A survey of the Cold War within the context of Globalization.

1. The Early
Cold War:
1947-1970

2.  Documentary
 1982
 Archival footage
 Newsreel clips
 Television news footage,
 U.S. government-
produced films (including
military training films),
 Advertisements
 Television and radio
programs
 3 educated directors (elite
colleges): Loader, Rafferty
& Rafferty

3. Introduction to the Cold War

4. We Didn’t Start The Fire
Write down all of the items from the
video that you recognize.

5. 5
Overview
• The Cold War was a state of
economic, diplomatic, and
ideological discord among
nations without armed conflict.
• Cold War “battles” occur in
Europe, Africa, Latin America,
and the Middle East
• 1945-1991

6. 6
Background: What
• Mutual distrust between
U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. had
been brewing since the
1917 Russian Revolution
(when U.S. forces invaded
Russia to assist the anti-
communist troops)
• Americans are often
ignorant of this part of
their history…

7. 7
Background: What
• The Soviet Union and United
States united to defeat Hitler in
WWII
• Once the war ended, differences
became more apparent
• The Soviets lost 27 million
people and saw mass
devastation in the west of their
country
• Americans lost just over 400,000
men and suffered no attacks
after Pearl Harbor

8. 8
Post War Desires
• At the Yalta Conference in
1945, Stalin agreed to self-
determination for European
nations after WWII
• Stalin wanted to ensure
security for the Soviet Union
(remember their losses)
• He wanted a buffer zone and
he wanted to extract
reparations from Germany

9. 9
Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta.
Post War World

10. Cold War Definition
• The Cold War, often dated from 1947 to 1991, was a
sustained state of political and military tension between
powers in the Western Bloc, dominated by the United
States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the
Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union along with
the Warsaw Pact. This began after the success of their
temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany,
leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with
profound economic and political differences. A neutral
faction arose with the Non-Aligned Movement founded by
Egypt, India, and Yugoslavia; this faction rejected
association with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led
East.

11. Ominous Words
• "From Stettin on the Baltic to
Trieste on the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has descended across
the continent [of Europe].
Behind that line lie all the
capitals of the ancient states of
central and eastern Europe....
All these famous cities and
populations lie in what I must
call the Soviet sphere."

12. Background: How
• MAD: “Mutually Assured Destruction”—the belief that
neither the U.S. nor the USSR would ever commit to a
nuclear attack because the result would be too devastating
• Brinkmanship: The practice of pushing dangerous events to
the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most
advantageous outcome. E.g. The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Proxy Wars: A proxy war or proxy warfare is a war that
results when opposing powers use third parties as
substitutes for fighting each other directly. E.g. The Korean
War, The Vietnam War, The Iran-Iraq War
• Détente: The easing of strained relations, especially in a
political situation. The term is often used in reference to
the general easing of relations between the Soviet Union
and the United States in the 1970s, a thawing at a period
roughly in the middle of the Cold War.

13. Nixon and Kennedy

14. Essential Questions
• Based on your personal knowledge and your
past study of history, answer the following
questions with your partner:
– Do you believe that the world is a better, safer
place now that the Cold War is over?
– How responsible do you think the USSR and the
USA are for the conflicts that continue in many
parts of the world today?
– How implicated are you in this process?

15. Summary
• Please write a summary of today’s lecture
– Be sure to incorporate all media into your
summary
– Focus on synthesizing content, ideas and
perspectives
– Minimum 5-7 sentences

16. Part I:
“Reconstruction
& Confrontation”

17. The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  spread world-
wide Communism
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]METHODOLOGIES:
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
 Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

18. TheThe “Iron Curtain”“Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in theFrom Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, anAdriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended across thehas descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lies the ancientContinent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

19. Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]
1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.
2.2. Turkey under pressure from theTurkey under pressure from the
USSR for concessions in theUSSR for concessions in the
Dardanelles.Dardanelles.
3.3. The U. S. should support freeThe U. S. should support free
peoples throughout the world whopeoples throughout the world who
were resisting takeovers by armedwere resisting takeovers by armed
minorities or outside pressures…Weminorities or outside pressures…We
must assist free peoples to work outmust assist free peoples to work out
their own destinies in their own way.their own destinies in their own way.
4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & TurkeyThe U.S. gave Greece & Turkey
$400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

20. Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]
1.1. ““European RecoveryEuropean Recovery
Program.”Program.”
2.2. Secretary of State,Secretary of State,
George MarshallGeorge Marshall
3.3. The U. S. should provideThe U. S. should provide
aid toaid to allall European nationsEuropean nations
that need it. This movethat need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine,is not against any country or doctrine,
but against hunger, poverty, desperation,but against hunger, poverty, desperation,
and chaos.and chaos.
4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western$12.5 billion of US aid to Western
Europe extended to Eastern Europe &Europe extended to Eastern Europe &
USSR, [but this was rejected].USSR, [but this was rejected].

21. Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

22. Berlin Blockade & AirliftBerlin Blockade & Airlift
(1948-49)(1948-49)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GoIL9gVonQ

23. NNorthorth AAtlantictlantic TTreatyreaty
OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)
 United StatesUnited States
 BelgiumBelgium
 BritainBritain
 CanadaCanada
 DenmarkDenmark
 FranceFrance
 IcelandIceland
 ItalyItaly
 LuxemburgLuxemburg
 NetherlandsNetherlands
 NorwayNorway
 PortugalPortugal
 1952: Greece &1952: Greece &
TurkeyTurkey
 1955: West Germany1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain1983: Spain

24. Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia
} East GermanyEast Germany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} Romania (ForRomania (For
Pheeeoooo)Pheeeoooo)

25. The Korean War: AThe Korean War: A “Police“Police
Action” (1950-1953)Action” (1950-1953)
Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee
Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung
““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

26. Crisis and CCOT:
Cold War Hinge
and Turning
Points
1953-1970

27. Cold War
Crisis and CCOT: Cold War Hinge and
Turning Points
1953-1970

29. 196
0
197
0
198
0
Truma
n
Eisenhower
Stalin Khrushchev
Kennedy Johnson
Brezhnev
Nixon Ford Carter
An
dro
pov
Cher
nen
ko
Gorbachev
Reagan
Bush
Sr.
1950-1953
The
Korean
War
Oct 1962
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
1964 – 1973
American Military
Involvement
In Vietnam
1956
Hungarian
Uprising
1961
Berlin
Wall
Built
1968
Prague
Spring:
Czecho-
slovakia
1980-81
Solidarity
In Poland
1989
Collapse of
Communism
In Eastern
Europe
1991 Collapse of Soviet Union

30. 1950-1953
Korean War
1962
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
1979-1990s War in
Afghanistan:
The Afghan gov’t supported
by Soviet Forces in fight
against US-backed guerrilla
fighters
1965-1973
Vietnam War
1960s-1980s
In Central &
South America
the USA
supported anti-
Communist
regimes (e.g.
General
Pinochet in
Chile). The
USSR supported
Communist
rebels
1967-1980s: Israel supported
by the US gov’t in Middle East
conflict w/ Arabs. The USSR
supported the Palestinians &
Arab states

31. The Arms Race:The Arms Race:
AA “Missile Gap?”“Missile Gap?”
} The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union
exploded its firstexploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.A-bomb in 1949.
} Now there wereNow there were
two nucleartwo nuclear
superpowers!superpowers!

32. Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What?
HISTORY OF NUCLEAR WARHEAD STOCKPILES -- 1945-1995
NOTE: Totals are estimates. Lists include strategic and non-strategic warheads, as well
as warheads awaiting dismantling
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995
UNITED STATES 6 3,057 31,265 26,675 22,941 14,766
SOVIET UNION 0 200 6,129 19,443 39,197 27,000
BRITAIN 0 10 310 350 300 300
FRANCE 0 0 32 188 360 485
CHINA 0 0 5 185 425 425
Source: National Resources Defense Council

33. Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America inThe Russians have beaten America in
space—they have the technological edge!space—they have the technological edge!

34. SPACE
RACEThe super
powers
also
competed
in space.
•In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a satellite, into orbit around the
Earth.
•Soon after the United States established NASA. The race was on.
•In 1958 the U.S. launched its own first satellite. In 1961, the Soviets sent the
first man into space.
•In 1969 the U.S. was the first nation to put a man on the moon. Both the
Soviets and Americans explored the use of satellites for military purposes. (Star
Wars, etc.)

35. MaoMao’s Revolution: 1949’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd
REDRED Power!Power!

36. After World War II, Chinese Communists defeat
Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerge.

37. • Leads Chinese Communists against
Japanese invaders
– U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan,
called Republic of China
– Soviets and China agree to help each other in
event of attack
• Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism
– Takes property from landowners and divides it
among peasants
• How different from Marx’s original theory?
• Similar to the revolution in what other country?
– Government seizes private companies and

38. • Communes — large collective farms often
supporting over 25,000 people
• Program is ended after inefficiency leads
to crop failures and famines

39. • Movement to build society of peasants,
workers
• Red Guards — militia units formed to
enforce strict communism in China
– Teenagers, youth
– close schools and execute or imprison many
intellectuals
– Video

47. The Nonaligned Movement
1955-1970

48. • Many countries, like India, want to
avoid involvement in Cold War
• Third World — developing
nations; often newly independent,
nonaligned
• U.S., Soviet Union, China compete
for influence over Third World
– Back revolutions and give economic,
military, technical aid
– Some leaders (Nehru, Nasser) take
advantage of this competition

49. History
• At the Bandung Conference (Asian-African
Conference), in 1955, 29 Asian and African
countries identified themselves as neutral
– Adopted a 10-point “declaration on the promotion of
world peace and cooperation,” based on the UN
Charter and the Five Principles of Indian Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
• Non-Aligned Movement was formed in 1961
• Five founding members of NAM: Nehru of India,
Tito of Yugoslavia, Sukarno of Indonesia, Nasser
of Egypt and Nkrumah of Ghana
• Neutrality was not specific to the Cold War
• Over 100 states were involved throughout the 20th
Century
Nehru and Zhou Enlai, leader of the People’s Republic of
China at the Bandung Conference

50. Non-Alignment in Europe
• Almost no European countries were
nonaligned, as the Iron Curtain and spheres
of influence were centered in Europe
• Yugoslavia
– After rejecting Soviet influence and being
expelled from Cominform, Tito’s Yugoslavia
began receiving aid from the West
– However, after Stalin’s death, Tito realized
that he would have to choose between allying
with the West and giving up his single-party
dictatorship, or reconciling with Khrushchev
– Neither choice appealed to Tito, so he
became a founder of the nonaligned
movement as an alternative

51. Non-Alignment in Asia
• Most of Asia was represented at the Bandung Conference
• Being a key organizer of the Bandung Conference, India’s leader, Jawaharlal
Nehru, emerged as a non-alignment leader
• Indonesia and Malaysia also emerged as non-alignment country leaders
• Asia, along with other Non-Alignment Movement countries, tried to shift the global
political agenda away from the Cold War to the needs of their poorer countries
A map of NAM countries
in 2005

52. Non-Alignment in India
• After independence, India’s relations with the
United States diminished substantially
• India rejected U.S. capitalism, and created a
series of five year plans, with a very small
private sector
• As a result of the economic disputes between
India and the U.S., India refused to join the
U.S. alliance in the Cold War
• Because India did not fully support the Soviet
Union either, India became an organizer of
the Bandung Conference
• Indian leader, Jawaharlal Nehru went to the
Bandung Conference with five objectives:
– Peace and Disarmament
– Self-Determination
– Economic Equality
– Cultural Equality
– Multilateralism through strong support of the
UN

53. The Third World
• The term Third World country was
created during the Cold War
• During the Cold War, a Third
World country referred to a
country that was part of the Non-
Alignment Movement
• Many Asian countries were
labeled Third World countries
because of their political position
in the Cold War
• During the 1960s and 1970s
countries part of the Third World
used their majority vote in the
United Nations to shift discussions
and attention away from the Cold
War, and to their countries’ needs.

54. Africa and the Non-Alignment
Movement
• The majority of the present-day members of the Non-Aligned
Movement are small African states that desire independence from
the world’s superpowers
• Many of these nations joined soon after gaining self-determination
from Western powers as a means of maintaining their autonomy and
freedom
• Eleven of the original twenty-five members of the Non-Alignment
Movement were African states. Fears of further colonialism or future
dependence on either the Western or communist blocs encouraged
these nations to join the movement which encourages equality, non-
aggression, and peaceful coexistence.
• Although the threat of war was the dominant theme at the original
summit meeting in 1961, the movement gained respect and
influence as nations were given the right of “independent judgment”
so that they could restructure the world economic order as well as
prevent imperialism from permeating their independent societies.
• The main African nations involved in the Non-Alignment Movement
were Egypt, South Africa, and Ghana.

55. Egyptian Involvement In The Non-
Alignment Movement
• Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser played a major role
in structuring the movement and its policies. He led a coup in
1952 that overthrew the royal family, and took power himself
in 1954. Nasser made Egypt a one-party socialist state in
1956 and changed his title to president.
• As part of the movement to eliminate colonialism, Nasser
decided to nationalize the Suez Canal in 1956, and caused
great global unrest. The British and French required the
canal as a passage from Europe to Asia, and Nasser
intervened due to the British denying funding for the Aswan
High Dam, and the retaliation from these nations led to UN
intervention. Nasser then turned to the Soviet Union to gain
the funds necessary to complete the dam. By seeking
economic assistance from either power, Nasser created
future expectations of the Non-Aligned Movement and its
members. Although the movement defined its intentions, the
members were not strictly bound to the policies, and many of
them used realpolitik to achieve their own goals.

56. Other Nations And The Non-Alignment
Movement
• South Africa became a member of the Non-Alignment
Movement when it severed ties to the British Commonwealth
in 1961 and consolidated the apartheid system. The
Commonwealth opposed the apartheid system in South Africa,
making the Non-Aligned Movement a justified means to end
the relationship between the two nations.
• Iran had been under the economic control of Britain and
Russia throughout the nineteenth century. The Non-Alignment
Movement reduced ties with these superpowers, but Iran
continued to receive some economic aid from the United
States because of the American’s deep interest in the Iranian
oil industry.
• Kwame Nkrumah led the non-violent Convention People’s
Party and was instrumental in helping Ghana gain
independence from Great Britain in 1957. Nkrumah became
the president of independent Ghana and fought for the policy
of Africanization. Ghana became a republic in 1960, and was
a founding member of the Non-Alignment Movement.
Nkrumah

57. The Impact of Non-Alignment
• The Nonalignment Movement
encountered several difficulties
that made it less effective:
– All members agreed to the ten-
point declaration and were against
bloc politics, but they were by no
means unified in their foreign
policies or goals
– Many member-nations were from
the Third World, and had little sway
in international affairs compared to
the powerful blocs
– The nonalignment movement
succeeded in being an alternative
to the bloc system and a means of
avoiding the influence of the blocs
Nasser, Tito, and Nehru

60. RETURNING TO THE COLD
WAR…

61. Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalistAbout the capitalist
states, it doesn'tstates, it doesn't
depend on youdepend on you
whether wewhether we
(Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don't like us,If you don't like us,
don't accept ourdon't accept our
invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don't
invite us to comeinvite us to come
to see you. Whetherto see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on ouryou like it our not, history is on our
side.side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- 1956. -- 1956
De-StalinizationDe-Stalinization
ProgramProgram

62. An Historic Irony: SergeiAn Historic Irony: Sergei
Khrushchev, American CitizenKhrushchev, American Citizen
Who buried who?Who buried who?

63. The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957

64. The Hungarian Uprising:The Hungarian Uprising:
19561956
Imre Nagy, HungarianImre Nagy, Hungarian
Prime MinisterPrime Minister
} Promised freePromised free
elections.elections.
} This could lead to theThis could lead to the
end of communist ruleend of communist rule
in Hungary.in Hungary.
} Soviet troops shutSoviet troops shut
down uprisingdown uprising

65. Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev
“Kitchen Debate”“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)(1959)
Cold War --->Cold War --->
TensionsTensions
<--- Technology<--- Technology
& Affluence& Affluence

66. U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis GaryCol. Francis Gary
PowersPowers’ plane was’ plane was
shot down over Sovietshot down over Soviet
airspace.airspace.

67. Paris, 1961Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin andKhrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks thatnuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

68. 1961—Berlin Wall

69. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpointCheckpoint
CharlieCharlie

70. Ich bin einIch bin ein
Berliner!Berliner!
(1963)(1963)
President KennedyPresident Kennedy
tells Berlinerstells Berliners
that the West isthat the West is
with them!with them!

71. Khruschev Embraces Castro,Khruschev Embraces Castro,
19611961

72. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

73. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

74. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with theWe went eyeball-to-eyeball with the
Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

75. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

77. ““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)
Former Czech President,Former Czech President,
Alexander DubčekAlexander Dubček
Communism with a human face!Communism with a human face!

78. ““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested [likeDissidents/playwrights arrested [like
Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a free—future president of a free
Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].

79. Détente
• Détente: the general cooling of
tensions during the Cold War middle-
period (70s)
• Result of 60s hyper-tension
– Bay of Pigs, CMC
– Space Race
– Arms Race
• “Hawkish” leaders out of power

80. SALT Treaties
• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
• SALT I
– 1969—reduce nuclear weapon
arsenals
• SALT II
– 1979, same general guidelines
– USA does not ratify in protest of
USSR invasion of Afghanistan
• Largely symbolic, indicative of move
toward détente
• U.S. backs out all agreements in
1986 (height of “2nd
Cold War”)
Gerald Ford and Leonid
Brezhnev signing a joint
communiqué on the SALT treaty
in Vladivostok, November 23,
1974.

81. Helsinki Accords
• 1975, Helsinki, Finland
• Attempt to reduce tensions
between Western Nations and
Communist Bloc
• Thirty-five states, including the USA,
Canada, and all European states
except Albania and Andorra
• Main result: Brought Europeans
together outside of the Bi-polar
power arrangements of the Cold
War
Erich Honecker (DDR, left) and
Helmut Schmidt (FRG) in
Conference on Security and Co-
operation in Europe held in
Helsinki 1975.

82. • Shah embraces Western
governments, oil companies
• Nationalists overthrow shah,
seize oil
• U.S. restores shah to power,
fearing Soviet encroachment
• 1978: Khomeini — Iranian Muslim
leader; sparks riots in Iran; shah
flees
– Khomeini, ironically receives Soviet
support

84. • Soviets invade Afghanistan, help
Communist government against
rebels
• Muslim rebels fight guerilla war
against Soviets with U.S. weapons
– Osama Bin Laden helps organize
defense of Muslim lands
– Taliban emerge
• U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet
Union; Soviets withdraw (1989)

86. • Ronald Reagan —
anti-Communist U.S.
president takes office
in 1981
• Increases military
spending, proposes a
missile defense
program
• In 1985, new Soviet
leadership allows
easing of Cold War
tensions

87. End of the Cold War:
Overview

88. February 21, 1972; During his visit, President Richard
Nixon meets with Chairman Mao Zedong. Concerning
Taiwan, the U.S. side affirms the "One China Principle".
The U.S. reaffirms their interest in a peaceful settlement of
the Taiwan question.
· Pres. Nixon
attempted to
improve U.S. ties
with China by
visiting China in
1972.
Recognizing China

89. · Pres. Carter
established official
diplomatic ties with
China in 1979.
On January 29, 1979,
Vice- Premier Deng
Xiaoping and President
Carter had a chat
before their talks.

90. A Brief Thaw in the Cold War
Détente:
· In 1972, Pres. Nixon became the first President to visit the
Soviet Union since the Cold War began.
President
Richard
Nixon and
Soviet leader
Leonid
Brezhnev,
1972

91. · Nixon was practicing the
policy of détente, or the
easing of tensions.

92. · The U.S. and the Soviet Union soon signed the SALT
Agreement, which limited the number of nuclear missiles that
they produced.
· The relationship
between the U.S.
and the Soviet
Union continued to
improve.

93. Examples of improved U.S. – Soviet relations:
- Trade between the U.S. and the Soviet Union increased.
- In 1975, U.S. and Soviet astronauts conducted a joint space
mission.
Astronauts
Thomas P.
Stafford and
Donald K.
Slayton hold
containers of
Soviet space
food in the
Soviet Soyuz
Module

94. - In 1979, Pres. Carter worked out the details of the SALT II
Treaty with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev.

95. Détente ends:
· In December of
1979, the Soviet
Union invaded
Afghanistan.
The mujahideen (Islamic guerillas),who fought against the
Soviet military occupation of Afghanistan during the Afghan-
Soviet War (1979-1989), stand on top of a Soviet helicopter.
They used guerrilla-war tactics to ambush Soviet troops.

96. Osama Bin Laden, in
Afghanistan during the 1980s
(top), and in October of 2001
(right).

97. · Pres. Carter withdrew U.S. support for the SALT II Treaty,
ended all grain sales to the Soviet Union, and led an
international boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.

98. · Pres. Reagan increased
military spending and
pursued a weapons
program, known as Star
Wars, that could shoot
down missiles from
space.
An End to the Cold War
Click to zoom in.

99. · Star Wars helped to destroy the economy of the Soviet Union,
as they were unable to match the United States’ spending on the
military and provide for their citizens at the same time.

100. · Soviet president
Mikhail Gorbachev
began a policy
called glasnost, in
which he allowed
more freedom of
speech and the
press.

101. · Soviet
leader
Mikhail
Gorbachev
signed an
arms
control
treaty,
called the
INF
Treaty,
with Pres.
Reagan in
1987.

102. · As a result, fifteen Soviet republics gained their independence.
· Eventually,
however,
Gorbachev
was forced to
resign in
1991, and the
Soviet Union
ceased to
exist.
Post-Soviet states in alphabetical order: 1. Armenia; 2. Azerbaijan; 3.
Belarus; 4. Estonia; 5. Georgia; 6. Kazakhstan; 7. Kyrgyzstan;
8. Latvia; 9. Lithuania; 10. Moldova; 11. Russia; 12. Tajikistan;
13. Turkmenistan; 14. Ukraine; 15. Uzbekistan

103. The Fall of the Berlin Wall – News Report from ABC News
(2:55)

104. Overview Images

107. Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

108. mujahedinmujahedin

109. Lech
Walesa
Lech
Walesa

111. solidarit
y
solidarit
y

112. Democracy
! Glasnost!
Reform!

113. Vaclav
Havel
Vaclav
Havel

114. Nicolae
Ceasescu
Nicolae
Ceasescu

115. G
PEOPLE OF THE
COLD WAR
A
B
C
D
E
F
H
I
J
L
M
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O
K

116. EVENTS OF THE COLD
WAR