electrical conductivity of saturated extract of the soil is
more than 4 dS m-1. ESP is less than 15 and pH is less than 8.5.
• Because of the presence of excess salts and low amount of
Na+, these soils are in a flocculated state and their
permeability is higher than alkali soils.
• Their physical condition is good and water can pass through
them. These soils have a white crust of salts on their surface.
• Salinisation refers to the accumulation of neutral soluble salts
in soils.
7. • Characteristics of alkali or sodic soils: Most of
the Na+ is in exchangeable form.
• EC of saturated extract is less than 4 dS m-1. ESP
is more than 15 and Ph more than 8.5.
• Such soils are not in a good physical condition
and the surface of these soils is sometimes black
due to dispersion of organic matter and humus.
• Such soils if ploughed when wet, turn into slick
furrow slice referred to as slick spots.
8. • Characteristics of saline - Alkali soils: These soils
have both soluble salts and exchangeable sodium.
The soil reaction becomes strongly alkaline because
of hydrolysis of exchangeable sodium. The physical
condition of the soil is deteriorated.
• The EC of saturated extract is more than 4 dS m-1,
ESP is more than 15 and pH is around 8.5.
• They are transitional soils that they may be
converted into saline or into sodic soils
9. Comparison of characteristics of salt
affected soils
Characteristic Saline soil Sodic soil or alkali
soil
Saline – sodic soil
Soil pH ~ 8.5 >8.5 <8.5
EC > 4 dS m-1 <4 dS m-1 > 4 dS m-1
ESP <15 >15 >15
Content in soil Excess soluble salts
of calcium,
magnesium and
sodium
Presence of excess
exchangeable
sodium on the
exchange complex
These are transition
soils. They contain
sodium saturation
and excess soluble
salts
10. Reclamation of Saline soils
Methods of reclamation of saline soils are:
• Cultural practices
• Tolerant and sensitive crops
• Biological reclamation
• Chemical method
• Irrigation water management
12. I. Cultural practices
• Scraping: Removing the salt that have accumulated on the soil surface by
mechanical means.
• Flushing: Washing away the surface accumulated salts by water over the
surface is sometimes used to desalinize soils having surface salt crust.
• Leaching: Leaching is effective when the salty drainage water is discharged
through subsurface drains that carry the leached salt out of the area
under reclamation.
• Improving irrigation
• Land leveling
• Subsoiling
• Sanding
• Safe disposal of saline water
Leaching requirement may
be defined as the fraction of
irrigation water that must
be leached through root
zone to control soil salinity
at any specific level.
13. II. Tolerant and sensitive crop
• Most of the major cereal crops exhibit high tolerance to soil salinity, it
include crops like sorghum, wheat , triticale, oats, barley etc.
• Vegetable crops tend to fall into more sensitive than to tolerant
categories, only notable exception are asparagus and red beet under
marginal condition of salinity.
• Most fruit trees are relatively sensitive to salinity. Stone fruit, citrus and
avocado have all shown specific sensitivity to foliar accumulation of Cl-
and Na+.
• Chrysanthemum, carnation are considered moderately tolerant to salt
stress. Aster, poinsettia, gladiolus are considered sensitive.
14. III. Biological Reclamation
The decomposition of cattle manures and plant residues, in the soil
liberates carbon dioxide and organic acids which help to dissolve any
insoluble calcium salts in the soil solution and also neutralize the alkali
present. Decomposing organic matter improves soil permeability and
increases stable aggregates.
The organic amendments or improvement of saline soil are:
• Green manuring and crop residues: decomposition acting as solubilizing
agent for Ca and neutralizing high pH of alkali soils. Sesbania aculeata has
been found most successful on saline soils.
• Afforestation: The forest growth exerts ameliorative effect on the soil by
loosening the subsoil and improving permeability through the action of
the root system.
• Bulky organic manures
15. IV.Chemical method
Amendments:
• Gypsum: When gypsum is applied to ameliorate salt affected soils,
the following reaction will take place and loss of exchangeable
sodium occurs and calcium will take place of sodium on the exchange
complex. Gypsum reacts with both Na2CO3 and the sodium adsorbed
sodium as follows:
Na2CO3 + CaSO4↔ CaCO3 +Na2CSO4↓
[Clay]Na + CaSO4↔ Ca[Clay + Na2SO4↓
• Sulphur:
2S +3O2 = 2SO3
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4
H2SO4 + Na2CO3↔ CO2 + H2O + Na2SO4↓
16. V. Irrigation water management
• irrigation frequency: Infrequent irrigation aggravates salinity
effects on growth, more frequent irrigations minimize the
adverse effects of salt in the soil.
• Irrigation method can play an important role in controlling salts
in the root zone. Sprinkler irrigation is an ideal method for
irrigation frequently and with small quantities of water at a
time. Leaching of soluble salts is also accomplished more
efficiently when the water application rates are lower than the
infiltration capacity of the soil and such a condition cannot be
achieved by flood irrigation method.
17. RECLAMATION OF SODIC SOIL :
Basically, reclamation or improvement of sodic soils
requires the removal of part or most of the
exchangeable sodium with more favourable calcium
ions in the root zone.
1) CHEMICAL METHOD :
Chemical amendments for sodic soil reclamation can be
broadly grouped into three categories :
• Water soluble calcium salts, e.g. Gypsum, Calcium
chloride.
• Acid or acid forming substances, e.g. Pyrites,
Sulphuric acid, iron sulphate, aluminium sulphate,
lime- sulphur , sulphur etc.
• Calcium salts of low solubility, e.g. ground limestone,
by product lime of sugar factory.
18. GYPSUM :
Gypsum is chemically 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4. 2𝐻2𝑂and is a white mineral that
occurs extensively in natural deposits. It must be ground before it
is applied to the soil. Gypsum is soluble in water to the extent of
about one-fourth of 1 percent and is, therefore, a direct source of
soluble calcium. Gypsum reacts with both the Na2CO3, and the
adsorbed sodium as follows:
Na2CO3 + CaSO4 ↔ CaSO3 + Na2SO4 (leachable).
CALCIUM CHLORIDE :
Calcium chloride is chemically CaCl2.2𝐻2𝑂It is a highly soluble
salt which supplies soluble calcium directly. Its reactions in sodic
soil are similar to those of gypsum:
Na2CO3 + CaCl2 ↔CaCO3 + 2NaCl (leachable).
20. 2) CULTURAL METHOD :
Following methods are used for
cultural reclamation :
• Deep ploughing
• Subsoiling
• Sanding and profile inversion
• Land levelling
• Improving planting techniques
• Scraping
• Flushing
• Leaching
• Improving irrigation/ drainage
21. 3) BIOLOGICAL METHOD :
• Bulky organic manure, green manure, crop
residues application and other biological materials
which produce weak organic acids that helps in
creating temporarily acidic condition and help in
reclamation .
• Crop rotation is good for sodicity problem. E.g. Rice-
Dhaincha, Dhaincha- Rice -Berseem.
• Frequent irrigation with small quantities of water is
successful irrigation management practices.
• Tree plantation is very useful .
22. 4) TOLERANT AND SENSITIVE CROPS :
• Choice of crops :Growing crops tolerant to excess
exchangeable sodium can ensure reasonable returns during
the initial phases of reclamation.
• Rice and Dhaincha appear to be tolerant to sodic conditions ,
wheat and bajra are only moderately tolerant and legume
crops like mash and lentil are relatively sensitive to excess
exchangeable sodium.
• Crops like wheat, cotton, barley, tomatoes, etc. were rated as
tolerant.
• Crops that are able to withstand excess moisture conditions
resulting in short-term oxygen deficiencies are also more
tolerant of sodic conditions.
23. 5) IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT :
• Leaching with water of good quality
• Continued use of quality irrigation water, good irrigation
methods, and cropping practices further displaces adsorbed
sodium.
• In some cases, it may be necessary to restore the soil to
greater depths to obtain adequate drainage and root
penetration.
24. Reclaiming saline-sodic soil
• this type of soil can be reclaimed by replacing
the exchangeable Na with Calcium.
• This is commonly accomplished by adding
gypsum, since it is relatively soluble and
inexpensive.
• However if the soil is naturally high in Calcium
carbonate(lime), then elemental S or sulphuric
acid can be applied.
• Saline sodic soil should be leached with a good
quality (low-sodium)water treatment with
calcium bearing amendment or sulfur.
25. Acidic soils
•The soil having pH less than 7 is called acidic soil.
• They contains excessive amounts of dissolved
ions of Al,Fe, Mn and Cu.
• Acid soils are deficient in Ca and Mg .
• Acid sulphate soils are rich in pyrite which on
oxidation form sulphuric acid .These soils have pH <3.5.
• Crops on these soils suffer mainly due to Al toxicity and
nutrient deficiency
26. Distribution of acid soils in India
• Total area – 92 million ha.
• Among states M.P. is 1st and
Maharashtra is 2nd
• Acid soils comprise about
28% of total geographical
area
• 9.3% area has pH < 5.5 ,
18.9% area has pH range
5.5-6.5
27. Formation of Acid soils
1) Parent materials (Granite- acidic)
2) Acid rain (High pollution area, US-CANADA)
3) Acid forming fertilizers – (NH4)2SO4
4) High rainfall area ( basic salts leach down –
remain Al3+)
5) Highly weathered soil ( Laterite soil- it has Fe
and Al)
28. Kinds of soil acidity
1) Active acidity / Solution acidity- It is due to
dissolved H+ and Al3+ ions in solution . It
measured by pH.
2) Exchangeable acidity - It is due to adsorbed Al3+,
H+ at clay surface , replaced by neutral salts.
3) Reserve acidity / residual acidity – Acidity
remaining after liming .
Total acidity= (active acidity + exchangeable
acidity + reserve acidity)
29. RECLAMATION OF ACID SOILS
A) Liming
• Application of lime is recommended for
reclaming acid soils.
• Burnt lime -CaO, Hydrated lime- Ca(OH)2, Basic
slag –CaSiO3, Dolomite- CaCO3.MgCO3, Calcite.
• It improves the base saturation,inactivates iron
,manganese and aluminium in soil solution
• Lime should be applied once in five years
depending on soil pH.
30. • B) Choice of crops
• Rice is relatively tolerant to soil acidity,since flooding
the field raise soil pH to near neutrality.
• Millets and oats among cereals, groundnut among the
legumes, tea and potato among others can be grown
on acid soils.
C) Soil fertility management
• Leaching losses of nitrogen fertilisers can be reduced
by split by split applications.
• Use of completely water soluble sources like SSP
,TSP,DAP should be avoided.
• Potassium sulphate is preferred over murate of potash
31. Problems associated with over liming
1) Deficiency of Fe, Cu,Mn,Zn
2) Phosphorus availability reduce
3) Incidence of diseases like Scab in root crops
increases.
4) Boron deficiency is seen , it adsorbed on
Al(OH)3
5) Root tip swelling due to high cons. of OH-
ion
32. Other problematic soils-
Acid Sulphate soils ( Kari soils)
Area-
• Kottayam & Alleppey of kerala,Coastal Odisha,
Sundarbans of West Bengal
Characteristics-
• Acid sulphate soils are rich in pyrites(FeS2 ) which on
oxidation form sulphuric acid These soils have pH <3.5.
• Occur in humid region where frequent tides comes
• Sulphide(FeS2)→ oxidation → Sulphates(H2SO4)
33. Management of Acid sulphate soils-
1) Crops- Paddy ( Pokkali variety)
2) Keeping the area flooded , so frequent
oxidation- reduction avoided.
3) Liming & leaching
4) Controlling water table
5) Allowing soil to dry for a long time the
leaching with water , so that sulphide
minerals are oxidized to sulfates and washed
off.
34. Calcareous Soils
• Found in arid or semi arid area , when high
amount of CaCO3 dominates .
• Characterised by the presence of CaCO3 in the
parent material and by a Calcic horizon
• pH- 7-8.5
• CaCO3 precipitates at pH-8.5
• Calcareous soils to be low in O.M. and available
N.
• Deficient in P and Mo.
35. Degraded alkali soils
Charecteristics-
1) Formed in highly irrigated /areas with
extensive leaching.
2) Top soil – Acidic, Sub-surface soil- Sodic(
black in colour)
Formation-
Clay]Na+ + H2O = Clay]H+ + NaOH (acidic)
NaOH + CO2 =Na2CO3 + H2O (basic)