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The Reagan administration sought to reverse perceived declines in US national security and military strength during the 1970s. Reagan increased defense spending substantially to modernize US forces after a "decade of neglect." He also pursued an aggressive foreign policy including the invasion of Grenada, bombing of Libya, and covert support for anti-communist insurgencies. Reagan pursued arms control agreements with the Soviet Union to counter the domestic "nuclear freeze" movement and weaken Soviet military capabilities.
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![The Setting: 1980
• Soviet Global Engagement
– Africa/Middle East
– Latin America
– Europe (peace offensive)
– sia (Cambodia, Afghanistan)
• US Decline
– Iran hostages
– Vietnam
– Largest reduction in US military capabilities relative to USSR
during Cold War [Gaddis]
– weakened US presidency
– weakened NATO
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Vietnam War. It describes the Ho Chi Minh Trail that supplied Communist troops through Laos and Cambodia. It discusses combat tactics used by Communists like ambushes and hiding in tunnels. It outlines major U.S. military campaigns like Rolling Thunder bombings and the use of Agent Orange. It also mentions controversial incidents like the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the Kent State shootings that sparked anti-war protests in the U.S.
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The Vietnam War began as a conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam following the country's division in 1954. The US backed South Vietnam in an attempt to stop the spread of communism. Despite massive US bombing campaigns and troop deployment, North Vietnam was able to reunite the country in 1975 after the fall of Saigon. The war resulted in over 3 million deaths in Vietnam and severely damaged US foreign policy credibility and trust in government.
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- Despite massive US military involvement, North Vietnam was able to withstand the attacks and launch the devastating Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening US public support for the war. Peace talks
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Vietnam war presentation
The Vietnam War occurred between 1959 and 1975 in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. It began as a result of the US strategy to prevent the spread of communism. There were two main power blocs involved - the US and allies who supported South Vietnam, and the Soviet Union and North Vietnam who wanted to reunify Vietnam under communist rule. The war resulted in nearly 60,000 American deaths and an estimated 2 million Vietnamese deaths, and Vietnam was ultimately unified under communist control.
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The Vietnam War began in 1954 as an effort by the United States to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, U.S. involvement escalated through military advising and direct combat troops. The 1968 Tet Offensive turned U.S. public opinion against the war as it showed the Viet Cong were not close to defeat. Growing anti-war protests and the release of the Pentagon Papers further eroded support. Under President Nixon, Vietnamization transitioned fighting to the South Vietnamese army but Saigon fell to North Vietnam in 1975, marking the end of the war.
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- The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the US-backed South Vietnamese government.
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- The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased support to South Vietnam against the North Vietnamese-backed Viet Cong. Heavy US bombing began in 1965 and US troop levels rose to over 500,000.
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The US became involved in Vietnam for several reasons: to contain communism according to the Cold War policy, the Domino Theory that communism would spread in Asia if one country fell, and the French withdrawal from their colony of Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin resolution allowed the president to send troops without congressional approval. The US supported the anti-communist leader Diem in South Vietnam but later helped remove him. Despite initial advisors, the US increasingly committed troops under Kennedy and Johnson but failed to win, contributing to Johnson not seeking re-election. Nixon took office promising to end the war through "Vietnamization" while using tactics like Agent Orange and napalm bombings. Growing protests at home resulted from the Tet Offensive showing
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Ho Chi Minh led Vietnam to declare independence from France in 1945. The French were eventually defeated in 1954, but the US became involved to contain the spread of communism according to the Domino Theory. The Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel. Elections were planned to reunify the country in 1956 but did not occur due to South Vietnam blocking them for fear that Ho Chi Minh would win. The US supported the anti-communist South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem and began training the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minh built up North Vietnam's army and Viet Cong guerrilla fighters in the South. In 1964, alleged attacks by North Vietnam
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1) He brokered the historic Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978.
2) However, his presidency was hampered by stagflation, the Iran hostage crisis, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
3) He lost his bid for reelection in 1980 to Ronald Reagan in a landslide as Americans had lost confidence in his leadership.
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This document provides a timeline of key actions taken by the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan from 1931 to 1941, and the reactions and policies of the United States. It includes events such as Japan invading Manchuria in 1931, Italy invading Ethiopia in 1935, Germany remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936, and Japan invading China in 1937. The US initially pursued policies of appeasement and neutrality through acts and arms embargoes. However, after Nazi Germany invaded numerous European countries and Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US entered WWII by declaring war on Japan.
Middle East in Transition - Lesson 1 - US Interests in the Middle East
1. The United States has significant geostrategic interests in the Middle East due to its location along important trade routes and its large oil reserves. The U.S. seeks to ensure regional stability and prevent hostile powers from gaining control of the region.
2. U.S. involvement in the Middle East has grown since the early 20th century. A key goal of U.S. policy was originally to counter Soviet influence during the Cold War. More recently, concerns about weapons proliferation and human rights have also shaped U.S. strategy.
3. Support for Israel remains an important factor in U.S. Middle East policy due to historical, strategic and domestic political considerations. Ensuring secure oil supplies also remains
US History_ Cold War CH 26
The document summarizes key aspects of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union after World War 2. It describes the ideological differences between democracy/capitalism in the West and communism in the East. It outlines the division of Germany and Berlin between Western allies and the Soviet Union. Key events that increased tensions are also summarized like the Berlin Blockade and Airlift, formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances, and arms race including nuclear weapons and space race.
3rd Six Weeks Review
World War I began in 1914 and the United States entered in 1917 in response to German submarine warfare and an intercepted telegram proposing a German-Mexican alliance against America. The war was fought largely in trenches and led to massive casualties before ending in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, sowing discontent. In the 1920s, the U.S. experienced economic boom but the stock market crash of 1929 plunged the country into the Great Depression. Franklin Roosevelt responded with his New Deal programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform through new agencies and public works.
Iran (1).pptx
The document discusses the geopolitical context in the Middle East from World War 2 through the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. It notes that during WWII, the US and its allies wanted to secure oil supplies from the Middle East. It then discusses the Cold War dynamics between the US and USSR competing for influence in the region, the 1953 Iranian coup supported by the US and UK, and the 1979 Iranian Revolution overthrowing the US-backed Shah.
14-1 (ush)
The document provides background information on World War I and the U.S. entry into the war. It discusses the main causes of WWI which included militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, and self-determination. It then describes the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which sparked the beginning of the war. Finally, it explains that while the U.S. initially remained neutral, Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, which resulted in the sinking of American ships like the Lusitania, as well as the Zimmerman Telegram, convinced the U.S. to join the Allies in the war in 1917.
Goal 10 ppt
The causes of WWII included the harsh Treaty of Versailles, totalitarian leaders like Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin, failed peace agreements like the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Munich Pact. WWII began when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. Major events included the Battle of Britain, Dunkirk, the Holocaust, and the bombing of Pearl Harbor which brought the US into the war. The war ended with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. This led to the start of the Cold War between communist nations led by the Soviet Union and democratic nations led by the US and its allies.
Assigment 1 Reagan DoctrinePOL 300Luciana Q.docx
The document discusses the Reagan Doctrine, a foreign policy pursued by President Ronald Reagan from 1981-1989. The doctrine provided overt support to anti-communist groups fighting Soviet-backed regimes. In Afghanistan, the Reagan Doctrine backed Mujahideen rebels against the Soviet occupation. This policy weakened the Soviet Union and hastened its collapse, though also strengthened groups like al-Qaeda that later attacked American interests. The doctrine aimed to roll back Soviet expansion without direct American military involvement by arming indigenous opposition groups.
The cold war 1945 1990 (2)
The document provides an overview of key events and concepts related to the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1990. It discusses the origins of the Cold War in the aftermath of World War II and the ideological clash between capitalism/democracy and communism. Major events covered include the Berlin Blockade, McCarthyism, the arms race including development of nuclear weapons, and conflicts such as the Korean War and Vietnam War. Key Cold War concepts explained include containment policy, domino theory, détente, and arms limitation treaties.
WAR IRAQ VS KWAIT
The document discusses US foreign policy and involvement in various conflicts over several decades. It summarizes the US's two-track policy of supporting both Iran and Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war to prolong the conflict. It also discusses the US initially giving Saddam Hussein the impression it would not intervene in Iraq's invasion of Kuwait but then leading a coalition against Iraq. The document provides timelines of US involvement in Afghanistan, including supporting mujahideen groups and the emergence of the Taliban, as well as interventions in other countries like Indonesia, Philippines and Venezuela.
Canada and the cold war
The Cold War began in 1945 after WWII and lasted until 1991. It was a period of geopolitical tension and military buildup between the United States and its capitalist allies and the Soviet Union and its communist allies. Though direct military conflict was avoided, the two superpowers engaged in espionage, propaganda, arms races, and proxy wars. The ideological conflict that fueled the Cold War was between communism and democracy. Key events included the Berlin Airlift, nuclear arms buildup, space race, Cuban Missile Crisis, and fall of the Berlin Wall. The Cold War ended as reform policies in the USSR led Eastern Bloc countries to abandon communism in 1989-1991.
Canada and the cold war 2015
The Cold War began in 1945 after WWII and lasted until 1991. It was a period of geopolitical tension and military buildup between the United States and its capitalist allies and the Soviet Union and its communist allies. Though direct military conflict was avoided, the two superpowers engaged in espionage, propaganda, arms races, and proxy wars. Canada was pulled closer to the U.S. through alliances like NORAD but maintained some independence in foreign policy decisions. The threat of nuclear war loomed large throughout the Cold War as both sides stockpiled weapons.
National Defense, International Security, & Globalization in the Post-Cold Wa...
National Defense, International Security, & Globalization in the Post-Cold Wa...Carl B. Forkner, Ph.D.
This document summarizes key topics related to national defense, international security, and globalization. It discusses definitions of national security and strategies for national defense. It also examines global influences like Israel/Palestine, major powers, and regional issues. Military history from 1990 to 2003 is reviewed. Economic forces of globalization and their impacts are considered. Finally, traditional and non-traditional security challenges are presented, with the question of where future wars may occur.Cold War in a Global Context
The document provides background information on the early Cold War period from 1947 to 1970. It discusses key events like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan that established the US policy of containment of communism. It also covers the establishment of military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, proxy wars in Korea and Vietnam, and crises over places like Berlin, Cuba, and Czechoslovakia. The arms race between the US and USSR is examined, as well as the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement led by countries seeking to avoid alignment with either superpower.
World warone
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and lasted until 1918. Major powers formed alliances that split Europe into the Allied powers of France, Britain, Italy, and Russia against the Central powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The US initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. Over 2 million American troops deployed to Europe. Key battles in 1918 helped turn the tide in favor of the Allies. The war ended with an armistice and the 1919 Treaty of Versailles which established the League of Nations but did not achieve a lasting peace in Europe.
Ch. 17 section 3 the allies turn the tide
The Allies began to turn the tide of World War II in 1942-1943 with key victories. The Allies committed all of their resources to total war efforts on the home front and battlefront. This included mobilizing women for industrial jobs. A major turning point was the defeat of German forces at Stalingrad in 1943. In 1944, the Allies launched the massive D-Day invasion of German-occupied France on June 6th and succeeded in pushing back German defenses on the beaches of Normandy. By early 1945, with the Allied advance into Germany and round-the-clock bombing, Germany's defeat seemed inevitable.
U2 notes
The document provides background information on America's emergence as a world power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the reasons for US imperialism, including global competition, cultural superiority beliefs, seeking new naval bases and markets. It outlines America's acquisitions of Alaska, Hawaii, and Samoa. It then summarizes the causes and key events of the Spanish-American War, including yellow journalism, the De Lome Letter, and the sinking of the USS Maine. Finally, it briefly discusses the Treaty of Paris and the new US spheres of influence in places like Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines in the aftermath of the war.
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Middle East in Transition - Lesson 1 - US Interests in the Middle East
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Information Assurance Manual
This document provides an introduction to the Department of the Navy Information Assurance Program. It discusses key principles of information assurance including confidentiality, integrity, availability, and defense-in-depth. It also outlines the Navy's approaches to information assurance such as supporting the Global Information Grid vision, implementing the Navy Marine Corps Intranet, and adhering to the Department of Defense Information Assurance Strategic Plan. The document is intended to serve as a high-level overview of information assurance concepts and requirements for the Department of the Navy.
DOJ
The document discusses the methodology for digital forensic analysis. It begins with an overview that defines computer forensics and outlines its key elements. It then details the three main steps in the forensic process: 1) Preparation/Extraction, which involves verifying tools and data, developing search leads, and extracting relevant information; 2) Identification, which involves determining the type of extracted data and identifying relevant data to answer the forensic request; and 3) Analysis, which involves connecting all the information to answer who, what, when, where, how and other questions to fully satisfy the forensic request. The document provides figures illustrating each step and explains how new leads developed at each phase can trigger repeating steps in an iterative process until the request is
17 471 19_nuclear_weapons
This document discusses several key determinants and influences on American national security policy in the coming decade, including threats from weapons of mass destruction like nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and their delivery systems. It also examines the history of nuclear proliferation, efforts to cope with proliferation, and options for U.S. policy regarding threats like extended nuclear deterrence, weapons of mass destruction, and other measures.
17 471 18_19931999
The Clinton administration faced new national security challenges after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. With no central threat, the administration pursued a strategy of selective engagement, focusing on humanitarian interventions, nation-building efforts in Somalia and Haiti, peacekeeping in the Balkans through NATO, and addressing emerging threats like terrorism using limited military strikes. However, the administration was constrained by public fatigue with foreign entanglements and domestic political issues.
17 471 16_19891992
The Bush administration pursued arms control agreements like START I and CFE to reduce nuclear and conventional weapons in Europe as the Soviet Union declined. Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, and the US led a UN coalition to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991 through diplomatic efforts like Desert Shield and the air and ground campaign of Desert Storm over 43 days.
17 471 14_19741980
This document provides an overview of American national security policy between 1974-1980, covering the Ford and Carter administrations. It introduces key terms and events of the period and outlines the national security policies and innovations of each administration, including the Total Force Concept, SALT II, and the Carter Doctrine establishing defense of the Persian Gulf as a vital US interest. Major events of the period included the fall of South Vietnam, tensions in the Horn of Africa and Angola, and the Iranian hostage crisis.
17 471 11_19601964
This document discusses American national security policy from 1960-1964. Key developments included adopting Flexible Response to create new defense options beyond nuclear weapons, establishing the Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS) to increase civilian control over defense spending, and shifting strategic doctrine from Damage Limitation to Assured Destruction based on second-strike capability using the Strategic Triad of ICBMs, SLBMs, and bombers. Events of this period included the Cuban Missile Crisis and development of arms control agreements.
17 471 10_19521959
During the 1952-1959 period, the United States adopted a policy of massive retaliation in response to the Soviet nuclear threat. This new policy emphasized deterring Soviet aggression through the threat of nuclear retaliation. It led to a reduction in conventional military forces and an increased focus on strategic nuclear weapons and tactical nuclear weapons to deter local wars. This period saw many crises with the Soviet Union and escalating arms race as both sides developed new nuclear and missile technologies.
17 471 09_19491952
The document discusses key events and developments in US national security policy from 1950-1952. This included the issuance of NSC-68 which militarized US policy and called for increased defense spending to contain the Soviet threat. The Soviet atomic bomb program and communist victory in China heightened tensions. The Korean War broke out in 1950, and China later intervened, surprising the US. Other events included the start of the US H-bomb program and the USSR-China friendship treaty. Overall, this period saw a hardening of stances between the US and Soviet blocs and a refocusing of US policy around rebuilding military capabilities.
17 471 08_19451949
This document provides an overview of major events and developments in American national security policy in the aftermath of World War II from 1945-1949. It discusses the hopes for disengagement and diplomatic accommodation with the USSR from 1945-1947, as well as the institutional innovations like the UN, AEC, and National Security Act of 1947. However, crises with the USSR over Iran, Greece, Turkey, Berlin and developments in China challenged this approach and led to the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to contain Soviet expansion. Ongoing interservice rivalry also impacted the reorganization of the military during this period.
17 471 07_interest_groups_media_public
The document discusses how public opinion on national security policy can be manipulated by interest groups, media, and politicians. It argues that since national security issues are remote from most people's daily experiences, the public relies heavily on information from these other sources. As a result, the views of special interests who wish to influence policy, like defense contractors, can distort public opinion. The media is also highly susceptible to manipulation on national security topics due to its competitive nature and reliance on leaks and trial balloons from policymakers.
17 471 06_the_national_security_bureaucracy
This document summarizes several key US national security agencies and their roles. It discusses the State Department, which conducts diplomacy and manages embassies, with a budget of $7.5 billion. It also outlines the Department of Defense, which implements military policy, organizes the armed forces, and has a budget of $284 billion and over 1.4 million active duty personnel. Finally, it describes several intelligence agencies like the CIA and NSA, which collect foreign intelligence and the CIA's $3.2 billion budget focused on analysis, covert operations, and counterintelligence.
17 471 05_president_and_congress
This document outlines the national security powers and roles of the President and Congress as established in the US Constitution. The President is commander-in-chief of the military and makes treaties with Senate approval. Congress holds the power to declare war, fund the military through budgets, and investigate the executive branch. Both branches have formal powers defined in the Constitution as well as informal powers derived from public opinion, experience, and relationships with other officials. Their powers are also constrained by the need to share authority and act within the confines of their institutional roles.
17 471 04_beyond_the_realist_model
The document summarizes several alternative models that call into question the assumptions of the realist model of national security policymaking. It discusses how individual psychology, group dynamics, bureaucratic politics, organizational behavior, and misperception can influence decision making in ways not accounted for by the realist model. Crisis situations are noted to subvert the realist model by accelerating time perception, truncating option searches, and biasing information processing. Groupthink and the desire to maintain consensus can lead to incomplete analyses and the failure to reconsider alternatives. Organizational routines and interests can result in implementation differing from original decisions. Misperception can cause decision-makers to resist new information and rush to judgment.
17 471 03_realist_model
This document discusses concepts related to analyzing national security policy, including policy arenas, the policy cycles model, agenda setting, problem framing, and implementation. It also describes the realist model of national security decision making, which views the state as the primary actor pursuing fixed interests through strategic analysis. The document then provides an overview of Clinton's national security policy objectives, interests, threats, strategies, and approaches to promoting prosperity and democracy internationally. It questions how Clinton's approaches may differ from other presidents and the extent to which the realist model can explain non-crisis national security policymaking.
17 471 02_international_terrorism
This document discusses the nature and trends of terrorism as a threat to American national security. It defines terrorism as politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets intended to influence an audience. More recent terrorism is described as potentially more extreme due to a religious rather than political motivation, with terrorists concerned less with legitimacy and restraint. The document also analyzes terrorism statistics and identifies historical terrorist incidents, groups, and state sponsors of terrorism that threaten US interests.
17 471 01_national_security_policy
This document outlines the key concepts and questions covered in a course on American national security policy. It discusses how national security policy is formulated through determining a nation's vital interests and threats to those interests, and deciding what actions to take to neutralize threats. The document also examines the role of politics in policymaking and how different components of national power, like military, economic, and cultural power, factor into policy. It provides examples of America's perceived vital interests and generic and specific threats.
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
World Food Safety Day 2024- Communication-toolkit.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Bharat Mata - History of Indian culture.pdf
Bharat Mata Channel is an initiative towards keeping the culture of this country alive. Our effort is to spread the knowledge of Indian history, culture, religion and Vedas to the masses.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
在线办理(ISU毕业证书)爱荷华州立大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Border towns and spaces of (in)visibility.pdf
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
Indira awas yojana housing scheme renamed as PMAY
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) played a significant role in addressing rural housing needs in India. It emerged as a comprehensive program for affordable housing solutions in rural areas, predating the government’s broader focus on mass housing initiatives.
加急办理华威大学毕业证硕士文凭证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【华威大学毕业证硕士文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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17 471 15_19801988
- 1. National Security and the Reagan Administration 1980-1988
- 2. The Setting: 1980 • Soviet Global Engagement – Africa/Middle East – Latin America – Europe (peace offensive) – sia (Cambodia, Afghanistan) • US Decline – Iran hostages – Vietnam – Largest reduction in US military capabilities relative to USSR during Cold War [Gaddis] – weakened US presidency – weakened NATO A
- 3. Reagan National Security Orientation • Nixon/Kissinger/Carter Policy of Arms Control US Decline • USSR was now overextended – USSR had constraining domestic problems – economy, technology – USSR would not risk a real confrontation with US – Soviets afraid of toughness • other countries would respect new U.S. assertiveness
- 4. Reagan National Security Orientation • Democracy was sweeping the developing world – tide of history favors western democracies & capitalism • (opposite Marxist-Leninist philosophy) • Reagan Doctrine: reversing Soviet gains by "undermining" weak communist regimes outside E. Europe – US analogue to wars of national liberation -- major segments of society resist communist regime – support anti-communist insurgents to point were economic, political, social, governmental costs place heavy burden on USSR
- 5. Reagan National Security Orientation • “Decade of Neglect” & “Window of Vulnerability” • US could be resurgent with new defense investment
- 6. Policy Implementation • Reinvesting in Defense – All forces • Use of Force to Reestablish Reputation • Covert Operations • Arms Control – as political response to domestic & European peace movement
- 7. Reinvesting in Defense • Defense Budget – $2.4 trillion ($600 million increase over Carter budget) – 1980-1985 longest sustained peacetime military budget buildup in 20th Century – Defense sector inflation hobbles real growth in defense capabilities
- 8. Reagan Defense Programs • Strategic Forces (Defense Guidance 1982) – MX – Cruise Missiles • ALCM, SLCM, GLCM – B-1 & B2 – Trident SSBN/SLBM – SDI & strategic defense
- 9. Reagan Defense Programs • General Purpose Forces – Navy • Maritime strategy & 600 ship Navy – Army • New hi-tech force – M-1 – Bradley fighting vehicle
- 10. Use of Force • Grenada (1983) –warning to Soviets/Cubans – 6 day amphibious/air assault liberates Grenada – government factional infighting – US enters to rescue 53 US medical students – 6000 US troops (19 killed) – Cuban soldiers (>100 killed)
- 11. Use of Force • Libya(1986) – NSA evidence of Libyan involvement in FRG bombing of US troops in night club – F-111s in UK & Navy carrier Aircraft raid Libya (punish & deter) – France refuses overflight • US Builds Persian Gulf Forces – air & naval bases (in Saudi Arabia; airbases 5x bigger than Saudi airforce) – mine clearing in Gulf (Iran - Iraq War) – Vincennes accidental Shoot Down of Iranian airliner (1988)
- 12. Covert Operations • Nicaragua – 1981-1990: US Builds up Contras • Afghanistan – 1980-1990: aid to Mujahadeen to fight Soviets
- 13. Arms Control • US & European "Peace Movement" & "Nuclear Freeze" Movement Arms Control – Public Opinion Affects National Security Policy • US Admin. Aggressive tone seen as more dangerous than Soviet military buildup – US & European public opinion peace movement – US domestic calls for US troops to leave Europe; 1/2 US defense budget goes to conventional defense of Europe – many Europeans think NATO is an anachronism • Nuclear Winter Thesis
- 14. Arms Control • “0-0 Option” as Political Move – Pershing II, GLCM (300 rvs) v. – lessen domestic pressures against US deployments – INF Treaty (1987/1988) • 1/1984 Soviets walk out of negotiations; increases European anti-US feelings • 1987 the return/1988 Gorbachev accepts • START – To weaken US Nuclear Freeze Movement – Goal of 50% reduction in SNF – Negotiations almost complete by 1989 SS-20s (1400rvs)
- 15. END
- 16. Grenada back
- 21. INF Treaty U.S. GLCM U.S. Pershing II Back
- 23. U.S. Spending 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year $billions(1992) back