This document provides an overview of real-time operating systems (RTOS), including their key characteristics, scheduling approaches, and commercial examples. RTOS are used in applications that require tasks to complete work and deliver services on time. They use priority-based and clock-driven scheduling algorithms like rate monotonic analysis and earliest deadline first to ensure real-time constraints are met. Commercial RTOS aim to provide features like priority levels, fast task preemption, and predictable interrupt handling for real-time applications.
PowerPoint Presentation on Distributed Operating Systems,reasons for opting for distributed systems over centralized systems,types of Distributed Systems,Process Migration and its advantages.
RTLinux is a real-time operating system that allows real-time applications to run on top of Linux. It modifies the Linux kernel to add a virtual machine layer with a separate task scheduler that prioritizes real-time tasks over standard Linux processes. This enables RTLinux to support hard real-time deadlines. Programming in RTLinux involves creating modules that can be loaded and unloaded from the kernel using specific commands. Real-time threads and synchronization objects like mutexes are implemented using POSIX interfaces.
Operating system support in distributed systemishapadhy
The document discusses operating system support and components. It states that an operating system must provide encapsulation, concurrent processing, and protection. It lists the main OS components as the process manager, thread manager, communication manager, memory manager, and supervisor. It also discusses process/thread concepts such as address spaces, creation of new processes, and threads in distributed systems for multi-threaded clients and servers.
NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) refers to computer system architectures where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. It improves scalability by giving each processor node its own local memory, while still allowing access to remote memories. Existing simulators aim to model NUMA systems and analyze performance and scalability by tracking remote memory access events and task execution times. The key benefit of NUMA is that it allows memory and processors to scale independently, improving performance by reducing contention on shared memory buses.
High-performance computing (HPC) involves solving complex problems using computer modeling, simulation, and analysis that require huge computational resources beyond what a typical personal computer can handle. HPC is used across many fields including engineering, science, weather prediction, and more. While proprietary supercomputers were once common, HPC has increasingly moved to using commodity computer clusters connected by fast networks due to their affordability, efficiency, and scalability. Clusters now represent over 80% of the world's most powerful supercomputers. HPC simulations can significantly reduce product development timelines and costs across many industries.
The document discusses NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) architecture and optimization. With NUMA, memory is divided across multiple nodes and latency depends on memory location. Local memory has the lowest latency while remote memory has higher latency. The document provides examples of local and remote memory access and discusses how process-parallel and shared-memory threading applications are affected by NUMA. It also covers NUMA-aware operating system differences, techniques for process affinity, and NUMA optimization strategies like minimizing remote memory access.
This document provides an overview of real-time operating systems (RTOS), including their key characteristics, scheduling approaches, and commercial examples. RTOS are used in applications that require tasks to complete work and deliver services on time. They use priority-based and clock-driven scheduling algorithms like rate monotonic analysis and earliest deadline first to ensure real-time constraints are met. Commercial RTOS aim to provide features like priority levels, fast task preemption, and predictable interrupt handling for real-time applications.
PowerPoint Presentation on Distributed Operating Systems,reasons for opting for distributed systems over centralized systems,types of Distributed Systems,Process Migration and its advantages.
RTLinux is a real-time operating system that allows real-time applications to run on top of Linux. It modifies the Linux kernel to add a virtual machine layer with a separate task scheduler that prioritizes real-time tasks over standard Linux processes. This enables RTLinux to support hard real-time deadlines. Programming in RTLinux involves creating modules that can be loaded and unloaded from the kernel using specific commands. Real-time threads and synchronization objects like mutexes are implemented using POSIX interfaces.
Operating system support in distributed systemishapadhy
The document discusses operating system support and components. It states that an operating system must provide encapsulation, concurrent processing, and protection. It lists the main OS components as the process manager, thread manager, communication manager, memory manager, and supervisor. It also discusses process/thread concepts such as address spaces, creation of new processes, and threads in distributed systems for multi-threaded clients and servers.
NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) refers to computer system architectures where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. It improves scalability by giving each processor node its own local memory, while still allowing access to remote memories. Existing simulators aim to model NUMA systems and analyze performance and scalability by tracking remote memory access events and task execution times. The key benefit of NUMA is that it allows memory and processors to scale independently, improving performance by reducing contention on shared memory buses.
High-performance computing (HPC) involves solving complex problems using computer modeling, simulation, and analysis that require huge computational resources beyond what a typical personal computer can handle. HPC is used across many fields including engineering, science, weather prediction, and more. While proprietary supercomputers were once common, HPC has increasingly moved to using commodity computer clusters connected by fast networks due to their affordability, efficiency, and scalability. Clusters now represent over 80% of the world's most powerful supercomputers. HPC simulations can significantly reduce product development timelines and costs across many industries.
The document discusses NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) architecture and optimization. With NUMA, memory is divided across multiple nodes and latency depends on memory location. Local memory has the lowest latency while remote memory has higher latency. The document provides examples of local and remote memory access and discusses how process-parallel and shared-memory threading applications are affected by NUMA. It also covers NUMA-aware operating system differences, techniques for process affinity, and NUMA optimization strategies like minimizing remote memory access.
This document discusses real-time scheduling algorithms. It begins by defining real-time systems and their key properties of timeliness and predictability. It then discusses two common real-time scheduling algorithms: fixed-priority Rate Monotonic scheduling and dynamic-priority Earliest Deadline First scheduling. It covers how each algorithm prioritizes and orders tasks, and analyzes their schedulability and utilization bounds. It concludes by comparing the two approaches.
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to users. It provides advantages like cost-effectiveness, reliability, scalability, and flexibility but introduces challenges in achieving transparency, dependability, performance, and flexibility due to its distributed nature. A true distributed system that solves all these challenges perfectly is difficult to achieve due to limitations like network complexity and security issues.
Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine by dividing the machine's resources virtually. It works by applying hardware and software partitioning to create isolated execution environments for each virtual system. There are different types of virtualization functions such as sharing, aggregating, emulating, and insulating virtual resources. While virtualization started on mainframes to improve resource utilization, modern virtualization aims to address challenges like rising infrastructure costs and insufficient disaster protection. Virtualization abstracts computer resources and separates privilege levels through defined interfaces, but this also introduces constraints that virtualization aims to overcome.
The document discusses real-time embedded systems and real-time operating system (RTOS) scheduling. It introduces key concepts like hard and soft real-time systems, embedded systems, and RTOS scheduling techniques including round robin, function pointer based, and priority-based preemptive scheduling. The document also covers rate monotonic scheduling and static priority driven preemptive scheduling assumptions and theorems.
Distributed systems use multiple autonomous computers that communicate via messages to improve processing throughput, allow for CPU specialization, and provide fault tolerance. Faults in distributed systems can include data corruption, hanging processes, misleading return values, hardware/software/network outages, and resource overcommitment. To provide fault tolerance, processes are replicated across multiple computers so the system can continue functioning even if some processes fail. There are different types of faults like crash faults, omission faults, and Byzantine faults. Recovery from failures can use backward or forward recovery approaches.
This document discusses threads and threading models. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization consisting of a program counter, stack, and registers. Threads allow for simultaneous execution of tasks within the same process by switching between threads rapidly. There are three main threading models: many-to-one maps many user threads to one kernel thread; one-to-one maps each user thread to its own kernel thread; many-to-many maps user threads to kernel threads in a variable manner. Popular thread libraries include POSIX pthreads and Win32 threads.
presentation on real time operating system(RTOS's)chetan mudenoor
Real time Operating Systems are very fast and quick respondent systems. These systems are used in an environment where a large number of events (generally external) must be accepted and processed in a short time.
Real-time systems are those systems in which the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical result of computation, but also on the time at which the results are produced.
Multithreading allows exploiting thread-level parallelism (TLP) to improve processor utilization. There are several categories of multithreading:
- Superscalar simultaneous multithreading interleaves instructions from multiple threads within a single out-of-order processor core to reduce idle resources.
- Coarse-grained multithreading switches between threads on long-latency events like cache misses to hide latency.
- Fine-grained multithreading interleaves threads at a finer instruction granularity in in-order cores.
- Multiprocessing physically separates threads onto multiple processor cores.
The document discusses various consistency models including strict consistency, sequential consistency, causal consistency, pipelined random access memory consistency, processor consistency, and weak consistency. It focuses on explaining the sequential consistency model, which requires that all processes in the system see the memory operations in the same order, and allows different interleavings of read and write operations as long as this requirement is met. The document also discusses different strategies for implementing sequential consistency in distributed shared memory systems, including nonreplicated nonmigrating blocks, nonreplicated migrating blocks, replicated migrating blocks, and replicated nonmigrating blocks.
Distributed operating systems allow applications to run across multiple connected computers. They extend traditional network operating systems to provide greater communication and integration between machines on the network. While appearing like a regular centralized OS to users, distributed OSs actually run across multiple independent CPUs. Early research in distributed systems began in the 1970s, with many prototypes introduced through the 1980s-90s, though few achieved commercial success. Design considerations for distributed OSs include transparency, inter-process communication, resource management, reliability, and flexibility.
This presentation talks about Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS). Starting with fundamental concepts of OS, this presentation deep dives into Embedded, Real Time and related aspects of an OS. Appropriate examples are referred with Linux as a case-study. Ideal for a beginner to build understanding about RTOS.
The document discusses real-time operating systems (RTOS). It defines an RTOS as an operating system intended for real-time applications that must respond to events within strict time constraints. An RTOS has two main components - the "real-time" aspect which ensures responses within deadlines, and the "operating system" aspect which manages hardware resources and allows for multitasking. Common features of RTOSes include task scheduling, synchronization between tasks, and communication between tasks. The document outlines several RTOS concepts such as task management, scheduling, and inter-task communication methods like semaphores.
A presentation on different CPU scheduling algorithms such as SJF, RR and FIFO detailed explanation with advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm. This ppt also contains brief information about the multiprocessor scheduling and the performance evaluation of Scheduling algorithms.
Distributed shared memory (DSM) provides processes with a shared address space across distributed memory systems. DSM exists only virtually through primitives like read and write operations. It gives the illusion of physically shared memory while allowing loosely coupled distributed systems to share memory. DSM refers to applying this shared memory paradigm using distributed memory systems connected by a communication network. Each node has CPUs, memory, and blocks of shared memory can be cached locally but migrated on demand between nodes to maintain consistency.
This document discusses scheduling for tightly coupled multiprocessor systems. It describes two types of multiprocessor systems: loosely coupled systems where each processor has its own memory and I/O, and tightly coupled systems where processors share main memory. It also defines levels of granularity in parallel applications from independent to fine-grained parallelism. The key issues in multiprocessor scheduling are process assignment, multiprogramming, and dispatching. Different strategies like load sharing, gang scheduling, and dedicated assignment are used to address these issues.
This Presentation was prepared by Abdussamad Muntahi for the Seminar on High Performance Computing on 11/7/13 (Thursday) Organized by BRAC University Computer Club (BUCC) in collaboration with BRAC University Electronics and Electrical Club (BUEEC).
Fault tolerance is important for distributed systems to continue functioning in the event of partial failures. There are several phases to achieving fault tolerance: fault detection, diagnosis, evidence generation, assessment, and recovery. Common techniques include replication, where multiple copies of data are stored at different sites to increase availability if one site fails, and check pointing, where a system's state is periodically saved to stable storage so the system can be restored to a previous consistent state if a failure occurs. Both techniques have limitations around managing consistency with replication and overhead from checkpointing communications and storage requirements.
Trends in distributed systems include the emergence of pervasive technology, ubiquitous and mobile computing, increasing demand for multimedia, and viewing distributed systems as a utility. These trends have led to modern networks consisting of interconnected wired and wireless devices that can connect from any location. Mobile and ubiquitous computing allow small portable devices to connect to distributed systems from different places. Distributed multimedia systems enable accessing content like live broadcasts from desktops and mobile devices. Distributed systems are also seen as a utility with physical and logical resources rented rather than owned, such as with cloud computing which provides internet-based applications and services on demand.
The document discusses NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access), a computer architecture where memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory belonging to another processor. The NUMA architecture was designed to surpass the scalability limits of Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) architectures by limiting the number of CPUs connected to each memory bus. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 is aware of NUMA configurations and performs well on NUMA hardware without special configuration.
This document discusses real-time scheduling algorithms. It begins by defining real-time systems and their key properties of timeliness and predictability. It then discusses two common real-time scheduling algorithms: fixed-priority Rate Monotonic scheduling and dynamic-priority Earliest Deadline First scheduling. It covers how each algorithm prioritizes and orders tasks, and analyzes their schedulability and utilization bounds. It concludes by comparing the two approaches.
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to users. It provides advantages like cost-effectiveness, reliability, scalability, and flexibility but introduces challenges in achieving transparency, dependability, performance, and flexibility due to its distributed nature. A true distributed system that solves all these challenges perfectly is difficult to achieve due to limitations like network complexity and security issues.
Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine by dividing the machine's resources virtually. It works by applying hardware and software partitioning to create isolated execution environments for each virtual system. There are different types of virtualization functions such as sharing, aggregating, emulating, and insulating virtual resources. While virtualization started on mainframes to improve resource utilization, modern virtualization aims to address challenges like rising infrastructure costs and insufficient disaster protection. Virtualization abstracts computer resources and separates privilege levels through defined interfaces, but this also introduces constraints that virtualization aims to overcome.
The document discusses real-time embedded systems and real-time operating system (RTOS) scheduling. It introduces key concepts like hard and soft real-time systems, embedded systems, and RTOS scheduling techniques including round robin, function pointer based, and priority-based preemptive scheduling. The document also covers rate monotonic scheduling and static priority driven preemptive scheduling assumptions and theorems.
Distributed systems use multiple autonomous computers that communicate via messages to improve processing throughput, allow for CPU specialization, and provide fault tolerance. Faults in distributed systems can include data corruption, hanging processes, misleading return values, hardware/software/network outages, and resource overcommitment. To provide fault tolerance, processes are replicated across multiple computers so the system can continue functioning even if some processes fail. There are different types of faults like crash faults, omission faults, and Byzantine faults. Recovery from failures can use backward or forward recovery approaches.
This document discusses threads and threading models. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization consisting of a program counter, stack, and registers. Threads allow for simultaneous execution of tasks within the same process by switching between threads rapidly. There are three main threading models: many-to-one maps many user threads to one kernel thread; one-to-one maps each user thread to its own kernel thread; many-to-many maps user threads to kernel threads in a variable manner. Popular thread libraries include POSIX pthreads and Win32 threads.
presentation on real time operating system(RTOS's)chetan mudenoor
Real time Operating Systems are very fast and quick respondent systems. These systems are used in an environment where a large number of events (generally external) must be accepted and processed in a short time.
Real-time systems are those systems in which the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical result of computation, but also on the time at which the results are produced.
Multithreading allows exploiting thread-level parallelism (TLP) to improve processor utilization. There are several categories of multithreading:
- Superscalar simultaneous multithreading interleaves instructions from multiple threads within a single out-of-order processor core to reduce idle resources.
- Coarse-grained multithreading switches between threads on long-latency events like cache misses to hide latency.
- Fine-grained multithreading interleaves threads at a finer instruction granularity in in-order cores.
- Multiprocessing physically separates threads onto multiple processor cores.
The document discusses various consistency models including strict consistency, sequential consistency, causal consistency, pipelined random access memory consistency, processor consistency, and weak consistency. It focuses on explaining the sequential consistency model, which requires that all processes in the system see the memory operations in the same order, and allows different interleavings of read and write operations as long as this requirement is met. The document also discusses different strategies for implementing sequential consistency in distributed shared memory systems, including nonreplicated nonmigrating blocks, nonreplicated migrating blocks, replicated migrating blocks, and replicated nonmigrating blocks.
Distributed operating systems allow applications to run across multiple connected computers. They extend traditional network operating systems to provide greater communication and integration between machines on the network. While appearing like a regular centralized OS to users, distributed OSs actually run across multiple independent CPUs. Early research in distributed systems began in the 1970s, with many prototypes introduced through the 1980s-90s, though few achieved commercial success. Design considerations for distributed OSs include transparency, inter-process communication, resource management, reliability, and flexibility.
This presentation talks about Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS). Starting with fundamental concepts of OS, this presentation deep dives into Embedded, Real Time and related aspects of an OS. Appropriate examples are referred with Linux as a case-study. Ideal for a beginner to build understanding about RTOS.
The document discusses real-time operating systems (RTOS). It defines an RTOS as an operating system intended for real-time applications that must respond to events within strict time constraints. An RTOS has two main components - the "real-time" aspect which ensures responses within deadlines, and the "operating system" aspect which manages hardware resources and allows for multitasking. Common features of RTOSes include task scheduling, synchronization between tasks, and communication between tasks. The document outlines several RTOS concepts such as task management, scheduling, and inter-task communication methods like semaphores.
A presentation on different CPU scheduling algorithms such as SJF, RR and FIFO detailed explanation with advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm. This ppt also contains brief information about the multiprocessor scheduling and the performance evaluation of Scheduling algorithms.
Distributed shared memory (DSM) provides processes with a shared address space across distributed memory systems. DSM exists only virtually through primitives like read and write operations. It gives the illusion of physically shared memory while allowing loosely coupled distributed systems to share memory. DSM refers to applying this shared memory paradigm using distributed memory systems connected by a communication network. Each node has CPUs, memory, and blocks of shared memory can be cached locally but migrated on demand between nodes to maintain consistency.
This document discusses scheduling for tightly coupled multiprocessor systems. It describes two types of multiprocessor systems: loosely coupled systems where each processor has its own memory and I/O, and tightly coupled systems where processors share main memory. It also defines levels of granularity in parallel applications from independent to fine-grained parallelism. The key issues in multiprocessor scheduling are process assignment, multiprogramming, and dispatching. Different strategies like load sharing, gang scheduling, and dedicated assignment are used to address these issues.
This Presentation was prepared by Abdussamad Muntahi for the Seminar on High Performance Computing on 11/7/13 (Thursday) Organized by BRAC University Computer Club (BUCC) in collaboration with BRAC University Electronics and Electrical Club (BUEEC).
Fault tolerance is important for distributed systems to continue functioning in the event of partial failures. There are several phases to achieving fault tolerance: fault detection, diagnosis, evidence generation, assessment, and recovery. Common techniques include replication, where multiple copies of data are stored at different sites to increase availability if one site fails, and check pointing, where a system's state is periodically saved to stable storage so the system can be restored to a previous consistent state if a failure occurs. Both techniques have limitations around managing consistency with replication and overhead from checkpointing communications and storage requirements.
Trends in distributed systems include the emergence of pervasive technology, ubiquitous and mobile computing, increasing demand for multimedia, and viewing distributed systems as a utility. These trends have led to modern networks consisting of interconnected wired and wireless devices that can connect from any location. Mobile and ubiquitous computing allow small portable devices to connect to distributed systems from different places. Distributed multimedia systems enable accessing content like live broadcasts from desktops and mobile devices. Distributed systems are also seen as a utility with physical and logical resources rented rather than owned, such as with cloud computing which provides internet-based applications and services on demand.
The document discusses NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access), a computer architecture where memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory belonging to another processor. The NUMA architecture was designed to surpass the scalability limits of Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) architectures by limiting the number of CPUs connected to each memory bus. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 is aware of NUMA configurations and performs well on NUMA hardware without special configuration.
This document summarizes a seminar on parallel computing. It defines parallel computing as performing multiple calculations simultaneously rather than consecutively. A parallel computer is described as a large collection of processing elements that can communicate and cooperate to solve problems fast. The document then discusses parallel architectures like shared memory, distributed memory, and shared distributed memory. It compares parallel computing to distributed computing and cluster computing. Finally, it discusses challenges in parallel computing like power constraints and programmability and provides examples of parallel applications like GPU processing and remote sensing.
Uniform memory access (UMA) systems provide uniform memory access times for processors, while non-uniform memory access (NUMA) systems provide faster access to local versus remote memory. Cache coherence must be maintained across networks in NUMA systems as well as within nodes to ensure processors see updated values. Distributed shared memory (cc-NUMA) systems consist of processors with local memory and a global address space, requiring cache coherence to be enforced across the network.
This document discusses parallel processors and multicore architecture. It begins with an introduction to parallel processors, including concurrent access to memory and cache coherency. It then discusses multicore architecture, where a single physical processor contains the logic of two or more cores. This allows increasing processing power while keeping clock speeds and power consumption lower than would be needed for a single high-speed core. Cache coherence methods like write-through, write-back, and directory-based approaches are also summarized for maintaining consistency across cores' caches when accessing shared memory.
Unit IV discusses parallelism and parallel processing architectures. It introduces Flynn's classifications of parallel systems as SISD, MIMD, SIMD, and SPMD. Hardware approaches to parallelism include multicore processors, shared memory multiprocessors, and message-passing systems like clusters, GPUs, and warehouse-scale computers. The goals of parallelism are to increase computational speed and throughput by processing data concurrently across multiple processors.
This document discusses different types of parallel processor architectures:
- SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD refer to single instruction single data, single instruction multiple data, multiple instruction single data, and multiple instruction multiple data respectively.
- Symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs) have multiple similar processors that share memory and I/O. Clusters have groups of interconnected whole computers working together. NUMA systems have processors that access different regions of shared memory at different speeds.
The Amoeba operating system is a distributed operating system that allows users to log into a collection of connected computers that act as a single system. The key goals of Amoeba are to provide the illusion of a single powerful computer and to make the distribution of processes, data, and load transparent to users. Amoeba uses microkernels, servers, and capabilities to manage processes, memory, and communication across the distributed system. Processes can make remote procedure calls to servers to access objects and resources anywhere on the network.
The document provides an introduction to high performance computing architectures. It discusses the von Neumann architecture that has been used in computers for over 40 years. It then explains Flynn's taxonomy, which classifies parallel computers based on whether their instruction and data streams are single or multiple. The main categories are SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD. It provides examples of computer architectures that fall under each classification. Finally, it discusses different parallel computer memory architectures, including shared memory, distributed memory, and hybrid models.
NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) is a computer memory design that allows for multiprocessor systems where the memory access time depends on the location of the memory relative to the processor. With NUMA, accessing some regions of memory will take longer than others. The document discusses the background of NUMA, how it impacts operating system policies and programming approaches, and provides performance comparisons between UMA (Uniform Memory Access) and NUMA architectures.
Parallel computing involves using multiple processing units simultaneously to solve computational problems. It can save time by solving large problems or providing concurrency. The basic design involves memory storing program instructions and data, and a CPU fetching instructions from memory and sequentially performing them. Flynn's taxonomy classifies computer systems based on their instruction and data streams as SISD, SIMD, MISD, or MIMD. Parallel architectures can also be classified based on their memory arrangement as shared memory or distributed memory systems.
Automatic NUMA balancing aims to improve performance on systems with Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) by tracking where tasks access memory and placing tasks on nodes where their memory is located. It uses NUMA hinting page faults, page migration, task grouping, and fault statistics to determine optimal task placement. Pseudo-interleaving spreads tasks and memory across nodes to maximize memory bandwidth for workloads spanning multiple nodes. Evaluation shows automatic NUMA balancing can provide performance benefits for many workloads on NUMA systems without manual tuning.
This document provides an introduction to high performance computer architecture and multiprocessors. It discusses how initial improvements in computer performance came from innovative manufacturing techniques and exploitation of instruction level parallelism (ILP). More recently, exploiting thread and process level parallelism across multiple processors has become a focus. The key types of multiprocessor architectures discussed are symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs) and distributed memory computers which use message passing. SMPs connect multiple processors to a shared memory using a bus, while distributed memory computers require explicit message passing between separate processor memories.
This document discusses multiprocessor systems. It begins by explaining the reasons for using multiprocessors, including improving performance by using multiple CPUs. It then describes different types of multiprocessor symmetry and architectures, such as symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and non-uniform memory access (NUMA). The document also discusses instruction and data streams, processor coupling in tightly-coupled and loosely-coupled systems, and communication architectures like message passing and shared memory. Finally, examples of multiprocessor systems like the HP Superdome are provided.
This document provides an overview of high performance computing infrastructures. It discusses parallel architectures including multi-core processors and graphical processing units. It also covers cluster computing, which connects multiple computers to increase processing power, and grid computing, which shares resources across administrative domains. The key aspects covered are parallelism, memory architectures, and technologies used to implement clusters like Message Passing Interface.
This document discusses massively parallel architectures and processing in memory (PIM) as ways to overcome the memory wall problem. It describes several PIM and cellular architectures including Cyclops, Gilgamesh, Shamrock, picoChip and DIMES. DIMES is an FPGA implementation of a simplified cellular architecture that was used by Jason McGuiness to test programming approaches. The talk concludes with an invitation for questions.
This document discusses multiprocessor operating systems. It covers basic multiprocessor system architectures including tightly coupled, loosely coupled, UMA, NUMA, and NORMA systems. It also discusses interconnection networks like bus, crossbar switch, and multistage networks. Additionally, it summarizes the structures of basic multiprocessor operating systems including separate supervisor, master-slave, and symmetric models.
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) involves connecting two or more identical processors to a single shared main memory. The processors have equal access to I/O devices and are controlled by a single operating system instance. An SMP operating system manages resources so that users see a multiprogramming uniprocessor system. Key design issues for SMP include simultaneous processes, scheduling, synchronization, memory management, and fault tolerance.
A microkernel is a small operating system core that provides modular extensions. Less essential services are built as user mode servers that communicate through the microkernel via messages. This provides advantages like uniform interfaces, extensibility, flexibility, portability, and increased security.
Sharding Containers: Make Go Apps Computer-Friendly Again by Andrey Sibiryov Docker, Inc.
The document discusses how modern hardware has become more complex with multi-core, multi-socket CPUs and deep cache hierarchies. This complexity introduces latency and performance issues for software. The author describes their service that processes millions of requests per second spending a large amount of time on garbage collection, context switching, and CPU stalls. They developed a tool called Tesson that analyzes hardware topology and shards containerized applications across CPU cores, pinning linked components closer together to improve locality and performance. Tesson integrates with a local load balancer to distribute workloads efficiently utilizing the system resources.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
2. • What is NUMA?
• History of processors.
• Close look on NUMA.
• UMA, NUMA & NUMA SMP architect.
• Barriers of NUMA.
• Solutions.
• Existing simulators.
• Benefits of NUMA
3. What is NUMA?
• Non-Uniform Memory Access: it will take longer
to access some regions of memory than others
• Designed to improve scalability on large SMPs
• Processor can access its own local memory faster than
non-local memory.
SMP: symmetric multiprocessing
4. What is NUMA?
• Groups of processors (NUMA node) have their own local
memory
– Any processor can access any memory, including the
one not "owned" by its group (remote memory)
– Non-uniform: accessing local memory is faster than
accessing remote memory
5. What is NUMA?
• Nodes are linked to each other by a hight-speed interconnection
• NUMA limits the number of CPUs
• Each group of processors has its own memory and possibly its I/O
channels
• The number of CPUs withing a NUMA node depends on the hardware
vendor.
6. What is NUMA?
• Facts:
– (most of) memory is
allocated at task startup.
– tasks are (usually) free to
run on any processor.
Both local and remote
accesses can happen
during task's life.
7. History of processors.
• Mental model of CPUs is stuck in the 1980s: basically
boxes that do arithmetic, logic, bit twiddling and shifting,
and loading and storing things in memory. But various
newer developments like vector instructions (SIMD) and
the idea that newer CPUs have support for virtualization.
• Many supercomputer designs of the 1980s and 1990s
focused on providing high-speed memory access as
opposed to faster processors, allowing the computers to
work on large data sets at speeds other systems could
not approach.
8. History of processors.
• The first commercial implementation of a NUMA-based
Unix system was the Symmetrical Multi Processing XPS-
100 family of servers, designed by Dan Gielan of VAST
Corporation for Honeywell Information Systems Italy.
9. Close look on NUMA.
• One can view NUMA as a tightly coupled form of cluster
computing. The addition of virtual memory paging to a
cluster architecture can allow the implementation of
NUMA entirely in software. However, the inter-node
latency of software-based NUMA remains several orders
of magnitude greater (slower) than that of hardware-
based NUMA.
• NUMA come to solve performance problems by
providing separate memory for each processor &
avoiding the performance hit when several processors
attempt to address the same memory.
10. Close look on NUMA
• Threads that share memory should be on the same
socket, and a memory-mapped I/O heavy thread should
make sure it’s on the socket that’s closest to the I/O
device it’s talking to.
• There is multiple level of memory like CC & LLC
because CPU become faster and need to speed up
memory access, it calls memory tree.
11. Close look on NUMA
• NUMA VS ccNUMA: The difference is almost
nonexistent at this point. ccNUMA stands for Cache-
Coherent NUMA, but NUMA and ccNUMA have really
come to be synonymous. The applications for non-cache
coherent NUMA machines are almost non-existent, and
they are a real pain to program for, so unless specifically
stated otherwise, NUMA actually means ccNUMA.
12. Close look on NUMA
• When a processor looks for data at a certain memory
address, it first looks in the L1 cache on the
microprocessor itself, then on a somewhat larger L1 and
L2 cache chip nearby, and then on a third level of cache
that the NUMA configuration provides before seeking the
data in the "remote memory" located near the other
microprocessors. Each of these NODES in the
interconnection network. NUMA maintains a hierarchical
view of the data on all the nodes.
• InterConnection Netwrok (ICN): as mentioned above,
ICN related NODES to allow exchange of data between
them. ( same in cluster physical link allow exchange of
data)
13. UMA, NUMA & NUMA SMP architect
• Uniform memory access(UMA): all
processors have same latency to
access memory. This architecture is
scalable only for limited nmber of
processors.
• Nom Uniform Memory
Access(NUMA): each processor has
its own local memory, the memory of
other processor is accessible but the
lantency to access them is not the
same which this event called " remote
memory access"
14. UMA, NUMA & NUMA SMP architect
• NUMA SMP: the hardware
trend is to use NUMA systems
with sereval NUMA nodes as
show in figure. A NUMA node
haa a group of processors
having shared memory. A
NUMA node can use its local
bus to interact with local
memory. Multiple NUMA
nodes can be added to form a
SMP. A common SMP bus can
interconnect all NUMA nodes
17. Barriers of NUMA.
• IO NUMA: needs to be considered during placement /
scheduling.
18. Barriers of NUMA.
• There was just memory in 80s. Then CPUs got fast
enough relative to memory that people wanted to add a
cache. It’s bad news if the cache is inconsistent with the
backing store (memory), so the cache has to keep some
information about what it’s holding on to so it knows
if/when it needs to write things to the backing store.
19. Barriers of NUMA.
• Data request by more
than one processor.
• How far apart the
processors are from their
associated memory
banks.
20. Solutions
• It exist some hardware implementation to solve some
problems. Because, buying a high end server is so
expensive to test on it new approches and need a
special condition like cold and space.
• We as developer could create a simulator to implement
different approaches to analyse, improve performance
and scalability. This mean that simulator need to handle
software and hardware part also, by indicating remote
memory access events, calculate execution time of each
process and IO events ... etc.
21. Existing simulators
There is a same number of existing project that could be
named such as: RSIM, SICOSYS, SIMT and simNUMA.
Those projects exist and have done pretty nice job each
of those has power points and weakness points, but it's
already started and there is much more to cover and to
implement in this field.
There are a lot of approches and theories that needs to
be tested and proved or disproved.
For those reason mentioned above simulator plays an
important role in the near future
22. Benefit of NUMA
As mentioned above and scalability. It is extremely
difficult to scale SMP CPUs. At that number of CPUs, the
memory bus is under heavy contention. NUMA is one
way of reducing the number of CPUs competing for
access to a shared memory bus. This is accomplished
by having several memory busses and only having a
small number of CPUs on each of those busses.
23. I’m interested in things that
CPUs can’t do yet but will be
able to do in the near future.