Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to develop immunity to specific diseases without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live, attenuated live, inactivated, and genetically engineered vaccines. Vaccines can be administered through various routes such as subcutaneous, ocular, nasal, spray cabinet, and in-ovo injection. Common routes in poultry include subcutaneous, ocular, nasal spray, drinking water, and wing web puncture. Proper storage, handling, and administration of vaccines is required for effective immunization and disease prevention in poultry.

1. Vaccine and vaccination
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2. Problems in poultry
 Viral
 Bacterial
 Parasitic
 Fungal
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3. Control of viral diseases
 Biosecurity
 Vaccination
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4. What Is Vaccine and vaccination??
 A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves
immunity to a particular disease.
 Vaccination is the administration of antigen material
(a vaccine) to stimulate the immune system of an
individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease.
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7. History:
 The word vaccine was first used by Edward Jenner
in 1796.
 The word vaccine was derived from Latin word; “vacca_ cow”
 He firstly cured the disease Small pox through his self - made
vaccine.
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8. Types of Vaccination:
1. Live vaccine
2. Attenuated Live vaccine
3. Inactivated (killed) vaccine
4. Genetically engineered vaccine
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9. 1. Live vaccine:
 This vaccine contain live microorganisms.
 After application, the vaccine produce high no. of the
vaccine agent over a fairly long period of time.
 This help to produce a strong immunological
response*.
 *A bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading
substance and produces specific antibodies against
that antigen
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10. Disadvantage :
 The organism in this vaccine are completely capable
of Producing a disease in the bird having weak
immune system.
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11. 2. Attenuated live vaccine:
 Such vaccines contain live, attenuated* microorganisms
 An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing
the virulence** of a pathogen, but still keeping it live
*weak
**the degree of pathogencity
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12. Disadvantages :
1. The organisms used to prepare vaccines may be
weakened by various methods so that when
administered to bird, a mild form of disease will be
produced.
1. In many cases, there is no evidence of the disease.
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13. 3. Inactivated vaccines:
 It is also known as “killed vaccines”
 Some vaccines contain killed micro-organisms that
have been destroyed with heat, radioactivity or
antibiotics.
 It is not capable of spreading the agent to birds.
 They have the capacity to produce immunity when
used through vaccination.
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14.  In such cases “ADJUVANTS”* are added to this vaccine,
by adding this high level of long lasting immunity is
produced.
 * Immune stimulators( oils, aluminum salts)
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15. 4. Vectored vaccines:
 A vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a chemically
weakened virus to transport pieces of the virus in
order to stimulate an immune response.
 It is also known as genetically engineered vaccines.
 It is called vectored vaccines because it place immune
stimulating components(antigens) from one agent to
another agent known as vector.
 The vector Is usually a very large virus i.e; pox or
herpes virus.
 Only non-disease producing components are added to
the vector that’s why disease reaction can’t be
produced form this vaccines.15

16. Route of vaccines administration
at hatchery:
1. Subcutaneous
2. Ocular
3. Nasal
4. Spray cabinet
5. In-ovo
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17. 1. Subcutaneous:
 Vaccine is injected under loose skin* with a syringes
and needle.
 *skin on back of neck & loose skin of leg fold between
thigh & abdomen.
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18. 2. Ocular:
 In this route, a liquid is placed by eye drop such that the
solution flows through the lacrimal duct to the
respiratory tract.
 This route is used for
live vaccines.
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20. 3. Nasal:
 A drop of vaccine is placed in the nostrils.
 This route is used for live vaccines.
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21. 4. Spray cabinet:
 Vaccine is sprayed on the birds by a special machine at the
hatchery.
 It’s very good means of administering respiratory disease
vaccines i.e ND & IB, without being individually handled.
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22. Spray administration at DOC
 DOC birds are placed in delivery box in group of 80-150
birds.
 Volume of vaccine ranges from 7ml to 40 ml per 100 birds.
 Droplet size 100µ - 300µ diameter are ideal
 Smaller droplet have tendency to drift with air movement
and may not reach the box.
 During spray administration, small volume of water is
required, water used for vaccine should be fresh, cool,
distillated water
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24. 5. In-ovo:
 Eggs are transferred at 18 days from incubator to the hatcher.
 During transfer the eggs are placed in a machine that punches a
hole in the shell & inject vaccine into the 18 days embrocating
egg.
 This method is used for Marek’s disease.
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25. Route of vaccines administration in field:
1. Intramuscular
2. Water
3. Wing web
4. Aerosol
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26. 1. Intra-muscular:
 Vaccines is injected with a syringes and needle into
the muscles.
 This route is reserved
for killed vaccines.
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27. 2. Water:
 Vaccines is dispensed into the watering system from a tank.
 By doing this, vaccine goes into the respiratory & digestive tract
through throat.
 Before vaccination, about 1.5 to 2 hours before water supply is
cut off. So, that all the birds will surly vaccinated.
 Discontinue all medication at least 24 hour before vaccinating
and do not resume their use 24 hours thereafter
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28.  Water used for preparing vaccine must be non-chlorinated.
 Skimmed milk is added= 10 g / 1 gallon
1) It is use to overcome the detrimental effects of chlorine.
 Proved dyes are added as the visual marker for the vaccine.
 This method allows mass application of vaccines without handling
each chicken.
 This route is used for live vaccines.
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29. 3. Wing web:
 The vaccine is applied by puncturing the skin in the web
of the wing.
 This method is used for
Fowl pox.
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30. 4. Aerosol:
 In this method vaccine is sprayed in the air over birds on
the floor or at the face of chickens in cages.
 Birds don’t need to handled individually.
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31. Causes of vaccination failure
1. Expired vaccine
2. Non-storage of vaccine at the advocated low temperature.
3. Neglecting the use of ice box for transporting the vaccine.
4. Exposed of the reconstitution vaccine to heat, sun rays, etc.
5. Non-utilization of proper quantity of the vaccine per bird.
6. Exposing the vaccine to the deleterious effects of some chemical
such as spirit, alcohol etc.
7. Improper disinfection of syringes, needles for vaccinating the
birds.
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32. General precaution for vaccination:
1. Strictly follow the direction of the manufacturer.
2. Reliable source of vaccine
3. Expiry date
4. Transportation
5. Storage of vaccines
6. Quality of drinking water
7. Time of vaccination
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33. Thank You
33 Dr.