This document provides an overview of major events and developments in American national security policy in the aftermath of World War II from 1945-1949. It discusses the hopes for disengagement and diplomatic accommodation with the USSR from 1945-1947, as well as the institutional innovations like the UN, AEC, and National Security Act of 1947. However, crises with the USSR over Iran, Greece, Turkey, Berlin and developments in China challenged this approach and led to the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to contain Soviet expansion. Ongoing interservice rivalry also impacted the reorganization of the military during this period.
The document discusses the history of Iraq from the rise of Saddam Hussein to the 2003 U.S. invasion. It describes how Saddam rose through the Baath Party and took power in 1979, establishing a brutal dictatorship. It outlines Saddam's oppression of the Kurds, the 1990 invasion of Kuwait which led to the Gulf War, and U.S. claims in the early 2000s that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the U.S. invasion and toppling of Saddam's regime.
Strange case of_general_vasiliev-committee_to_restore_the_constitution-1996-6...RareBooksnRecords
This document discusses the threat posed to American sovereignty by the United Nations' ability to direct military forces. It notes that the UN Charter allows the Security Council to call on member nations to provide armed forces for UN-directed military actions. It describes how a Soviet general, Alexandre Vasiliev, helped develop plans for the UN to control member nations' militaries. Vasiliev later commanded Chinese forces during the Korean War, showing how the UN was used to advance Soviet interests through military force. The document argues this sets a dangerous precedent that undermines national control over each country's own armed forces and military planning.
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: While David Ben-Gurion was the politically savvy founding father of the modern-day State of Israel, Menachem Begin was the military genius who brought the Jewish people from British subjugation to being a free people in our own land.
Israel was established as a nation in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora and the Zionist movement to create a Jewish homeland. Israel has signed several peace agreements and free trade deals with neighboring countries like Egypt and the United States to promote economic cooperation and normalize relations. Israel maintains a strategic nuclear weapons program and relies on its close alliance with the United States for military and diplomatic support on the international stage.
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 established the first Islamic fundamentalist state. Long-term causes included the discovery of oil which foreign powers exploited, generating nationalist resentment. Immediate causes were widespread protests against the Shah's oppressive and western-aligned rule, led by Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah fled in 1979 and Khomeini established an Islamic theocracy, imposing strict Islamic law and isolating Iran internationally. The revolution had significant regional impacts and tensions with Iraq and the West continue over Iran's nuclear program.
A 50 slide presentation on the rescue of its citizens held as hostage by Israel. Dates back to 1976. A great amount of military strategy behind the rescue.
The Arab-Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century with the rise of Zionism and calls for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Tensions escalated after Britain assumed control of Palestine and issued the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish state. After the UN partition plan in 1947, war broke out as Arab states opposed the creation of Israel. The conflict has since involved multiple wars, uprisings, and diplomatic efforts towards a two-state solution, but the issues of settlements, Jerusalem status, and Palestinian refugees remain unresolved. Violence and terrorism on both sides continue to undermine peace negotiations.
That is a complex question. While some civil rights were gained during the war due to economic necessity, widespread and full racial equality would still take many more years of struggle after the war ended. Segregation and discrimination remained legal and common in many parts of the South. So there was certainly a desire among many African Americans to build upon the gains of the war period and continue pushing for further civil rights protections. However, others may have still faced resistance or backlash for demanding full equality. The postwar period involved ongoing social and political debates over these important issues.
The document discusses the history of Iraq from the rise of Saddam Hussein to the 2003 U.S. invasion. It describes how Saddam rose through the Baath Party and took power in 1979, establishing a brutal dictatorship. It outlines Saddam's oppression of the Kurds, the 1990 invasion of Kuwait which led to the Gulf War, and U.S. claims in the early 2000s that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, resulting in the U.S. invasion and toppling of Saddam's regime.
Strange case of_general_vasiliev-committee_to_restore_the_constitution-1996-6...RareBooksnRecords
This document discusses the threat posed to American sovereignty by the United Nations' ability to direct military forces. It notes that the UN Charter allows the Security Council to call on member nations to provide armed forces for UN-directed military actions. It describes how a Soviet general, Alexandre Vasiliev, helped develop plans for the UN to control member nations' militaries. Vasiliev later commanded Chinese forces during the Korean War, showing how the UN was used to advance Soviet interests through military force. The document argues this sets a dangerous precedent that undermines national control over each country's own armed forces and military planning.
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: While David Ben-Gurion was the politically savvy founding father of the modern-day State of Israel, Menachem Begin was the military genius who brought the Jewish people from British subjugation to being a free people in our own land.
Israel was established as a nation in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora and the Zionist movement to create a Jewish homeland. Israel has signed several peace agreements and free trade deals with neighboring countries like Egypt and the United States to promote economic cooperation and normalize relations. Israel maintains a strategic nuclear weapons program and relies on its close alliance with the United States for military and diplomatic support on the international stage.
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 established the first Islamic fundamentalist state. Long-term causes included the discovery of oil which foreign powers exploited, generating nationalist resentment. Immediate causes were widespread protests against the Shah's oppressive and western-aligned rule, led by Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah fled in 1979 and Khomeini established an Islamic theocracy, imposing strict Islamic law and isolating Iran internationally. The revolution had significant regional impacts and tensions with Iraq and the West continue over Iran's nuclear program.
A 50 slide presentation on the rescue of its citizens held as hostage by Israel. Dates back to 1976. A great amount of military strategy behind the rescue.
The Arab-Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century with the rise of Zionism and calls for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Tensions escalated after Britain assumed control of Palestine and issued the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish state. After the UN partition plan in 1947, war broke out as Arab states opposed the creation of Israel. The conflict has since involved multiple wars, uprisings, and diplomatic efforts towards a two-state solution, but the issues of settlements, Jerusalem status, and Palestinian refugees remain unresolved. Violence and terrorism on both sides continue to undermine peace negotiations.
That is a complex question. While some civil rights were gained during the war due to economic necessity, widespread and full racial equality would still take many more years of struggle after the war ended. Segregation and discrimination remained legal and common in many parts of the South. So there was certainly a desire among many African Americans to build upon the gains of the war period and continue pushing for further civil rights protections. However, others may have still faced resistance or backlash for demanding full equality. The postwar period involved ongoing social and political debates over these important issues.
The document summarizes several conflicts in the Middle East stemming from regional issues. It discusses the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 over land and Palestinian statehood. It also covers Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution that overthrew the Western-backed Shah, as well as conflicts in Iraq including the Iran-Iraq war and US invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Oil wealth in the region has exacerbated tensions while religious and territorial disputes have fueled prolonged violence and unrest with no easy resolutions.
The document provides background information on the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict. It discusses the complex issues surrounding claims to the land by both Jews and Arabs. It outlines key events that led to the creation of the modern state of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent wars between Arab nations and Israel in 1956 and 1967. The 1967 Six Day War resulted in Israel gaining control of additional territory formerly held by Arab states.
The document summarizes the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict over land in Palestine. In the late 1800s, Jews fleeing persecution in Europe sought to establish a homeland in Palestine, the land they referred to as the "promised land." However, Palestine was already inhabited by Arab Palestinians. Tensions rose after World War I when Britain gained control over Palestine and facilitated Jewish immigration and settlement, disregarding the concerns of the native Arab population. After the Holocaust, more Jewish immigrants sought refuge in Palestine, fueling greater conflict over land and national identity. Subsequent wars and peace agreements between Israel and its Arab neighbors have failed to produce a lasting resolution.
This document discusses the history of global terrorism prior to 9/11, including key events, operations, and organizations involved in terrorism from the 1960s through the late 1980s. It covers terrorist attacks, hijackings, kidnappings and assassinations carried out by groups like the PLO, Hezbollah, Red Army Faction, and others. Specific events summarized include the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, the 1979 Iran hostage crisis, the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, and the 1988 Lockerbie bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.
The document discusses the UN Partition Plan of 1947 which proposed dividing Mandatory Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, however Jews accepted the plan while Arabs rejected it, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It then provides context around the war and its aftermath, including the creation of over 700,000 Palestinian refugees and how the conflict fueled tensions in the region for decades.
The 1967 Six-Day War began when Israel launched surprise air strikes against Egypt to preempt an imminent Egyptian attack. Israel quickly gained control of the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Over 250,000 Palestinians fled or were displaced from the newly occupied territories. The war was another military defeat for the Arab states but strengthened Palestinian nationalism and turned many Palestinians to more radical groups like the PLO. The territorial changes from the war formed the basis of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
American foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s was characterized by isolationism on one hand and efforts at collective security and disarmament on the other. Isolationist sentiment was strong, preventing US participation in treaties like the Versailles Treaty. However, the US also participated in conferences and agreements aiming to limit armaments and prevent future wars, such as the Washington Naval Conference and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and increasing fascist aggression in Europe in the mid-1930s challenged this isolationist policy and raised questions about how to respond to threats to international order. The 1939 Neutrality Act marked a shift towards a more active support of European democracies facing
The document summarizes the history of imperialism and conflicts in the Middle East from 1945 to the present. It discusses the end of European imperialism, the establishment of Israel and subsequent Arab-Israeli wars, ongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict, Islamic revolutions in Iran and rise of Islamic terrorism. It also outlines the US response including the War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq in the aftermath of 9/11 attacks.
The document provides an overview of key factors in understanding religion, ethnicity, and the history of power dynamics in the Middle East over the 20th century. It touches on the major religious groups of Islam (Sunni and Shia), the decline of the Ottoman Empire after WWI and the establishment of British and French mandates, the roots of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over Jewish immigration and the creation of Israel in 1948, and major military conflicts like the Six Day War in 1967.
The document discusses the history of the modern Middle East from World War 1 to present day. It covers how the Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War 1 and the region came under the control of Britain and France through the mandate system. This led to the establishment of new states but also tensions as the promises of independence were not fully realized. The creation of Israel in 1948 and conflicts over Palestinian rights has been an ongoing issue in the region. Other countries like Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Turkey experienced regime changes and tensions between secular and religious forces over time.
The document provides background on the historical roots of conflict in the Middle East between Israel and its neighbors. It summarizes the key wars and peace accords over time, including the 1948 Arab-Israeli War of Independence, the 1967 Six Day War, the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and peace accords such as the 1979 Camp David Accords and the 1993 Oslo Accords. It notes that the status of Jerusalem and boundaries of a Palestinian state remain divisive issues with no permanent resolution yet.
The Hebrews originated as nomadic tribes in Canaan around 1800 BCE and considered themselves God's chosen people. They established kingdoms in the region until being conquered by Babylonians in 586 BCE and dispersed. After Persian and Roman rule, Jews established settlements in Palestine but faced persecution. In the late 1800s, Zionism emerged to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. After British and UN involvement, Israel declared independence in 1948, though neighboring Arab states opposed a Jewish state. Subsequent wars and peace agreements have established Israel but conflict over land and a Palestinian state continues.
Broader Arab nationalism in the Middle East after WW2 (Jordan)Chenise Pillay
Jordan was originally part of the Ottoman Empire but gained independence after World War 1 with support from Britain. Jordan played a role in the Arab revolt against the Turks in 1916. It was established as a British mandate in 1921 and became fully independent in 1946. King Abdullah I helped establish Jordan but was assassinated in 1951. His grandson King Hussein then took over leadership and modernized the country while maintaining relations with Western nations.
The document provides a pre-test on various topics related to Israel and Palestine. It consists of 10 multiple choice questions testing factual knowledge about the two regions. The questions cover topics such as whether Israel or Palestine are legally recognized states, changes to Israeli borders over time, refugee populations, and the positions of foreign governments like the US towards Hamas. The document indicates whether each answer is true or false and provides explanations for some answers. It also outlines an upcoming class schedule including a test review, extra credit opportunity, lecture, and discussion.
1) In the 1970s, civil war broke out in El Salvador between the military government and leftist guerrillas like the FMLN due to issues like inequality, economic struggles, and repression. Archbishop Oscar Romero spoke out against human rights abuses and was assassinated.
2) The civil war continued throughout the 1980s, with extreme violence from both sides. A peace agreement was reached in 1992, ending 12 years of war that killed 75,000 people.
3) Haiti experienced decades of dictatorship and coups under the Duvalier family. Democracy was unstable, with President Aristide being ousted twice by the military in the 1990s and 2000s before returning to power. A rebellion in
1. The Middle East is a crossroads for three major religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - and key religious sites lie in Jerusalem, causing ongoing religious and territorial conflicts over the land of Israel and Palestine.
2. The ongoing conflict centers around disputes over land and control of territories like the West Bank and Gaza Strip following the establishment of Israel in 1948 and its occupation of additional territories in 1967.
3. Achieving peace in the region is challenging given the religious and cultural clashes between groups like Jews, Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries over the past decades as well as ongoing territorial disputes and histories of violence and dictatorship.
The document provides background information on the Middle East region and the Arab-Israeli conflict. It discusses the creation of Israel in 1948 which displaced Palestinian Arabs and created tensions. Major events covered include the Arab-Israeli Wars, the Suez Crisis, the Six Day War, the Yom Kippur War, and the Iran-Iraq War. It also summarizes the Gulf War where Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 leading to a US-led coalition forcing its withdrawal.
The document discusses the fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War on April 30, 1975. It describes how the US evacuation began after the "White Christmas" song was played on the radio as a signal to start the evacuation. Thousands of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers fled the city in a panic as North Vietnamese forces advanced and captured Saigon within 55 days. The last US military flights airlifted evacuees from Saigon to offshore US ships, but many Vietnamese allies were left behind as the US withdrew from the long and bitter war in Vietnam.
The document provides an overview of the origins and key events of the Arab-Israeli conflict from 1880-1948. It discusses the rise of Zionism in response to anti-Semitism in Europe and the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Major events covered include the Balfour Declaration, British Mandate over Palestine, violence between Arabs and Jews, the Holocaust, and the UN partition plan that led to the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the first Arab-Israeli war. Key players and concepts are also defined.
Post World War II saw major changes in Germany and Japan. Germany was divided into East and West, with the Western part under American, British, and French control and aiming to rebuild. The Nuremberg trials prosecuted Nazi leaders for war crimes. Japan lost over 10% of its population and had its military demobilized under American occupation led by Douglas MacArthur, who helped establish a new democratic constitution. War crime trials also took place in Japan. The United Nations was formed with the US, USSR, UK, France and China as permanent Security Council members.
This unit plan aims to teach 10th grade students about America's role in World War II. Most students are visual or auditory learners. Over 5 days, students will learn about how America prepared for the war, its entry and impact in both the European and Pacific theaters. They will analyze documents, maps, videos and presentations. Day 1 covers pre-war America and preparation. Day 2 focuses on the war in Europe. Day 3 examines Pearl Harbor and the war with Japan. Day 4 looks at island hopping in the Pacific. Day 5 discusses the atomic bombs dropped on Japan and has student groups debate this. Technology like PowerPoints, videos and maps will enhance instruction.
After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States mobilized for war on an unprecedented scale. Millions of Americans enlisted to fight, and war production expanded dramatically. Scientists worked on developing new technologies like radar and the atomic bomb through secret projects like the Manhattan Project. By 1944, the Allies had begun to gain victories over German forces in Europe and North Africa, culminating in the D-Day invasion of Normandy and the liberation of Western Europe the following year. However, the war against Japan in the Pacific continued.
The document summarizes several conflicts in the Middle East stemming from regional issues. It discusses the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 over land and Palestinian statehood. It also covers Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution that overthrew the Western-backed Shah, as well as conflicts in Iraq including the Iran-Iraq war and US invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Oil wealth in the region has exacerbated tensions while religious and territorial disputes have fueled prolonged violence and unrest with no easy resolutions.
The document provides background information on the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict. It discusses the complex issues surrounding claims to the land by both Jews and Arabs. It outlines key events that led to the creation of the modern state of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent wars between Arab nations and Israel in 1956 and 1967. The 1967 Six Day War resulted in Israel gaining control of additional territory formerly held by Arab states.
The document summarizes the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict over land in Palestine. In the late 1800s, Jews fleeing persecution in Europe sought to establish a homeland in Palestine, the land they referred to as the "promised land." However, Palestine was already inhabited by Arab Palestinians. Tensions rose after World War I when Britain gained control over Palestine and facilitated Jewish immigration and settlement, disregarding the concerns of the native Arab population. After the Holocaust, more Jewish immigrants sought refuge in Palestine, fueling greater conflict over land and national identity. Subsequent wars and peace agreements between Israel and its Arab neighbors have failed to produce a lasting resolution.
This document discusses the history of global terrorism prior to 9/11, including key events, operations, and organizations involved in terrorism from the 1960s through the late 1980s. It covers terrorist attacks, hijackings, kidnappings and assassinations carried out by groups like the PLO, Hezbollah, Red Army Faction, and others. Specific events summarized include the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, the 1979 Iran hostage crisis, the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, and the 1988 Lockerbie bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.
The document discusses the UN Partition Plan of 1947 which proposed dividing Mandatory Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, however Jews accepted the plan while Arabs rejected it, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It then provides context around the war and its aftermath, including the creation of over 700,000 Palestinian refugees and how the conflict fueled tensions in the region for decades.
The 1967 Six-Day War began when Israel launched surprise air strikes against Egypt to preempt an imminent Egyptian attack. Israel quickly gained control of the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Over 250,000 Palestinians fled or were displaced from the newly occupied territories. The war was another military defeat for the Arab states but strengthened Palestinian nationalism and turned many Palestinians to more radical groups like the PLO. The territorial changes from the war formed the basis of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
American foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s was characterized by isolationism on one hand and efforts at collective security and disarmament on the other. Isolationist sentiment was strong, preventing US participation in treaties like the Versailles Treaty. However, the US also participated in conferences and agreements aiming to limit armaments and prevent future wars, such as the Washington Naval Conference and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and increasing fascist aggression in Europe in the mid-1930s challenged this isolationist policy and raised questions about how to respond to threats to international order. The 1939 Neutrality Act marked a shift towards a more active support of European democracies facing
The document summarizes the history of imperialism and conflicts in the Middle East from 1945 to the present. It discusses the end of European imperialism, the establishment of Israel and subsequent Arab-Israeli wars, ongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict, Islamic revolutions in Iran and rise of Islamic terrorism. It also outlines the US response including the War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq in the aftermath of 9/11 attacks.
The document provides an overview of key factors in understanding religion, ethnicity, and the history of power dynamics in the Middle East over the 20th century. It touches on the major religious groups of Islam (Sunni and Shia), the decline of the Ottoman Empire after WWI and the establishment of British and French mandates, the roots of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over Jewish immigration and the creation of Israel in 1948, and major military conflicts like the Six Day War in 1967.
The document discusses the history of the modern Middle East from World War 1 to present day. It covers how the Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War 1 and the region came under the control of Britain and France through the mandate system. This led to the establishment of new states but also tensions as the promises of independence were not fully realized. The creation of Israel in 1948 and conflicts over Palestinian rights has been an ongoing issue in the region. Other countries like Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Turkey experienced regime changes and tensions between secular and religious forces over time.
The document provides background on the historical roots of conflict in the Middle East between Israel and its neighbors. It summarizes the key wars and peace accords over time, including the 1948 Arab-Israeli War of Independence, the 1967 Six Day War, the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and peace accords such as the 1979 Camp David Accords and the 1993 Oslo Accords. It notes that the status of Jerusalem and boundaries of a Palestinian state remain divisive issues with no permanent resolution yet.
The Hebrews originated as nomadic tribes in Canaan around 1800 BCE and considered themselves God's chosen people. They established kingdoms in the region until being conquered by Babylonians in 586 BCE and dispersed. After Persian and Roman rule, Jews established settlements in Palestine but faced persecution. In the late 1800s, Zionism emerged to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. After British and UN involvement, Israel declared independence in 1948, though neighboring Arab states opposed a Jewish state. Subsequent wars and peace agreements have established Israel but conflict over land and a Palestinian state continues.
Broader Arab nationalism in the Middle East after WW2 (Jordan)Chenise Pillay
Jordan was originally part of the Ottoman Empire but gained independence after World War 1 with support from Britain. Jordan played a role in the Arab revolt against the Turks in 1916. It was established as a British mandate in 1921 and became fully independent in 1946. King Abdullah I helped establish Jordan but was assassinated in 1951. His grandson King Hussein then took over leadership and modernized the country while maintaining relations with Western nations.
The document provides a pre-test on various topics related to Israel and Palestine. It consists of 10 multiple choice questions testing factual knowledge about the two regions. The questions cover topics such as whether Israel or Palestine are legally recognized states, changes to Israeli borders over time, refugee populations, and the positions of foreign governments like the US towards Hamas. The document indicates whether each answer is true or false and provides explanations for some answers. It also outlines an upcoming class schedule including a test review, extra credit opportunity, lecture, and discussion.
1) In the 1970s, civil war broke out in El Salvador between the military government and leftist guerrillas like the FMLN due to issues like inequality, economic struggles, and repression. Archbishop Oscar Romero spoke out against human rights abuses and was assassinated.
2) The civil war continued throughout the 1980s, with extreme violence from both sides. A peace agreement was reached in 1992, ending 12 years of war that killed 75,000 people.
3) Haiti experienced decades of dictatorship and coups under the Duvalier family. Democracy was unstable, with President Aristide being ousted twice by the military in the 1990s and 2000s before returning to power. A rebellion in
1. The Middle East is a crossroads for three major religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - and key religious sites lie in Jerusalem, causing ongoing religious and territorial conflicts over the land of Israel and Palestine.
2. The ongoing conflict centers around disputes over land and control of territories like the West Bank and Gaza Strip following the establishment of Israel in 1948 and its occupation of additional territories in 1967.
3. Achieving peace in the region is challenging given the religious and cultural clashes between groups like Jews, Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries over the past decades as well as ongoing territorial disputes and histories of violence and dictatorship.
The document provides background information on the Middle East region and the Arab-Israeli conflict. It discusses the creation of Israel in 1948 which displaced Palestinian Arabs and created tensions. Major events covered include the Arab-Israeli Wars, the Suez Crisis, the Six Day War, the Yom Kippur War, and the Iran-Iraq War. It also summarizes the Gulf War where Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 leading to a US-led coalition forcing its withdrawal.
The document discusses the fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War on April 30, 1975. It describes how the US evacuation began after the "White Christmas" song was played on the radio as a signal to start the evacuation. Thousands of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers fled the city in a panic as North Vietnamese forces advanced and captured Saigon within 55 days. The last US military flights airlifted evacuees from Saigon to offshore US ships, but many Vietnamese allies were left behind as the US withdrew from the long and bitter war in Vietnam.
The document provides an overview of the origins and key events of the Arab-Israeli conflict from 1880-1948. It discusses the rise of Zionism in response to anti-Semitism in Europe and the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Major events covered include the Balfour Declaration, British Mandate over Palestine, violence between Arabs and Jews, the Holocaust, and the UN partition plan that led to the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the first Arab-Israeli war. Key players and concepts are also defined.
Post World War II saw major changes in Germany and Japan. Germany was divided into East and West, with the Western part under American, British, and French control and aiming to rebuild. The Nuremberg trials prosecuted Nazi leaders for war crimes. Japan lost over 10% of its population and had its military demobilized under American occupation led by Douglas MacArthur, who helped establish a new democratic constitution. War crime trials also took place in Japan. The United Nations was formed with the US, USSR, UK, France and China as permanent Security Council members.
This unit plan aims to teach 10th grade students about America's role in World War II. Most students are visual or auditory learners. Over 5 days, students will learn about how America prepared for the war, its entry and impact in both the European and Pacific theaters. They will analyze documents, maps, videos and presentations. Day 1 covers pre-war America and preparation. Day 2 focuses on the war in Europe. Day 3 examines Pearl Harbor and the war with Japan. Day 4 looks at island hopping in the Pacific. Day 5 discusses the atomic bombs dropped on Japan and has student groups debate this. Technology like PowerPoints, videos and maps will enhance instruction.
After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States mobilized for war on an unprecedented scale. Millions of Americans enlisted to fight, and war production expanded dramatically. Scientists worked on developing new technologies like radar and the atomic bomb through secret projects like the Manhattan Project. By 1944, the Allies had begun to gain victories over German forces in Europe and North Africa, culminating in the D-Day invasion of Normandy and the liberation of Western Europe the following year. However, the war against Japan in the Pacific continued.
The document lists various countries and regions including Cuba, Guatemala, Egypt, Iran, Soviet Union, Indochina (Vietnam), China/Taiwan, Korea. It then focuses on Guatemala, mentioning that Jacobo Arbenz was democratically elected and instituted land reform, while Carlos Castillo was an ex-army officer supported by the CIA. It also notes that Richard Nixon visited Caracas, Venezuela.
The Great Depression and Dust Bowl photos document the severe drought and dust storms that devastated the Great Plains region in the early 1930s. Wind scattered topsoil across Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado, carrying dust hundreds of miles and burying entire towns. Dorothea Lange photographed farmers who were forced to migrate west to California to escape the Dust Bowl conditions.
The Dust Bowl of the 1930s resulted from years of drought that dried out soil in the Central Plains states, making it susceptible to wind erosion. Farmers had depleted the soil by overplanting wheat, and the drought caused massive dust storms that engulfed the region. Over 250,000 people were forced to migrate west to California in search of work to escape the Dust Bowl conditions of failing farms, dust pneumonia, and poverty. Authors like John Steinbeck documented the extreme hardships faced by migrants.
The document provides background on the origins and early history of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945-1960. It discusses the emergence of the two superpowers after World War 2 and the ideological differences that fueled tensions. Key events that escalated the conflict included the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, the communist revolution in China, and Soviet spying in the US. The arms race and use of covert operations by the CIA to undermine governments unfriendly to the US also increased Cold War hostilities.
Following WWII, Europe was divided between Western allies like the US and Eastern bloc countries under Soviet control, giving rise to the Cold War. Germany was divided and occupied by the Allied powers. The US and USSR emerged as new superpowers but had opposing economic and political ideologies, leading to strategic alliances against each other. Both sides sought to prevent the spread of the other's influence and system, fearing an arms race eventually developed around nuclear weapons.
The document provides an overview of World War II, including key players and major events. Some of the major players in the Axis powers were Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, and Hideki Tojo of Japan. Key Allied powers included Winston Churchill of Britain, Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman of the United States, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union. Major events of the war included Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, marking the official start of World War II, as well as Germany's defeat at Stalingrad in 1942 and the Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944. The war ended in 1945 following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan's surrender.
- The US and USSR were engaged in an intense strategic nuclear arms race during this period, developing technologies like MIRV warheads.
- The US significantly expanded its involvement in the Vietnam War through large-scale bombing campaigns and increasing troop deployments on the ground.
- There were many important events that shaped national security policy during this time, including the Dominican Republic intervention, escalation of the Vietnam War, the 1967 Middle East War, and the 1968 Tet Offensive and Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
This document discusses several key determinants and influences on American national security policy in the coming decade, including threats from weapons of mass destruction like nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and their delivery systems. It also examines the history of nuclear proliferation, efforts to cope with proliferation, and options for U.S. policy regarding threats like extended nuclear deterrence, weapons of mass destruction, and other measures.
The document discusses key events and developments in US national security policy from 1950-1952. This included the issuance of NSC-68 which militarized US policy and called for increased defense spending to contain the Soviet threat. The Soviet atomic bomb program and communist victory in China heightened tensions. The Korean War broke out in 1950, and China later intervened, surprising the US. Other events included the start of the US H-bomb program and the USSR-China friendship treaty. Overall, this period saw a hardening of stances between the US and Soviet blocs and a refocusing of US policy around rebuilding military capabilities.
Harry Truman served as President from 1945 to 1953. He took office after FDR's death and faced many challenges both domestic and foreign. Domestically, he worked to transition the economy from wartime to peacetime and passed policies like the GI Bill and civil rights initiatives. Internationally, his administration dropped atomic bombs on Japan, established the UN and NATO, pursued containment of communism through the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, and engaged in the Korean War.
This document discusses the nature and trends of terrorism as a threat to American national security. It defines terrorism as politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets intended to influence an audience. More recent terrorism is described as potentially more extreme due to a religious rather than political motivation, with terrorists concerned less with legitimacy and restraint. The document also analyzes terrorism statistics and identifies historical terrorist incidents, groups, and state sponsors of terrorism that threaten US interests.
The document lists many important technological, scientific, and political events from the 1970s. It discusses the invention of the microprocessor and developments in display technologies. It outlines the Watergate scandal involving President Nixon and his subsequent resignation. It also summarizes the Iran hostage crisis under President Carter and increases in average incomes and prices during the decade.
Richard Nixon was president from 1969-1974. He pursued a foreign policy of détente, improving relations with China and the Soviet Union. However, the Watergate scandal, involving a break-in at the Democratic headquarters and Nixon's subsequent attempts to cover it up, led to his resignation in 1974 to avoid impeachment. Gerald Ford then became president and sought to move past Watergate by pardoning Nixon, though this hurt his popularity.
The document discusses several causes of international conflicts between nations:
1) Competing claims over territory can lead countries to war, as seen in the Sino-Indian war over disputed border regions.
2) Scarce resources can also cause conflicts, like the "Cod War" between Iceland and Britain over fishing rights.
3) Ideological differences divided Korea after World War 2, leading to the Korean War as North and South Korea, backed by communist and democratic allies respectively, fought to control the Korean peninsula.
The Clinton administration faced new national security challenges after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. With no central threat, the administration pursued a strategy of selective engagement, focusing on humanitarian interventions, nation-building efforts in Somalia and Haiti, peacekeeping in the Balkans through NATO, and addressing emerging threats like terrorism using limited military strikes. However, the administration was constrained by public fatigue with foreign entanglements and domestic political issues.
American foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s was characterized by isolationism as well as debates around interventionism. The US rejected international agreements like the Versailles Treaty and pursued naval disarmament. FDR introduced policies like the Good Neighbor policy and cash-and-carry to aid allies while maintaining neutrality. However, the rise of fascism in Europe and aggression in Asia challenged this neutrality, culminating in the 1939 Neutrality Act allowing the US to aid allies in a limited way.
World War II had major domestic and global impacts. In the US, it led to increased government intervention in the economy through acts like Lend-Lease and mobilization of citizens for the war effort. The US entered the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Key battles included Midway in the Pacific, which marked a turning point, and D-Day in Europe. The Manhattan Project developed the atomic bomb, which the US dropped on Japan, hastening the end of the war. Roosevelt issued executive orders to address civil rights issues and intern Japanese Americans during the war.
This document discusses the factors that led to the industrialization of America in the late 19th century and its impacts. Key factors included natural resources, immigration, government policies encouraging business, and an entrepreneurial culture. Industrialization resulted in urbanization, new inventions, economic growth, and the rise of large corporations dominating industries. However, it also led to issues like poverty, poor working conditions, and inequality that sparked labor movements fighting for workers' rights.
This document provides an overview of American national security policy between 1974-1980, covering the Ford and Carter administrations. It introduces key terms and events of the period and outlines the national security policies and innovations of each administration, including the Total Force Concept, SALT II, and the Carter Doctrine establishing defense of the Persian Gulf as a vital US interest. Major events of the period included the fall of South Vietnam, tensions in the Horn of Africa and Angola, and the Iranian hostage crisis.
The document summarizes Chapter 27 on the Cold War from the textbook American History by Alan Brinkley. It discusses the origins of tensions between the US and Soviet Union following World War II at conferences like Yalta and Potsdam. It also covers the start of the Cold War including the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, and Korean War. It describes early domestic impacts like loyalty programs and McCarthyism's crusade against communism in the US.
The document summarizes key events of the French and Indian War and its aftermath:
1) The war began as a result of territorial disputes between the French and British in North America and ultimately became part of the larger Seven Years War in Europe.
2) Early battles resulted in defeats for the British but fortunes reversed when William Pitt became prime minister and increased British resources committed to the war.
3) The British went on to capture strategic French forts and cities, defeating the French by 1760 and ending their empire in North America through the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
4) However, this led to unrest among Native American tribes who saw their interests ignored, culminating in Pontiac's Rebellion
The document provides background information on the events leading up to America's entry into World War II. It discusses the aftermath of WWI and the Treaty of Versailles which led to resentment in Germany. It outlines Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. It also discusses America's policy of neutrality in the 1930s as well as Japan's expansionism. Key events covered include Germany's rearmament under Hitler, the Munich Agreement of 1938, and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 which marked the start of WWII. The document concludes with an overview of key events in Europe and North Africa from 1939-1945.
The document summarizes Chapter 18 of the textbook "Social Problems, 13e" which discusses national security in the 21st century. It covers several key topics:
1) The size and cost of the U.S. military, which has over 1.4 million active personnel, operates in 135 countries, and had a defense budget of $741 billion in 2012.
2) The threats of nuclear weapons and proliferation, with 40 countries having nuclear capabilities and the U.S. and Russia controlling over 90% of the world's nuclear arms.
3) The threats of terrorism, both domestic and international, which utilize asymmetric tactics and have been enabled by globalization.
4) The wars in Afghanistan
This document provides an overview of the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1975, including key events and people on both sides. It discusses the escalation of US involvement over time due to fears of communism spreading. Major events covered include the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the US backing of Ngo Dinh Diem as South Vietnam's president, the Gulf of Tonkin incident leading to greater US bombing, and the Tet Offensive turning public opinion against the war in the US. The document also examines domestic impacts and protests against the war on the US home front.
This document provides an introduction to the Department of the Navy Information Assurance Program. It discusses key principles of information assurance including confidentiality, integrity, availability, and defense-in-depth. It also outlines the Navy's approaches to information assurance such as supporting the Global Information Grid vision, implementing the Navy Marine Corps Intranet, and adhering to the Department of Defense Information Assurance Strategic Plan. The document is intended to serve as a high-level overview of information assurance concepts and requirements for the Department of the Navy.
The document discusses the methodology for digital forensic analysis. It begins with an overview that defines computer forensics and outlines its key elements. It then details the three main steps in the forensic process: 1) Preparation/Extraction, which involves verifying tools and data, developing search leads, and extracting relevant information; 2) Identification, which involves determining the type of extracted data and identifying relevant data to answer the forensic request; and 3) Analysis, which involves connecting all the information to answer who, what, when, where, how and other questions to fully satisfy the forensic request. The document provides figures illustrating each step and explains how new leads developed at each phase can trigger repeating steps in an iterative process until the request is
The Bush administration pursued arms control agreements like START I and CFE to reduce nuclear and conventional weapons in Europe as the Soviet Union declined. Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, and the US led a UN coalition to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991 through diplomatic efforts like Desert Shield and the air and ground campaign of Desert Storm over 43 days.
The Reagan administration sought to reverse perceived declines in US national security and military strength during the 1970s. Reagan increased defense spending substantially to modernize US forces after a "decade of neglect." He also pursued an aggressive foreign policy including the invasion of Grenada, bombing of Libya, and covert support for anti-communist insurgencies. Reagan pursued arms control agreements with the Soviet Union to counter the domestic "nuclear freeze" movement and weaken Soviet military capabilities.
This document discusses American national security policy from 1960-1964. Key developments included adopting Flexible Response to create new defense options beyond nuclear weapons, establishing the Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS) to increase civilian control over defense spending, and shifting strategic doctrine from Damage Limitation to Assured Destruction based on second-strike capability using the Strategic Triad of ICBMs, SLBMs, and bombers. Events of this period included the Cuban Missile Crisis and development of arms control agreements.
During the 1952-1959 period, the United States adopted a policy of massive retaliation in response to the Soviet nuclear threat. This new policy emphasized deterring Soviet aggression through the threat of nuclear retaliation. It led to a reduction in conventional military forces and an increased focus on strategic nuclear weapons and tactical nuclear weapons to deter local wars. This period saw many crises with the Soviet Union and escalating arms race as both sides developed new nuclear and missile technologies.
The document discusses how public opinion on national security policy can be manipulated by interest groups, media, and politicians. It argues that since national security issues are remote from most people's daily experiences, the public relies heavily on information from these other sources. As a result, the views of special interests who wish to influence policy, like defense contractors, can distort public opinion. The media is also highly susceptible to manipulation on national security topics due to its competitive nature and reliance on leaks and trial balloons from policymakers.
This document summarizes several key US national security agencies and their roles. It discusses the State Department, which conducts diplomacy and manages embassies, with a budget of $7.5 billion. It also outlines the Department of Defense, which implements military policy, organizes the armed forces, and has a budget of $284 billion and over 1.4 million active duty personnel. Finally, it describes several intelligence agencies like the CIA and NSA, which collect foreign intelligence and the CIA's $3.2 billion budget focused on analysis, covert operations, and counterintelligence.
This document outlines the national security powers and roles of the President and Congress as established in the US Constitution. The President is commander-in-chief of the military and makes treaties with Senate approval. Congress holds the power to declare war, fund the military through budgets, and investigate the executive branch. Both branches have formal powers defined in the Constitution as well as informal powers derived from public opinion, experience, and relationships with other officials. Their powers are also constrained by the need to share authority and act within the confines of their institutional roles.
The document summarizes several alternative models that call into question the assumptions of the realist model of national security policymaking. It discusses how individual psychology, group dynamics, bureaucratic politics, organizational behavior, and misperception can influence decision making in ways not accounted for by the realist model. Crisis situations are noted to subvert the realist model by accelerating time perception, truncating option searches, and biasing information processing. Groupthink and the desire to maintain consensus can lead to incomplete analyses and the failure to reconsider alternatives. Organizational routines and interests can result in implementation differing from original decisions. Misperception can cause decision-makers to resist new information and rush to judgment.
This document discusses concepts related to analyzing national security policy, including policy arenas, the policy cycles model, agenda setting, problem framing, and implementation. It also describes the realist model of national security decision making, which views the state as the primary actor pursuing fixed interests through strategic analysis. The document then provides an overview of Clinton's national security policy objectives, interests, threats, strategies, and approaches to promoting prosperity and democracy internationally. It questions how Clinton's approaches may differ from other presidents and the extent to which the realist model can explain non-crisis national security policymaking.
This document outlines the key concepts and questions covered in a course on American national security policy. It discusses how national security policy is formulated through determining a nation's vital interests and threats to those interests, and deciding what actions to take to neutralize threats. The document also examines the role of politics in policymaking and how different components of national power, like military, economic, and cultural power, factor into policy. It provides examples of America's perceived vital interests and generic and specific threats.
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 39
17 471 08_19451949
1. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 11
The Aftermath of WorldThe Aftermath of World
War IIWar II
19451945--19491949
2. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 22
Events of the PeriodEvents of the Period
1945: A1945: A--bombbomb
1945: United Nations1945: United Nations
1946: USSR & Iran1946: USSR & Iran
19461946--1949: China1949: China
19461946--1948: Eastern Europe1948: Eastern Europe
19461946--1949: Greece &1949: Greece &
TurkeyTurkey
1947: OAS1947: OAS
1948: Marshal Plan1948: Marshal Plan
1948: Berlin Crisis (I)1948: Berlin Crisis (I)
1949: Communist China1949: Communist China
1949: NATO1949: NATO
1949: Soviet A1949: Soviet A--BombBomb
1949: “Super” Decision1949: “Super” Decision
3. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 33
19451945--19471947
Hopeful Disengagement & PolicyHopeful Disengagement & Policy
InnovationInnovation
4. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 44
The World as Seen from theThe World as Seen from the
US in 1945US in 1945
Harry Truman U.S. PresidentHarry Truman U.S. President
Among the Industrial Powers only theAmong the Industrial Powers only the
US economy intactUS economy intact
–– Europe & Asia in ruinsEurope & Asia in ruins
World trade decimatedWorld trade decimated
Colonial empires shaky (UK, FR,Colonial empires shaky (UK, FR,
Dutch)Dutch)
US has 12 million troops overseasUS has 12 million troops overseas
5. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 55
The WorldThe World ---- 19451945
6. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 66
What Were U.S. VitalWhat Were U.S. Vital
Interests?Interests?
The Domestic EconomyThe Domestic Economy
–– U.S. Domestic Economic StrengthU.S. Domestic Economic Strength
International Economy & tradeInternational Economy & trade
–– Access to foreign marketsAccess to foreign markets
natural resourcesnatural resources
industrial marketsindustrial markets
Democratic freeDemocratic free--markets amongmarkets among
Industrial PowersIndustrial Powers
7. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 77
US Military PrioritiesUS Military Priorities
(JCS 769/1(JCS 769/1 4/19474/1947))
9. Belgium
10.Netherlands
11.Latin America
12.Spain
13.Korea
14.China
15.The Philippines
16.Canada
1. UK
2. France
3. Germany
4. Italy
5. Greece
6. Turkey
7. Austria
8. Japan
8. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 88
Threats to U.S. NationalThreats to U.S. National
SecuritySecurity
OverOver--Militarized U.S. EconomyMilitarized U.S. Economy
–– ~40% GNP devoted to war effort ($ 82 billion)~40% GNP devoted to war effort ($ 82 billion)
–– labor strikes, inflation, meat shortages in 1946labor strikes, inflation, meat shortages in 1946
–– Republicans called for tax cuts (20%) & defenseRepublicans called for tax cuts (20%) & defense
cutscuts
US military postureUS military posture
–– ~12 million troops over seas~12 million troops over seas ---- straddlingstraddling
Western & Central Europe, Asia, and NorthWestern & Central Europe, Asia, and North
AfricaAfrica
–– 1000 B1000 B--29s, no A29s, no A--bombsbombs
9. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 99
ThreatsThreats
Future of Germany & JapanFuture of Germany & Japan
Political & Economic Weakness of ourPolitical & Economic Weakness of our
Western AlliesWestern Allies
Soviet expansion: Intentions & Capabilities?Soviet expansion: Intentions & Capabilities?
–– mission to spread communismmission to spread communism
–– Soviet forces ~12 million troopsSoviet forces ~12 million troops
Central/Eastern EuropeCentral/Eastern Europe
China, KoreaChina, Korea
IranIran
Demobilization largely unrecognized (~2 million by 1947)Demobilization largely unrecognized (~2 million by 1947)
–– using economic & social turmoil to create opportunities forusing economic & social turmoil to create opportunities for
communist entrycommunist entry
10. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1010
ThreatsThreats
Physical & psychic exhaustion of people ofPhysical & psychic exhaustion of people of
Europe/Asia opens door for communismEurope/Asia opens door for communism
–– feelings of disillusionment, insecurity, apathyfeelings of disillusionment, insecurity, apathy
–– destruction & depreciation of physical plant anddestruction & depreciation of physical plant and
equipmentequipment
–– depletion of financial reserves, foreign exchangedepletion of financial reserves, foreign exchange
–– social & economic dislocationsocial & economic dislocation
–– delay in converting German economy to peacedelay in converting German economy to peace
time productiontime production
Soviet assistance to indigenous communistSoviet assistance to indigenous communist
cellscells
11. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1111
Views of the Soviet ThreatViews of the Soviet Threat
FDR on Eve of Cold War:FDR on Eve of Cold War:
–– Soviet hostility due to unfamiliarity with West,Soviet hostility due to unfamiliarity with West,
exclusion, lack of interactionexclusion, lack of interaction
–– Cooperation, trust, good will can change SovietCooperation, trust, good will can change Soviet
behaviorbehavior
KennanKennan: Soviet hostility is internally: Soviet hostility is internally
generated, nature of system & leadershipgenerated, nature of system & leadership
experienceexperience
–– Gestures of good faith will be seen as weakness;Gestures of good faith will be seen as weakness;
policy of firmness & patience demandedpolicy of firmness & patience demanded
–– ContainmentContainment as the foundation of policyas the foundation of policy
12. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1212
U.S. National SecurityU.S. National Security
Policy 1945Policy 1945--19471947
Use of economic &Use of economic &
diplomatic powerdiplomatic power
–– not military engagementnot military engagement
DeDe--militarize USmilitarize US
EconomyEconomy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
$Billion
1945 1946 1947 1948
US Defense
Spending
40% GNP
5% GNP
13. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1313
U.S. National SecurityU.S. National Security
Policy 1945Policy 1945--19471947
DeDe--mobilize the Armed Forcesmobilize the Armed Forces
–– Domestic pressures immense (80,000Domestic pressures immense (80,000
letters/week to Congress)letters/week to Congress)
–– 1945: 12 million troops1945: 12 million troops
–– 1946: 6.1 million troops1946: 6.1 million troops
–– 1948: 1.6 million troops1948: 1.6 million troops
–– Disorganized demobilization left all units underDisorganized demobilization left all units under--
strengthstrength
Actual US military strength was far weaker thanActual US military strength was far weaker than
numbers suggestnumbers suggest
"hollow" force"hollow" force
14. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1414
U.S. National SecurityU.S. National Security
Policy 1945Policy 1945--19471947
Diplomatic Accommodation with USSRDiplomatic Accommodation with USSR
in Europein Europe
–– Negotiations through the UNNegotiations through the UN
Withdrawal from Central EuropeWithdrawal from Central Europe
Withdrawal from ChinaWithdrawal from China
Nuclear Weapons controlNuclear Weapons control
–– Positive diplomacy meant not harping onPositive diplomacy meant not harping on
Soviet threatSoviet threat
Essential for demobilizationEssential for demobilization
15. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1515
Institutional InnovationsInstitutional Innovations
UN for collective security &UN for collective security &
economic redevelopment (1945) aseconomic redevelopment (1945) as
per American agendaper American agenda
–– western dominated General Assemblywestern dominated General Assembly
–– Western dominated Security CouncilWestern dominated Security Council
Baruch Plan (1946)Baruch Plan (1946)
–– internationalize atomic technologyinternationalize atomic technology
–– stop Soviets from getting A bombstop Soviets from getting A bomb
16. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1616
Institutional InnovationsInstitutional Innovations
AEC 1946AEC 1946
–– takes custody & control of nuclear programs from Armytakes custody & control of nuclear programs from Army
–– retains warhead/bomb control until 1953retains warhead/bomb control until 1953
National Security Act 1947National Security Act 1947
–– emerges after 2 years of furious infightingemerges after 2 years of furious infighting
–– original plan called for dominant Sec Deforiginal plan called for dominant Sec Def
Navy Dept. fought and won it to prevent subordinationNavy Dept. fought and won it to prevent subordination
–– sets up NSC:sets up NSC: SecsSecs Army, AF, Navy dominate NSCArmy, AF, Navy dominate NSC
–– Air Force becomes independent serviceAir Force becomes independent service
–– Sec Defense created, in parallel withSec Defense created, in parallel with SecsSecs of Army,of Army,
Navy, and Air ForceNavy, and Air Force
–– CIA createdCIA created
–– JCS (consensual system)JCS (consensual system)
17. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1717
EventsEvents
1945:1945: AA--bombbomb
1945: United Nations1945: United Nations
1946: USSR1946: USSR--Iran CrisisIran Crisis
19461946--1949: China Crisis1949: China Crisis
19461946--1948: Eastern Europe Crisis1948: Eastern Europe Crisis
19461946--1949: Greece & Turkey Crises1949: Greece & Turkey Crises
1947: OAS1947: OAS
18. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1818
Truman Doctrine (1947)Truman Doctrine (1947)
Response to Crises in Greece & TurkeyResponse to Crises in Greece & Turkey
–– “…Totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct“…Totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct
or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations ofor indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of
international peace and hence the security of the Unitedinternational peace and hence the security of the United
States…”States…”
–– “…I believe that it must be the policy of the United States“…I believe that it must be the policy of the United States
to support free peoples who are resisting attemptedto support free peoples who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures…”subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures…”
To help nations engaged in selfTo help nations engaged in self--defensedefense
–– provide surplus arms & training & funding to buildprovide surplus arms & training & funding to build
indigenous forcesindigenous forces
–– No U.S. forces on the groundNo U.S. forces on the ground
19. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 1919
19481948--19491949
Crises & ReactionCrises & Reaction
20. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 2020
Marshall Plan (1948)Marshall Plan (1948)
$13 billion to rebuild$13 billion to rebuild
EuropeEurope
Russians & satellitesRussians & satellites
invited to joininvited to join
–– assumed they wouldassumed they would
notnot
–– might drive wedgemight drive wedge
between Soviets &between Soviets &
satellitessatellites
21. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 2121
Force Structure DebateForce Structure Debate
Long WarLong War
–– Army: mobilization strategyArmy: mobilization strategy –– rere--fight WWIIfight WWII
Small standing armySmall standing army
Universal military trainingUniversal military training
–– NavyNavy
Super carrierSuper carrier
Short WarShort War
–– Air ForceAir Force
Air Power (70 wings)Air Power (70 wings)
Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons
Overseas air bases in Europe, N. Africa, and AsiaOverseas air bases in Europe, N. Africa, and Asia
22. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 2222
Institutional InnovationsInstitutional Innovations
Army pushes universal military trainingArmy pushes universal military training
Women’s Armed Forces IntegrationWomen’s Armed Forces Integration
Act (1948)Act (1948)
–– Military careers for women: nurses,Military careers for women: nurses,
administrative helpadministrative help
23. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 2323
Institutional InnovationsInstitutional Innovations
Executive Order 9981 (1948)Executive Order 9981 (1948)
–– mandatory racial integration of unitsmandatory racial integration of units
–– Military argues that integration would hurt recruitment, harmMilitary argues that integration would hurt recruitment, harm
morale & discipline, cut readinessmorale & discipline, cut readiness
Air Force, Army, & Marines maintain segregated subunitsAir Force, Army, & Marines maintain segregated subunits
Navy shuffles blacks into stewards branch, shore logisticsNavy shuffles blacks into stewards branch, shore logistics
–– note this was annote this was an executive orderexecutive order, not a law....why?, not a law....why?
And why was this done?And why was this done?
National Security Act 1949 AmendmentNational Security Act 1949 Amendment
–– result of interresult of inter--service squabbling over missions and nuclearservice squabbling over missions and nuclear
weaponsweapons
Reorganization based on money, budgets, & interReorganization based on money, budgets, & inter--service rivalryservice rivalry
–– Creates single Defense DeptCreates single Defense Dept
–– Armed services subordinated to Sec Def & extends authorityArmed services subordinated to Sec Def & extends authority
–– Sec Def gets deputy and 3 assist SecSec Def gets deputy and 3 assist Sec DefsDefs
24. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 2424
Events of the PeriodEvents of the Period
1948: Marshall Plan1948: Marshall Plan
1948:1948: Berlin CrisisBerlin Crisis
1949: Communist China1949: Communist China
1949: NATO1949: NATO
1949: Soviet A1949: Soviet A--bombbomb
1949: “Super” Decision1949: “Super” Decision
25. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 2525
AA--BombBomb
“Fat Man”
“Little Boy”
back
B-29
26. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 2626
Berlin CrisisBerlin Crisis
American Zone
British Zone
French
Zone
Soviet
Zone
27. 17.471 American National Security Policy17.471 American National Security Policy 2727
Berlin CrisisBerlin Crisis
back