The Vietnam War began in 1954 as an effort by the United States to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, U.S. involvement escalated through military advising and direct combat troops. The 1968 Tet Offensive turned U.S. public opinion against the war as it showed the Viet Cong were not close to defeat. Growing anti-war protests and the release of the Pentagon Papers further eroded support. Under President Nixon, Vietnamization transitioned fighting to the South Vietnamese army but Saigon fell to North Vietnam in 1975, marking the end of the war.
The 60s american politics turbulent decadeMarcus9000
A look at the political history of the USA spanning the decade of the 1960s.
This covers events such as the Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Civil Rights Movement and the Space Race as well as the Cold War.
The 60s american politics turbulent decadeMarcus9000
A look at the political history of the USA spanning the decade of the 1960s.
This covers events such as the Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Civil Rights Movement and the Space Race as well as the Cold War.
Geschiedenis: De geschiedenis van het antisemitisme
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
This covers all of how America got into World War One through how we helped end the war in Europe. It also at the end discusses the treaty of Versailles.
In December 2008, Bernie Meyer, the "American Gandhi," traveled to VietNam to discover the impact of Agent Orange-Dioxin. This presentation shares his thoughts on the "Paradigm of War."
Geschiedenis: De geschiedenis van het antisemitisme
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
This covers all of how America got into World War One through how we helped end the war in Europe. It also at the end discusses the treaty of Versailles.
In December 2008, Bernie Meyer, the "American Gandhi," traveled to VietNam to discover the impact of Agent Orange-Dioxin. This presentation shares his thoughts on the "Paradigm of War."
Vietnam war for Cambridge IGCSE HistoryJoanie Yeung
Introduction of Vietcong, Why did USA get involved in Vietnam? Why did USA fail to defeat the Vietcong? What were the roles played by the media and public opinion in USA? How did the Vietnam War end?
A brief history about Vietnam, Vietnam War and about Ho Chi Min. present econ...Swaraj Mishra
This PPT show about the Vietnam history including the timeline from its time of origin to the after independence and also the 21st century. It includes the culture and demographics of Vietnam. Here you can find also the world war 2 situations in Vietnam, civil war and about their great leader Ho Chi Min. The economy of Vietnam compare to India. Vietnam political leaders and their government structure. The PPT includes the geographical significance of Vietnam and recent events.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. U.S. begins
involvement
Domino
Theory – if South Vietnam
fell to communism, neighboring
countries would also fall to
communism like a row of dominos
Resisting communism in South
Vietnam might prevent this collapse
3.
4. President Kennedy
1960-1963
z
Kennedy sent aid and
Military Advisors to assist
South Vietnam
z
z
Requested by South Vietnamese
Govt.
JFK felt democracy in
South Vietnam would
serve as a model to other
developing Asian, African,
and Latin American
countries
President Kennedy
5. z
z
z
z
President
Johnson
1963-1968
Under President Johnson,
the U.S. would become deeply
involved in Vietnam
U.S. ships were attacked by the
North Vietnamese in
international waters
Congress passed The Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution in 1964
Congress voted to give Johnson
full military, “blank check”,
powers to stop North Vietnam
aggression due to attacks.
6. Johnson
escalates the
Congress never officially declared war
War
Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin
•
•
Resolution to escalate (increase) the war
LBJ ordered massive bombings raids
over North Vietnam and sent more
troops
By 1968 - 500,000 U.S. soldiers in
Vietnam
New Weapons
•
•
•
•
•
Napalm – sticky gasoline-based jelly that
burns; great damage
Agent Orange – herbicide killed jungle
cover used by VC
President Johnson
7. 1968 - The
Tet Offensive
z
Vietcong launched massive simultaneous
offensive throughout South
z
z
z
Vietcong committed brutal acts of terror
against South Vietnam officials
American forces finally beat back the offensive
z
z
z
Seizing capital city of Saigon
Turning point in the war
Demonstrated to American public that victory
was on the way
Disproved the rhetoric of the US govt that the
Vietcong were weak, under supplied,
disorganized and low in morale
10. z
1968 - The Tet
Offensive
Roy Benavidez 1935-1998
(CLICK HIS NAME FOR VIDEO-stop at 4 min)
z
z
z
z
z
z
Born in Cuero, TX
Master Sergeant in the Army Special
Forces
Facing constant fire, carried wounded
members of his platoon to rescue-helicopters
Critically wounded, Benavidez refused to
stop gathering survivors
Benavidez saved the lives of 8 men
Awards
z
z
z
Distinguished Service Cross for heroism
Congressional Medal of Honor by President Ronal
Reagan in 1981
Benavidez dies in San Antonio in 1998
11. Anti-War
Movement
z
z
z
z
z
z
Media has a great influence in shaping
public opinion
Newspapers, radio, television
First time America audiences could watch
WAR
President Johnson (LBJ) told U.S. public
they were winning the war
Journalist reported different story
“Credibility Gap” is the name given
when Americans lost faith in their
government’s reliability on telling the
truth about Vietnam War
12. Anti-War
Movement
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Disconnect among young Americans who objected their
country’s involvement in Vietnam
Mass anti-war movements occurred from 1965 until the end
of the war in 1975
Protesters burned draft cards, marched in Washington DC,
held rallies and staged demonstrations
By 1968, millions of young Americans actively protested the
war
Anti-War movement influenced Military policy
American “doves”
Wanted U.S. withdraw from Vietnam
Saw war as a civil war between North and South Vietnam
Believed U.S. leaders were acting immorally by bombing civilians and
burning villages
American “hawks”
Supported the war
Believed it was an attempted to protect South Vietnam from Communist
takeover
13. z
z
President
Nixon
Republican President Richard Nixon was
1969-1973
elected in 1969
Reasons for winning elections
z Division among Democratic Party
z Assassination of Robert Kennedy (younger
brother to JFK)
z Staunch anti-communist
z Promised Americans “peace with honor”
in Vietnam
z However war dragged on for 5 more years
z Henry Kissinger aided Nixon
z Introduced “Vietnamization”
z Increased bombings and diplomacy
14. Vietnamization
Vietnamization – South Vietnam Army gradually took over the brunt fighting
allowing U.S. forces withdrawal, same time increase bombing of North Vietnam and
provide military aid to South Vietnam
Nixon’s Vietnam Policy
Invasion of Cambodia – Nixon believed
war would shorten if supply routes (Ho
Chi Minh Trail) from North to South could
be cut. 1970 U.S. invaded Cambodia
Diplomatic Overtures – Nixon negotiated
with Vietnam’s communist allies (China
and Soviet Union) to put pressure on North
Vietnam
15. z
Nixon – Public
Anti-War
Increased with bombing of
INCREASES
Cambodia
z
1969 – National guardsmen
shoot and kill 4 students
demonstrating at Kent State,
Ohio
z
College campuses across the
nation close due to student
demonstrations
z
Student engaged in mass
marches on Washington D.C.
and other major cities
Kent State University
16. z
Nixon – Public
Anti-War
Nixon and VP Agnew insisted most Americans
INCREASES
supported the war
z
“Silent Majority” is what they called them
z
Exchanges between anti-war and pro-war supporters
became violent
z
Pentagon Papers
z leaked documents in 1971 New York Times
z revealed several Presidents before Nixon LIED to America about
Vietnam (goes back to “credibility gap”)
z President felt Vietnam could not be won but didn’t want the
disgrace of defeat with their Presidency
18. The Fall of
Saigon
z Vietnamization gradually reduced U.S.
armed forces in Vietnam
z 1973 – Kissinger led negotiators in Paris
to work a cease-fire agreement with
North Vietnam
z Nixon agreed to pull out all remaining
U.S. troops from Vietnam if North
Vietnam would release U.S. prisoners of
war
z After U.S. withdrawal fighting continued
19. The Fall of
Saigon
z South Vietnamese Army incapable of stopping
advance of North Vietnam Army
z April 30, 1975, Saigon (South Vietnam capital)
fell to North Vietnam
z Saigon (present day Ho Chi Minh City)
marked the end of the Vietnam War
z South Vietnamese government officials,
military officers, and soldiers who supported
American presence in Vietnam were sent to
Communist “re-education camps” where they
faced torture, disease and malnutrition
20. 26th Amendment
Most states set the voting
age at 21
– Draft (take or selected)
age in the military was
18
Many Americans protested
the law during Vietnam War
– Saying it was unfair to
send someone to war
without letting them vote
Ratified in 1971
– Lowered the voting age
to 18
21. Vietnam War Legacy
Death and Destruction – 58,000+ Americans died
1.
1.
2.
Many suffered physical and psychological injuries
1+ million Vietnamese killed; many more left homeless
Impact at Home and abroad – expenses led end of some
Great Society programs
2.
1.
2.
3.
Brought rising inflation
Demonstrated that public opinion can affect government policy
Crisis in American self-confidence; next to the U.S. Civil War, Vietnam War
was most divisive war in U.S. History
Limits Presidential Power
3.
1.
2.
3.
Both Korean and Vietnam Wars, U.S. President sent troops into extended
combat without declaration of war from Congress
1973, Congress passed WAR POWERS ACT – sets limits on President’s power
in a conflict without formal declaration of war by Congress
The act requires the President to inform Congress within 48 hrs of sending
troops to fight overseas; if within 60 days Congress doesn’t approve of usage of
these forces, President must withdraw them
Editor's Notes
Kennedy’s advisors were clearly fighting a covert war by 1963.
MacNamara has suggested that he believes Kennedy would have pulled the U.S. out, but evidence in inconclusive.
JFK realizes Diem is a liability; offers quiet support to a Vietnamese military coup d’etat.
The coup results in the brutal murders of Diem and his brother
The Vietnamese generals overthrow one another. A relatively stable, but tyrannical government emerges. It is little better than Diem’s.
What Johnson told Congress
What he didn’t tell Congress:
He had already written the resolution before the “incident.”
The U.S. naval vessels were aiding ARVN in commando raids in North Vietnam at the time.
He learned that the attack probably hadn’t occurred.
The U.S. navy was not on the “high seas” but in N. Vietnam’s 12 mile territorial limit.
Kennedy’s advisors were clearly fighting a covert war by 1963.
MacNamara has suggested that he believes Kennedy would have pulled the U.S. out, but evidence in inconclusive.
JFK realizes Diem is a liability; offers quiet support to a Vietnamese military coup d’etat.
The coup results in the brutal murders of Diem and his brother
The Vietnamese generals overthrow one another. A relatively stable, but tyrannical government emerges. It is little better than Diem’s.
Diversion of capital to the war indirectly caused economic recession: 11% inflation and 12% unemployment!