Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.
MODULE III Parallel Processors and Memory Organization 15 Hours
Parallel Processors: Introduction to parallel processors, Concurrent access to memory and cache
coherency. Introduction to multicore architecture. Memory system design: semiconductor memory
technologies, memory organization. Memory interleaving, concept of hierarchical memory
organization, cache memory, cache size vs. block size, mapping functions, replacement
algorithms, write policies.
Case Study: Instruction sets of some common CPUs - Design of a simple hypothetical CPU- A
sequential Y86-64 design-Sun Ultra SPARC II pipeline structure
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
MODULE III Parallel Processors and Memory Organization 15 Hours
Parallel Processors: Introduction to parallel processors, Concurrent access to memory and cache
coherency. Introduction to multicore architecture. Memory system design: semiconductor memory
technologies, memory organization. Memory interleaving, concept of hierarchical memory
organization, cache memory, cache size vs. block size, mapping functions, replacement
algorithms, write policies.
Case Study: Instruction sets of some common CPUs - Design of a simple hypothetical CPU- A
sequential Y86-64 design-Sun Ultra SPARC II pipeline structure
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Why Choose a Multiprocessor?
• A single CPU can only go so fast, use more
than one CPU to improve performance
• Multiple users
• Multiple applications
• Multi-tasking within an application
• Responsiveness and/or throughput
• Share hardware between CPUs
3. Multiprocessor Symmetry
• In a multiprocessing system, all CPUs may be equal, or
some may be reserved for special purposes.
• A combination of hardware and operating-system
software design considerations determine the symmetry.
• Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called symmetric
multiprocessing (SMP) systems.
• If all CPUs are not equal, system resources may be
divided in a number of ways, including asymmetric
multiprocessing (ASMP), non-uniform memory access
(NUMA) multiprocessing, and clustered multiprocessing.
4. Instruction and Data Streams
Multiprocessors can be used in different ways:
• Uniprossesors (single-instruction, single-data or SISD)
• Within a single system to execute multiple, independent
sequences of instructions in multiple contexts (multiple-
instruction, multiple-data or MIMD);
• A single sequence of instructions in multiple contexts
(single-instruction, multiple-data or SIMD, often used in
vector processing);
• Multiple sequences of instructions in a single context
(multiple-instruction, single-data or MISD, used for
redundancy in fail-safe systems and sometimes applied
to describe pipelined processors or hyper threading).
5. Processor Coupling
Tightly-coupled multiprocessor systems:
• Contain multiple CPUs that are connected at the bus level.
• These CPUs may have access to a central shared memory
(Symmetric Multiprocessing, or SMP), or may participate in a
memory hierarchy with both local and shared memory (Non-
Uniform Memory Access, or NUMA).
• Example: IBM p690 Regatta, Chip multiprocessors, also
known as multi-core computing.
Loosely-coupled multiprocessor systems:
• Often referred as clusters
• Based on multiple standalone single or dual processor
commodity computers interconnected via a high speed
communication system, such as Gigabit ethernet.
• Example: Linux Beowulf cluster
6. Multiprocessor Communication
Architectures
Message Passing
• Separate address space for each processor
• Processors communicate via message passing
• Processors have private memories
• Focuses attention on costly non-local operations
Shared Memory
• Processors communicate with shared address space
• Processors communicate by memory read/write
• Easy on small-scale machines
• Lower latency
• SMP or NUMA
• The kind that we will focus on today
7. Shared-Memory Processors
. . .
interconnection network
. . .
processor
1
cache
processor
2
cache
processor
N
cache
memory
1
memory
M
memory
2
•Single copy of the OS (although some parts might be parallel)
•Relatively easy to program and port sequential code to
•Difficult to scale to large numbers of processors
UMA machine block diagram
8. Types of Shared-Memory Architectures
UMA
• Uniform Memory Access
• Access to all memory occurred at the same speed for
all processors.
• We will focus on UMA today.
NUMA
• Non-Uniform Memory Access
• a.k.a. “Distributed Shared Memory”.
• Typically interconnection is grid or hypercube.
• Access to some parts of memory is faster for some
processors than other parts of memory.
• Harder to program, but scales to more processors
9. Bus Based UMA
(a) Simplest MP:
More than one processor on a single bus
connect to memory, bus bandwidth becomes
a bottleneck.
(b) Each processor has a cache to reduce the need
to access to memory.
(c) To further scale the number of processors, each
processor is given private local memory.
10. NUMA
• All memories can be addressed by all processors, but access to a
processor’s own local memory is faster than access to another
processor’s remote memory.
• Looks like a distributed machine, but the interconnection network is
usually custom-designed switches and/or buses.
11. OS Option 1
Each CPU has its own OS
• Statically allocate physical memory to each CPU
• Each CPU runs its own independents OS
• Share peripherals
• Each CPU handles its processes system calls
• Used in early multiprocessor systems
• Simple to implement
• Avoids concurrency issues by not sharing
• Issues: 1. Each processor has its own scheduling queue.
2. Each processor has its own memory partition.
3. Consistency is an issue with independent disk buffer caches and
potentially shared files.
12. OS Option 2
Master-Slave Multiprocessors
• OS mostly runs on a single fixed CPU.
• User-level applications run on the other CPUs.
• All system calls are passed to the Master CPU for processing
• Very little synchronisation required
• Single to implement
• Single centralised scheduler to keep all processors busy
• Memory can be allocated as needed to all CPUs.
• Issues: Master CPU becomes the bottleneck.
13. OS Option 3
Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)
• OS kernel runs on all processors, while load and resources are balanced
between all processors.
• One alternative: A single mutex (mutual exclusion object) that make the
entire kernel a large critical section; Only one CPU can be in the kernel at a
time; Only slight better than master-slave
• Better alternative: Identify independent parts of the kernel and make each of
them their own critical section, which allows parallelism in the kernel
• Issues: A difficult task; Code is mostly similar to uniprocessor code; hard
part is identifying independent parts that don’t interfere with each other
14. Earlier Example
Quad-Processor Pentium Pro
• SMP, bus interconnection.
• 4 x 200 MHz Intel Pentium Pro processors.
• 8 + 8 Kb L1 cache per processor.
• 512 Kb L2 cache per processor.
• Snoopy cache coherence.
• Employed in Compaq, HP, IBM, NetPower.
• OS: Windows NT, Solaris, Linux, etc.
15. Example
HP Integrity Superdome
• The HP Integrity Superdome is HP's high-end addition to the family of
industry-standard Itanium®-based solutions. The Superdome offers
several configurations from 2-way multiprocessing all the way to 128
CPUs supporting multiple operating systems such as HP-UX 11iV2,
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Datacentre Edition, Linux and
OpenVMS.
• Processor: 2 to 64 Intel Itanium 2 processors (1.6 GHz with 9 MB
cache)
• Memory: Up to 1TB DDR memory
• 1-16 cell boards (each cell: 2 or 4 processors and 2 to 32 GB memory)
•
• 48 - 96 PCI-X internal hot-plug I/O card slots (Optional Server
Expansion Unit)
• 4 -16 hardware partitions (nPars) using Server Expansion Unit
16. Conclusion
• Parallel processing is a future technique for
higher performance and effectiveness for
multiprogrammed workloads.
• MPs combine the difficulties of building complex
hardware systems and complex software
systems.
• Communication, memory, affinity and
throughputs presents an important influence on
the systems costs and performances
• On-chip MPs (MPSoC) technology appears to
be growing