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Project Management
Context
1
Learning Objectives
• Introduction of PM Tools
• PMI’s Knowledge Areas
• Technical Fundamentals in SPM
• Lifecycle Relationships
• Classic Mistakes Product-Process-Peoples-
Technology Mistakes
2
Project Management Tools
• “Tool" is any self-contained concept, practice,
technique, or software package that can be applied
independently to a software project, in order to
improve the way it is performed [1].
• Risk management, for example, is as much of a tool
as Microsoft Project or Subversion.
3
Why Use Project Management
Tools and Techniques?
• Focus and clarify our thinking so that we proceed in
a systematic, effective, and efficient manner
• Identify everything that needs to be considered and
done to reach a goal (includes what is to be
communicated and to whom)
• Identify who will do what and time frames
• Reduce the confusion, frustration, backtracking,
and errors that can be associated with developing
or introducing something new
4
• Project management tools and techniques assist
project managers and their teams in various aspects of
project management
• Some specific ones include:
• Project charter, scope statement, and WBS (scope)
• Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analysis, critical
chain scheduling (time)
• Cost estimates and earned value management (cost)
Project Management Tools and
Techniques
5
• “Super tools” are those tools that have high use and
high potential for improving project success, such as:
• Software for task scheduling (such as project management
software)
• Scope statements
• Requirements analyses
• Lessons-learned reports
• Tools already extensively used that have been found to
improve project importance include:
• Progress reports
• Kick-off meetings
• Gantt charts
• Change requests
Super Tools
6
7
PM Tools: Software
• Low-end
• Handle single or smaller projects well, cost under $200
per user
• Basic features, tasks management, charting
• MS Excel, Milestones Simplicity
• Mid-market
• Handle larger projects, multiple projects and users,
analysis tools
• MS Project (approx. 50% of market)
• cost $200-600 per user, Project 2007 most popular
PM Tools: Software - II
• High-end
• Very large projects, specialized needs, enterprise
• AMS Real-time (Advanced Management Solution)
• Primavera Project Manager
• Often licensed on a per-user basis, like VPMi Enterprise
Online
8
9
Tools: Gantt Chart
10
Tools: Network Diagram
11
Technical Fundamentals
• Requirements
• Analysis
• Design
• Construction
• Quality Assurance
• Deployment
12
Project Phases
• All projects are divided into phases
• All phases together are known as the Project Life
Cycle
• Each phase is marked by completion of Deliverables
• Identify the primary software project phases
13
Lifecycle Relationships
14
Seven Core Project Phases
15
Project Phases A.K.A.
16
Phases Variation
Concept
Exploration
System
Exploration
Requirements
Design
Implementation
Installation
Operations and
Support
Maintenance
Retirement
17
Classic Mistakes
• Types
• People-Related
• Process-Related
• Product-Related
• Technology-Related
18
People-Related Mistakes Part 1
• Undermined motivation
• Weak personnel
• Weak vs. Junior
• Uncontrolled problem employees
• Heroics
• Adding people to a late project
19
People-Related Mistakes Part 2
• Noisy, crowded offices
• Customer-Developer friction
• Unrealistic expectations
• Politics over substance
• Wishful thinking
20
People-Related Mistakes Part 3
• Lack of effective project sponsorship
• Lack of stakeholder buy-in
• Lack of user input
21
Process-Related Mistakes Part 1
• Optimistic schedules
• Insufficient risk management
• Contractor failure
• Insufficient planning
• Abandonment of plan under pressure
22
Process-Related Mistakes Part 2
• Wasted time during fuzzy front end
• Shortchanged upstream activities
• Inadequate design
• Shortchanged quality assurance
23
Process-Related Mistakes Part 3
• Insufficient management controls
• Frequent convergence
• Omitting necessary tasks from estimates
• Planning to catch-up later
• Code-like-hell programming
24
Product-Related Mistakes
• Requirements gold-plating
• Gilding the lily
• Feature creep
• Developer gold-plating
• Beware the pet project
• Push-me, pull-me negotiation
25
Technology-Related Mistakes
• Silver-bullet syndrome
• Overestimated savings from new tools and
methods
• Fad warning
• Switching tools in mid-project
• Lack of automated source-code control
References
• [1] – Applied Software Project Management By:
Jennifer Greene, Andrew Stellman (O'Reilly)
• [2] -
26
27
First Principles
• One project size does not fit all
• Patterns and Anti-Patterns
• Spectrums
• Project types
• Sizes
• Formality and rigor (severity)
28
Why Rapid Development
• Faster delivery
• Reduced risk
• Increased visibility to customer
• Don’t forsake quality
29
Strategy
• Classic Mistake Avoidance
• Development Fundamentals
• Risk Management
• Schedule-Oriented Practices
30
Four Project Dimensions
• People
• Process
• Product
• Technology
Triple Constraint
Scope
Time Cost
Traditional Project Management Constraints
Every project has 3 constrains
Scope goals: What work will be done?
Time goals: How long should it take to complete?
Cost goals: What should it cost?
31
Time constraint may lead to less quality
because of ?
less time for analysis,
less time for planning,
less time for reviewing,
less time for checking,
less time for monitoring,
less time for control,
Traditional Project Management Constraints
32
Cost constraint may lead to less quality
because of ?
Hiring less skilled people,
Getting less quality resources (HW, NW)
Ignoring some customer requirements
Traditional Project Management Constraints
33
•Scope limitations may lead to less quality
because of ?
•Scope limitations may lead to Ignore some
customer requirements
•shortcuts
Traditional Project Management Constraints
34
Quadruple Constraint
•Scope
•Time •Cost
•Quality
Traditional Project Management Constraints
Quality is a key factor for projects success
We may add Quality as a 4th constraint:
The Quadruple constraint =The Triple constraint +Quality
constraint
35
36
Trade-off Triangle
• Fast, cheap, good. Choose two.
37
Trade-off Triangle
• Know which of these are fixed & variable for every
project
38
People
• “It’s always a people problem” Gerald Weinberg, “The Secrets
of Consulting”
• Developer productivity: 10-to-1 range
- Improvements:
- Team selection
- Team organization
• Motivation
39
People 2
• Other success factors
• Matching people to tasks
• Career development
• Balance: individual and team
• Clear communication
40
Process
• Is process stifling?
• 2 Types: Management & Technical
• Development fundamentals
• Quality assurance
• Risk management
• Lifecycle planning
• Avoid abuse by neglect
41
Process 2
• Customer orientation
• Process maturity improvement
• Rework avoidance
42
Product
• The “tangible” dimension
• Product size management
• Product characteristics and requirements
• Feature creep management
43
Technology
• Often the least important dimension
• Language and tool selection
• Value and cost of reuse
44
Planning
• Determine requirements
• Determine resources
• Select lifecycle model
• Determine product features strategy
45
Tracking
• Cost, effort, schedule
• Planned vs. Actual
• How to handle when things go off plan?
46
Measurements
• To date and projected
• Cost
• Schedule
• Effort
• Product features
• Alternatives
• Earned value analysis
• Defect rates
• Productivity (ex: SLOC)
• Complexity (ex: function points)

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2 project management essentials

  • 2. Learning Objectives • Introduction of PM Tools • PMI’s Knowledge Areas • Technical Fundamentals in SPM • Lifecycle Relationships • Classic Mistakes Product-Process-Peoples- Technology Mistakes 2
  • 3. Project Management Tools • “Tool" is any self-contained concept, practice, technique, or software package that can be applied independently to a software project, in order to improve the way it is performed [1]. • Risk management, for example, is as much of a tool as Microsoft Project or Subversion. 3
  • 4. Why Use Project Management Tools and Techniques? • Focus and clarify our thinking so that we proceed in a systematic, effective, and efficient manner • Identify everything that needs to be considered and done to reach a goal (includes what is to be communicated and to whom) • Identify who will do what and time frames • Reduce the confusion, frustration, backtracking, and errors that can be associated with developing or introducing something new 4
  • 5. • Project management tools and techniques assist project managers and their teams in various aspects of project management • Some specific ones include: • Project charter, scope statement, and WBS (scope) • Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analysis, critical chain scheduling (time) • Cost estimates and earned value management (cost) Project Management Tools and Techniques 5
  • 6. • “Super tools” are those tools that have high use and high potential for improving project success, such as: • Software for task scheduling (such as project management software) • Scope statements • Requirements analyses • Lessons-learned reports • Tools already extensively used that have been found to improve project importance include: • Progress reports • Kick-off meetings • Gantt charts • Change requests Super Tools 6
  • 7. 7 PM Tools: Software • Low-end • Handle single or smaller projects well, cost under $200 per user • Basic features, tasks management, charting • MS Excel, Milestones Simplicity • Mid-market • Handle larger projects, multiple projects and users, analysis tools • MS Project (approx. 50% of market) • cost $200-600 per user, Project 2007 most popular
  • 8. PM Tools: Software - II • High-end • Very large projects, specialized needs, enterprise • AMS Real-time (Advanced Management Solution) • Primavera Project Manager • Often licensed on a per-user basis, like VPMi Enterprise Online 8
  • 11. 11 Technical Fundamentals • Requirements • Analysis • Design • Construction • Quality Assurance • Deployment
  • 12. 12 Project Phases • All projects are divided into phases • All phases together are known as the Project Life Cycle • Each phase is marked by completion of Deliverables • Identify the primary software project phases
  • 17. 17 Classic Mistakes • Types • People-Related • Process-Related • Product-Related • Technology-Related
  • 18. 18 People-Related Mistakes Part 1 • Undermined motivation • Weak personnel • Weak vs. Junior • Uncontrolled problem employees • Heroics • Adding people to a late project
  • 19. 19 People-Related Mistakes Part 2 • Noisy, crowded offices • Customer-Developer friction • Unrealistic expectations • Politics over substance • Wishful thinking
  • 20. 20 People-Related Mistakes Part 3 • Lack of effective project sponsorship • Lack of stakeholder buy-in • Lack of user input
  • 21. 21 Process-Related Mistakes Part 1 • Optimistic schedules • Insufficient risk management • Contractor failure • Insufficient planning • Abandonment of plan under pressure
  • 22. 22 Process-Related Mistakes Part 2 • Wasted time during fuzzy front end • Shortchanged upstream activities • Inadequate design • Shortchanged quality assurance
  • 23. 23 Process-Related Mistakes Part 3 • Insufficient management controls • Frequent convergence • Omitting necessary tasks from estimates • Planning to catch-up later • Code-like-hell programming
  • 24. 24 Product-Related Mistakes • Requirements gold-plating • Gilding the lily • Feature creep • Developer gold-plating • Beware the pet project • Push-me, pull-me negotiation
  • 25. 25 Technology-Related Mistakes • Silver-bullet syndrome • Overestimated savings from new tools and methods • Fad warning • Switching tools in mid-project • Lack of automated source-code control
  • 26. References • [1] – Applied Software Project Management By: Jennifer Greene, Andrew Stellman (O'Reilly) • [2] - 26
  • 27. 27 First Principles • One project size does not fit all • Patterns and Anti-Patterns • Spectrums • Project types • Sizes • Formality and rigor (severity)
  • 28. 28 Why Rapid Development • Faster delivery • Reduced risk • Increased visibility to customer • Don’t forsake quality
  • 29. 29 Strategy • Classic Mistake Avoidance • Development Fundamentals • Risk Management • Schedule-Oriented Practices
  • 30. 30 Four Project Dimensions • People • Process • Product • Technology
  • 31. Triple Constraint Scope Time Cost Traditional Project Management Constraints Every project has 3 constrains Scope goals: What work will be done? Time goals: How long should it take to complete? Cost goals: What should it cost? 31
  • 32. Time constraint may lead to less quality because of ? less time for analysis, less time for planning, less time for reviewing, less time for checking, less time for monitoring, less time for control, Traditional Project Management Constraints 32
  • 33. Cost constraint may lead to less quality because of ? Hiring less skilled people, Getting less quality resources (HW, NW) Ignoring some customer requirements Traditional Project Management Constraints 33
  • 34. •Scope limitations may lead to less quality because of ? •Scope limitations may lead to Ignore some customer requirements •shortcuts Traditional Project Management Constraints 34
  • 35. Quadruple Constraint •Scope •Time •Cost •Quality Traditional Project Management Constraints Quality is a key factor for projects success We may add Quality as a 4th constraint: The Quadruple constraint =The Triple constraint +Quality constraint 35
  • 36. 36 Trade-off Triangle • Fast, cheap, good. Choose two.
  • 37. 37 Trade-off Triangle • Know which of these are fixed & variable for every project
  • 38. 38 People • “It’s always a people problem” Gerald Weinberg, “The Secrets of Consulting” • Developer productivity: 10-to-1 range - Improvements: - Team selection - Team organization • Motivation
  • 39. 39 People 2 • Other success factors • Matching people to tasks • Career development • Balance: individual and team • Clear communication
  • 40. 40 Process • Is process stifling? • 2 Types: Management & Technical • Development fundamentals • Quality assurance • Risk management • Lifecycle planning • Avoid abuse by neglect
  • 41. 41 Process 2 • Customer orientation • Process maturity improvement • Rework avoidance
  • 42. 42 Product • The “tangible” dimension • Product size management • Product characteristics and requirements • Feature creep management
  • 43. 43 Technology • Often the least important dimension • Language and tool selection • Value and cost of reuse
  • 44. 44 Planning • Determine requirements • Determine resources • Select lifecycle model • Determine product features strategy
  • 45. 45 Tracking • Cost, effort, schedule • Planned vs. Actual • How to handle when things go off plan?
  • 46. 46 Measurements • To date and projected • Cost • Schedule • Effort • Product features • Alternatives • Earned value analysis • Defect rates • Productivity (ex: SLOC) • Complexity (ex: function points)