Emotional Change
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The systems involved in emotional change are the autonomic nervous system, glandular system like the adrenal gland, and limbic system. The autonomic nervous system, especially the sympathetic division, is responsible for most physiological changes during emotional arousal as it prepares the body for emergency action. This includes increased heart rate, rapid breathing, dry mouth, muscle tension, and trembling. The sympathetic system triggers the "fight or flight" response to prepare the body for vigorous activity through various changes, while the parasympathetic system later returns the body to normal. The limbic system, which includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and septum, is involved in emotional awareness, expression, and regulation of reactions.
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Emotional Changes
The document discusses the physiological systems involved in emotional arousal and change, including the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and limbic system. It focuses on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in preparing the body for "fight or flight" through responses like increased heart rate and respiration. These physiological changes are coordinated by the autonomic nervous system to meet the body's needs during emotional experiences like fear or anger. The parasympathetic nervous system then works to return the body to its normal state once the emotional event passes.
Endocrine System, Nervous System And Homeostatic Control[1]
The endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system regulates processes like growth, metabolism, and mood through hormone secretion from glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, and adrenal glands. The nervous system is made up of the central and peripheral nervous systems and uses neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to transmit signals and coordinate responses to changes both internally and externally. Together these systems allow the body to detect changes, process information, and enact responses to maintain a stable internal state.
Emotion 2
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during emotional arousal. It explains that emotional changes can be physiological, behavioral, and cognitive. Physiological changes are caused by activation of the autonomic nervous system and include increased heart rate and breathing, muscle tension, and sweating. The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic nervous system, is responsible for preparing the body for emergency action during emotional experiences like fear or anger. Glands like the adrenal glands also participate in the physiological response by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. Parts of the limbic system are also involved in emotional expression and arousal.
Homeostasis Body Sys 09
The nervous system and brain work to maintain homeostasis through automatic and voluntary responses. The brain controls the nervous system and regulates physiological processes like temperature, hunger, and sleep. The brain also helps regulate the endocrine system, which produces hormones that stimulate processes to maintain homeostasis. Hormones are transported via the bloodstream and target specific cells, like kidney cells, to signal processes like water reabsorption during dehydration. Feedback systems with both positive and negative feedback help regulate body responses to internal and external changes to maintain homeostasis.
Endocrine system and hormones b y alvin bugaoisan BMLS
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. The functions of the Endocrine System are to regulate, coordinate and control growth and development, male/female development, how the body uses energy, levels of salts and sugars in the blood, fluid levels in the body, appetite and many other body functions.
2. Five Endocrine Glands and what they do:
- Pituitary Gland - "Master Gland" that regulates other glands, releases growth hormone
- Thyroid Gland - Regulates metabolism, body heat, bone growth
- Parathyroid Glands - Regulate calcium and phosphorus levels
- Adrenal Glands - Respond to stress, regulate metabolism, blood pressure,
Nervous and endocrine systems and how they keep us healthy
The nervous and endocrine systems are the means by which the body maintains homeostasis (a stable internal environment).
The nervous system does so via a complex web of nerves, whereas the endocrine system supports homeostasis through a series of glands and hormones (chemical messengers).
As exercise activity represents one of the biggest challenges to the internal environment of the body, it is important to understand how these two systems help regulate this environment.
Although clearly distinct from one another, the two systems work closely together, one often triggering a response in the other.
Topic feedback mechanism
The document discusses the feedback mechanism that organisms use to maintain homeostasis. It explains that feedback mechanisms detect changes from normal conditions and work to correct them, returning the body to a normal state. Examples provided include the regulation of body temperature, hormone levels, heart and breathing rates, and blood sugar levels to illustrate how negative feedback mechanisms function to keep internal conditions stable.
Endocrine gland
A hormone is a signaling molecule produced by glands that is transported via bloodstream to regulate physiology. The endocrine system uses hormones while the nervous system uses neurons. Hormones act slowly over long periods while neurons act fast. Major glands include the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and adrenals. Hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone and others which target specific cells and tissues to perform various functions like growth, metabolism, and development.
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Emotional Changes
The document discusses the physiological systems involved in emotional arousal and change, including the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and limbic system. It focuses on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in preparing the body for "fight or flight" through responses like increased heart rate and respiration. These physiological changes are coordinated by the autonomic nervous system to meet the body's needs during emotional experiences like fear or anger. The parasympathetic nervous system then works to return the body to its normal state once the emotional event passes.
Endocrine System, Nervous System And Homeostatic Control[1]
The endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system regulates processes like growth, metabolism, and mood through hormone secretion from glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, and adrenal glands. The nervous system is made up of the central and peripheral nervous systems and uses neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to transmit signals and coordinate responses to changes both internally and externally. Together these systems allow the body to detect changes, process information, and enact responses to maintain a stable internal state.
Emotion 2
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during emotional arousal. It explains that emotional changes can be physiological, behavioral, and cognitive. Physiological changes are caused by activation of the autonomic nervous system and include increased heart rate and breathing, muscle tension, and sweating. The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic nervous system, is responsible for preparing the body for emergency action during emotional experiences like fear or anger. Glands like the adrenal glands also participate in the physiological response by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. Parts of the limbic system are also involved in emotional expression and arousal.
Homeostasis Body Sys 09
The nervous system and brain work to maintain homeostasis through automatic and voluntary responses. The brain controls the nervous system and regulates physiological processes like temperature, hunger, and sleep. The brain also helps regulate the endocrine system, which produces hormones that stimulate processes to maintain homeostasis. Hormones are transported via the bloodstream and target specific cells, like kidney cells, to signal processes like water reabsorption during dehydration. Feedback systems with both positive and negative feedback help regulate body responses to internal and external changes to maintain homeostasis.
Endocrine system and hormones b y alvin bugaoisan BMLS
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. The functions of the Endocrine System are to regulate, coordinate and control growth and development, male/female development, how the body uses energy, levels of salts and sugars in the blood, fluid levels in the body, appetite and many other body functions.
2. Five Endocrine Glands and what they do:
- Pituitary Gland - "Master Gland" that regulates other glands, releases growth hormone
- Thyroid Gland - Regulates metabolism, body heat, bone growth
- Parathyroid Glands - Regulate calcium and phosphorus levels
- Adrenal Glands - Respond to stress, regulate metabolism, blood pressure,
Nervous and endocrine systems and how they keep us healthy
The nervous and endocrine systems are the means by which the body maintains homeostasis (a stable internal environment).
The nervous system does so via a complex web of nerves, whereas the endocrine system supports homeostasis through a series of glands and hormones (chemical messengers).
As exercise activity represents one of the biggest challenges to the internal environment of the body, it is important to understand how these two systems help regulate this environment.
Although clearly distinct from one another, the two systems work closely together, one often triggering a response in the other.
Topic feedback mechanism
The document discusses the feedback mechanism that organisms use to maintain homeostasis. It explains that feedback mechanisms detect changes from normal conditions and work to correct them, returning the body to a normal state. Examples provided include the regulation of body temperature, hormone levels, heart and breathing rates, and blood sugar levels to illustrate how negative feedback mechanisms function to keep internal conditions stable.
Endocrine gland
A hormone is a signaling molecule produced by glands that is transported via bloodstream to regulate physiology. The endocrine system uses hormones while the nervous system uses neurons. Hormones act slowly over long periods while neurons act fast. Major glands include the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and adrenals. Hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone and others which target specific cells and tissues to perform various functions like growth, metabolism, and development.
A and P Mod. #1 Feed back systems
Homeostasis in the body is maintained through feedback systems that detect changes and work to return the body to a set point or normal state. A feedback system includes receptors that detect deviations from the set point, a control center that integrates the information and determines a response, and effectors that implement the response. There are two types of feedback systems: negative feedback systems counteract changes and return the body to the set point, while positive feedback systems further increase the initial change.
Homeostasis (entire slideshow, all body systems)
The document discusses several body systems involved in homeostasis. It explains that homeostasis refers to maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes. Feedback loops allow the body to sense changes and respond to keep conditions like temperature, blood sugar, and pH levels balanced. The nervous, digestive, urinary, circulatory, and respiratory systems all contribute to homeostasis through feedback mechanisms. Key organs like the hypothalamus, liver, kidneys, and capillaries monitor levels and trigger responses to maintain homeostasis when levels deviate from their normal ranges. Diseases can disrupt homeostasis if systems are damaged or not functioning properly.
Homeostasis
The document discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains homeostasis. It covers:
1. The different levels of organization in the body from cells to organ systems and how they work together.
2. All the major organ systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) and how each helps maintain homeostasis.
3. Feedback mechanisms and examples like regulating blood sugar, temperature and fluid levels. Negative feedback loops work to reduce changes while positive feedback amplifies changes.
4. Consequences of homeostasis failing like diseases such as diabetes, and conditions involving electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
The nervous and endocrine system
The document discusses the nervous and endocrine systems and their roles in exercise. The nervous system has two main parts - the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which communicates with the CNS. Regular activity can enhance connections between nerves and muscles and improve strength over time. The endocrine system includes glands like the pancreas and adrenals that release hormones like insulin, adrenaline, and testosterone to prepare and support the body during exercise.
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The document discusses homeostasis and its mechanisms in the human body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes. It describes the four main components of homeostatic systems: sensors that detect changes, transmission of information to control centers, transmission from control centers to effectors, and effectors that correct deviations. It provides examples of negative feedback loops that regulate processes like blood sugar levels, body temperature, blood pressure, and acid-base balance. The role of various body systems like the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems in maintaining homeostasis is also explained.
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The visceral motor system controls the autonomic functions of internal organs through two neuronal chains - the sympathetic and parasympathetic chains. The sympathetic chain regulates functions like increased heart rate during stress while the parasympathetic chain regulates functions like digestion. The hypothalamus regulates key functions like blood pressure, body temperature, energy metabolism, reproduction, and emergency responses through various nuclei that control the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.
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The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions like growth, stress response, and metabolism. The key glands include the pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The hypothalamus connects the endocrine and nervous systems by secreting neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit hormones from the pituitary gland, which then regulate other glands. Hormones and the nervous system interact through feedback and effects on neural processing and development.
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Negative feedback loops
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Ths general biology unit 3 cell processes homeostasis and feedback mechanisms...
Homeostasis refers to maintaining internal balance, and feedback mechanisms are the involuntary chemical processes that bring the body back to its normal state when something causes internal changes. There are two main types of feedback mechanisms: negative feedback mechanisms return the body to its normal state, like shivering and sweating to regulate temperature and insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Positive feedback mechanisms cause more change to happen, though few homeostatic responses use this type, such as oxytocin causing stronger contractions during childbirth to help deliver the baby.
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Homeostasis
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This document discusses the human sensory and nervous systems. It explains that humans have various sense organs like skin, eyes, ears, taste buds and nose that collect information about the environment. This information is detected by sensory receptors and transmitted via sensory neurons and nerves to either trigger instant reflex responses or alert the conscious brain. It also describes the endocrine system and how hormones released by glands produce longer-lasting responses than the nervous system to control various bodily functions and maintain homeostasis.
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Homeostasis in the body is maintained through feedback systems that detect changes and work to return the body to a set point or normal state. A feedback system includes receptors that detect deviations from the set point, a control center that integrates the information and determines a response, and effectors that implement the response. There are two types of feedback systems: negative feedback systems counteract changes and return the body to the set point, while positive feedback systems further increase the initial change.
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The document discusses several body systems involved in homeostasis. It explains that homeostasis refers to maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes. Feedback loops allow the body to sense changes and respond to keep conditions like temperature, blood sugar, and pH levels balanced. The nervous, digestive, urinary, circulatory, and respiratory systems all contribute to homeostasis through feedback mechanisms. Key organs like the hypothalamus, liver, kidneys, and capillaries monitor levels and trigger responses to maintain homeostasis when levels deviate from their normal ranges. Diseases can disrupt homeostasis if systems are damaged or not functioning properly.
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The document discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains homeostasis. It covers:
1. The different levels of organization in the body from cells to organ systems and how they work together.
2. All the major organ systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) and how each helps maintain homeostasis.
3. Feedback mechanisms and examples like regulating blood sugar, temperature and fluid levels. Negative feedback loops work to reduce changes while positive feedback amplifies changes.
4. Consequences of homeostasis failing like diseases such as diabetes, and conditions involving electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
The nervous and endocrine system
The document discusses the nervous and endocrine systems and their roles in exercise. The nervous system has two main parts - the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which communicates with the CNS. Regular activity can enhance connections between nerves and muscles and improve strength over time. The endocrine system includes glands like the pancreas and adrenals that release hormones like insulin, adrenaline, and testosterone to prepare and support the body during exercise.
Body systems and homeostasis
The document discusses the major body systems and their roles in homeostasis. It describes the main organs, functions, and homeostatic role of the circulatory, vascular tissue, digestive, excretory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous, and sensory systems. The four systems involved in regulating internal body temperature are listed as the nervous, endocrine, excretory, and circulatory systems.
Parasympathethic system
The document summarizes the parasympathetic nervous system. It is the involuntary nervous system that slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and glandular activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles. Together with the sympathetic nervous system, it constitutes the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic system works to return the body to homeostasis after experiencing stress or pain by slowing the heart rate and relaxing muscles. It is consistently active at a low level.
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Homeostasis simplified! Wondering about the basics of homeostasis? Learn about balance within the human body and how this contributes to what we call "health".
Homeostasis mechanism
The document discusses homeostasis and its mechanisms in the human body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes. It describes the four main components of homeostatic systems: sensors that detect changes, transmission of information to control centers, transmission from control centers to effectors, and effectors that correct deviations. It provides examples of negative feedback loops that regulate processes like blood sugar levels, body temperature, blood pressure, and acid-base balance. The role of various body systems like the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems in maintaining homeostasis is also explained.
Visceral motor system
The visceral motor system controls the autonomic functions of internal organs through two neuronal chains - the sympathetic and parasympathetic chains. The sympathetic chain regulates functions like increased heart rate during stress while the parasympathetic chain regulates functions like digestion. The hypothalamus regulates key functions like blood pressure, body temperature, energy metabolism, reproduction, and emergency responses through various nuclei that control the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.
Endocrine and nervous system
The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions like growth, stress response, and metabolism. The key glands include the pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The hypothalamus connects the endocrine and nervous systems by secreting neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit hormones from the pituitary gland, which then regulate other glands. Hormones and the nervous system interact through feedback and effects on neural processing and development.
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The document discusses several body systems and how they contribute to homeostasis. It explains that homeostasis is the process by which organisms maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. Negative feedback loops are described as a key mechanism, where a change triggers a response that acts to reverse the change. Several body systems, including the nervous, digestive, urinary, circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, and muscular systems, are discussed in terms of how they utilize feedback loops to keep conditions like temperature, blood sugar, water levels, and more within normal ranges. Diseases that can disrupt homeostasis in each system are also listed.
The endocrine system
The document discusses the key endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes that the endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant tissues and organs. Some of the major glands discussed include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, the adrenal glands above the kidneys, the pancreas, ovaries and testes, which produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, mood, tissue function, sexual function and reproductive processes.
Negative feedback loops
The document discusses physiological homeostasis through negative feedback loops. It explains that homeostasis refers to dynamic processes that maintain balance in internal variables like temperature, blood glucose, and calcium levels. Negative feedback loops work to stabilize these variables. They involve a stimulus, receptor, control center, and effectors. The control center compares the variable to a set point and effectors enact changes that oppose the stimulus in order to return the variable to the set point, maintaining homeostasis. Examples provided are control of body temperature, blood glucose, and blood calcium levels.
Physiological Homeostasis
The document discusses several physiological homeostasis mechanisms in the human body including water regulation, blood sugar control, and temperature regulation. It explains that negative feedback loops involving key organs like the hypothalamus and hormones help maintain conditions within tolerable limits. Diagrams and processes of osmoregulation, blood sugar regulation, and temperature control through endothermic and ectothermic responses are presented along with examples of homeostasis breakdown under extreme and prolonged conditions.
Ths general biology unit 3 cell processes homeostasis and feedback mechanisms...
Homeostasis refers to maintaining internal balance, and feedback mechanisms are the involuntary chemical processes that bring the body back to its normal state when something causes internal changes. There are two main types of feedback mechanisms: negative feedback mechanisms return the body to its normal state, like shivering and sweating to regulate temperature and insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Positive feedback mechanisms cause more change to happen, though few homeostatic responses use this type, such as oxytocin causing stronger contractions during childbirth to help deliver the baby.
Thyroid Gland Location
This document discusses the thyroid gland's location and function. It describes how the thyroid gland is located in the neck, medial to the common carotid arteries and internal jugular veins, and is fed by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. It also explains that the thyroid gland is an endocrine organ that secretes thyroid hormones to increase metabolism in tissues throughout the body, affecting the rate at which cells use oxygen and nutrients.
Positive and negative feedback
Positive and negative feedback loops regulate many biological processes in living things. Positive feedback loops amplify signals, as when platelets and oxytocin stimulate further platelet recruitment and contractions during blood clotting and childbirth. Negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis by reducing signals, such as when insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels. Feedback loops allow biological systems and processes to function automatically without conscious control.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions such as temperature and glucose levels. It is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms. For example, temperature receptors in the skin sense changes and send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain. If body temperature rises, the hypothalamus activates sweating and blood vessel dilation to cool the body through evaporation. Conversely, it triggers shivering and vessel constriction when temperatures fall to conserve heat. Various organs also help regulate variables through hormones, like the liver controlling glucose with insulin secretion. The skin plays an important role in homeostasis through insulation, sweating, and temperature reception.
Chapter 30.1
The human body is organized at multiple levels, from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. Cells combine to form tissues like epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue. Groups of tissues working together form organs like the eye. Organ systems are groups of organs that work together, such as the nervous system. The body maintains homeostasis through feedback inhibition, where a stimulus triggers a response that counteracts the stimulus, keeping conditions stable. Examples include regulating temperature and blood glucose levels. The liver plays an important role in homeostasis by processing toxins, storing and releasing glucose, and regulating blood sugar levels.
Control system
This document discusses the human sensory and nervous systems. It explains that humans have various sense organs like skin, eyes, ears, taste buds and nose that collect information about the environment. This information is detected by sensory receptors and transmitted via sensory neurons and nerves to either trigger instant reflex responses or alert the conscious brain. It also describes the endocrine system and how hormones released by glands produce longer-lasting responses than the nervous system to control various bodily functions and maintain homeostasis.
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The document describes how students build understanding of key terms in a collaborative "chain" process. One student begins by defining a term and connecting it to another, with subsequent students adding their own explanations to further link terms until all are connected. Finally, the class reviews the completed chain to clarify any unclear connections and reinforce their understanding of the topic.
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Define acute and chronic health and medicine homework help.docx
Acute stress is a short-term response to perceived threats like accidents or presentations, while chronic stress is long-term response to ongoing issues like financial problems. The amygdala detects stress and sends danger signals to the hypothalamus via the brainstem, activating the HPA axis and releasing stress hormones. Hormones like cortisol prepare the body for prolonged stress responses. Strategies to counter stress include relaxation, exercise, sleep, and maintaining social support systems.
Pns 7-
I apologize for any confusion, but I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest.
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What is Autonomic Nervous System? Its Parts and role in human body, major neorotransmitter associated with ANS parts i.e. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions like breathing, digestion, and blood flow without conscious thought. It has two branches: the sympathetic system triggers fight or flight responses like increased heart rate and breathing during threats, while the parasympathetic system maintains normal functions and conserves resources by slowing these processes after threats have passed.
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The nervous system consists of nerve cells that form the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (sensory and motor neurons connecting the CNS to the body). The endocrine system is the body's "slow" chemical communication system using hormones from glands like the pituitary to regulate other glands, heart rate, blood pressure and more. Key glands include the pituitary, which is called the "master gland" that regulates other glands and water/salt balance.
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Hypothalamus overdrive explanation
The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis but can malfunction and work at an increased rate, causing various symptoms. When overactive, the hypothalamus sends excessive signals that interfere with brain function and cause issues like brain fog and disrupted sleep patterns. It can also trigger symptoms by activating the fight or flight response, producing low mood, temperature fluctuations, IBS, heart/blood pressure changes, muscle issues, headaches, and immune system changes. The immune system initially fights infections better but then drops below normal, allowing opportunistic illnesses.
Lecture 5 ans
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergency situations through fight or flight responses. The parasympathetic division regulates restorative processes like digestion. Autonomic reflexes occur through reflex arcs involving sensory receptors, neurons in the central nervous system, and autonomic motor neurons to effectors like the heart and gut. The hypothalamus is a major control center that regulates the balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
UNIFYING PHYSIOLOGIC PSYCHOLOGIC FIN PLAN DIVIDE
1. The document discusses how financial planning often overlooks the psychological and behavioral aspects of money. The authors argue for a holistic approach that integrates physiology, psychology, and behavior.
2. It describes how the limbic system, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and autonomic nervous system influence emotions and behaviors related to money. Childhood experiences shape unconscious "money scripts" that drive financial decisions.
3. The authors propose a model of the "triune brain" consisting of a reptilian brain, mammalian brain, and neocortex. The lower parts are more emotional and impulse-driven, while the neocortex can override impulses through rational thinking. Financial stresses
10c; control systems
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I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
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I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
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- 4. The systems involved in change are following Autonomic Nervous System Glandular System especially adrenal gland Limbic System
- 5. Most of the physiological change that take place during emotional arousal result from activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic system, as it prepares the body for emergency action.
- 6. In normal life, when we experience an intense emotion, such as fear or anger, we become aware of many bodily changes which include rapid heartbeat and breathing, dryness of the throat and mouth , increased muscle tension, respiration, trembling of the extremities and a sinking feeling in the stomach.
- 7. Responsible for most of the physiological changes ANS is the part of the peripheral nervous system that carries information between the brain and all organs of the body. The ANS affects all of the organs such as the heart and blood vessels , the digestive system and so on. The autonomic nervous system coordinates their functioning to meet the needs of the whole organism . it prepares the body for changes by modulating the activity of the organism. Automatic nervous system has two division Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System
- 8. prepares the organism for vigorous activity The sympathetic system is responsible for the following changes Blood pressure and heart rate increase. Respiration becomes more rapid. The pupils dilate. Perspiration increases while secretion of saliva and mucous decreases. Blood sugar level increases to provide more energy. In case of wound the blood clots more quickly. Blood is diverted from the stomach and intestines to the brain and skeletal muscles. The hair on the skin becomes erect, causing "goose bumps". These reactions are called ‘’fight or flight’’ syndrome because they prepare the body to combat or run from a threatening situation
- 9. The parasympathetic system which is actually energy conserving system, takes over and returns the organism to its normal state. For example ,during anger , sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate and the parasympathetic nervous system causes tears to flow in grief In both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, there is relay station called a ganglion between the central nervous system and target organs.
- 10. also part of sympathetic nervous system adrenal gland has two parts adrenal cortex adrenal medulla both of which participate in emotional responses
- 11. display of emotional reactions It consists of Amygdala Hippocampus Septum amygdala is involved In emotional awareness and expressions ;it is also produces reaction of aggression when stimulated. Septum has the opposite effect. It reduces the intensity of emotional reactions when stimulated