Endocochlear potential
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•2,830 views
The document discusses three topics related to hearing: the endocochlear potential, which is a +80mV current generated by the striavascularis that provides energy for cochlear transduction and drives hair cell movement in response to sound; the auditory brainstem response, which involves waves I-VII generated by electrical activity in the cochlear nerves and various brainstem structures in response to sound; and otoacoustic emissions, which are energy leakages from the cochlea that can be spontaneous or evoked and indicate a healthy functioning cochlea, making them useful for infant hearing screening.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Endocochlear potential ,[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/endocochlearpotential-100503035620-phpapp01/85/Endocochlear-potential-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
Auditory pathways
1) The document summarizes the auditory pathways and perception, including how sound is transmitted through the ear to the cochlea and auditory nerve, then to various areas of the brain.
2) It describes attributes of sound like frequency, intensity, and direction that are processed by the auditory system.
3) Common types of hearing loss are discussed as well as tests used to evaluate hearing functionality like the Weber, Rinne, and Schwabach tests and audiometry.
Special Senses - Organ of Corti
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the inner ear, including the cochlea and organ of Corti. It notes that the organ of Corti contains the hair cells and is located in the scala media of the cochlea. It functions to convert vibrations of the basilar membrane into neural signals via the stereocilia on the hair cells. The inner and outer hair cells detect movement and transmit signals to the auditory nerve.
Physiology of hearing
The document summarizes the physiology of hearing. It discusses how sound is transmitted through the ear as a transducer, converting sound energy to mechanical and then electrical energy. It describes the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear collects and concentrates sound. The middle ear acts as an impedance matcher, increasing the intensity of vibrations through a lever system before transmitting to the inner ear. The inner ear converts vibrations to electrical signals via hair cells and sends signals through the auditory nerve and central pathways to the brain for processing.
SOUND TRANSDUCTION
1. Sound transduction begins with mechanical vibrations in the outer, middle, and inner ear that are converted into electrical signals in the cochlea. Hair cells in the inner ear contain stereocilia that bend in response to sound, opening ion channels and generating receptor potentials.
2. The central auditory pathway projects signals from the cochlear nerve to nuclei in the brainstem and thalamus before reaching the primary auditory cortex, maintaining tonotopic organization.
3. Adenosine plays an otoprotective role against noise-induced hearing loss by reducing oxidative stress and excitotoxicity through A1 receptor activation. Adenosine levels decline with age and restoring
Physiology of Hearing and Equilibrium
The organ of Corti contains outer and inner hair cells that transmit auditory stimuli through afferent pathways to the brain. Sound is conducted through the outer, middle, and inner ear before stimulating the hair cells. The vestibular system contains semicircular canals and otolith organs that detect head movement and gravity. It transmits signals through vestibular ganglia and nuclei to mediate reflexes for balance and eye movement. Both auditory and vestibular systems integrate sensory information in the brain to process sound and maintain equilibrium.
Physiology of hearing
The document provides an overview of the physiology of hearing. It discusses:
1) How sound waves are conducted through the external ear, middle ear bones, and inner ear fluid. The middle ear bones provide impedance matching to transmit sounds to the inner ear.
2) In the inner ear, sound causes the basilar membrane to vibrate, stimulating hair cells. This leads to a change in the hair cell membrane potential and the generation of action potentials in the auditory nerve.
3) Neural signals are transmitted from the cochlear nuclei to the auditory cortex through several structures in the brainstem and thalamus. The auditory pathway shows tonotopic organization and hemispheric specialization for
Physiology Of Hearing
The document discusses the physiology of hearing. It covers topics like acoustics, properties of sound, the external ear, middle ear, inner ear, bone conduction, and the auditory pathway. The middle ear functions to transmit sounds from the air to the inner ear fluid through a transducer mechanism involving the vibrations of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window. Sound waves in the inner ear cause motion of hair cells and generation of nerve impulses that travel through the auditory pathway to the brain.
Auditory pathway
The auditory pathway begins with hair cells in the inner ear that transmit signals through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. These signals then travel to the superior olivary nuclei, lateral lemniscus nuclei, and medial geniculate bodies of the thalamus. Finally, auditory radiation fibers carry the signals to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex where sounds are perceived and analyzed in areas 41, 42, and Wernicke's area.
Recommended
Auditory pathways
1) The document summarizes the auditory pathways and perception, including how sound is transmitted through the ear to the cochlea and auditory nerve, then to various areas of the brain.
2) It describes attributes of sound like frequency, intensity, and direction that are processed by the auditory system.
3) Common types of hearing loss are discussed as well as tests used to evaluate hearing functionality like the Weber, Rinne, and Schwabach tests and audiometry.
Special Senses - Organ of Corti
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the inner ear, including the cochlea and organ of Corti. It notes that the organ of Corti contains the hair cells and is located in the scala media of the cochlea. It functions to convert vibrations of the basilar membrane into neural signals via the stereocilia on the hair cells. The inner and outer hair cells detect movement and transmit signals to the auditory nerve.
Physiology of hearing
The document summarizes the physiology of hearing. It discusses how sound is transmitted through the ear as a transducer, converting sound energy to mechanical and then electrical energy. It describes the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear collects and concentrates sound. The middle ear acts as an impedance matcher, increasing the intensity of vibrations through a lever system before transmitting to the inner ear. The inner ear converts vibrations to electrical signals via hair cells and sends signals through the auditory nerve and central pathways to the brain for processing.
SOUND TRANSDUCTION
1. Sound transduction begins with mechanical vibrations in the outer, middle, and inner ear that are converted into electrical signals in the cochlea. Hair cells in the inner ear contain stereocilia that bend in response to sound, opening ion channels and generating receptor potentials.
2. The central auditory pathway projects signals from the cochlear nerve to nuclei in the brainstem and thalamus before reaching the primary auditory cortex, maintaining tonotopic organization.
3. Adenosine plays an otoprotective role against noise-induced hearing loss by reducing oxidative stress and excitotoxicity through A1 receptor activation. Adenosine levels decline with age and restoring
Physiology of Hearing and Equilibrium
The organ of Corti contains outer and inner hair cells that transmit auditory stimuli through afferent pathways to the brain. Sound is conducted through the outer, middle, and inner ear before stimulating the hair cells. The vestibular system contains semicircular canals and otolith organs that detect head movement and gravity. It transmits signals through vestibular ganglia and nuclei to mediate reflexes for balance and eye movement. Both auditory and vestibular systems integrate sensory information in the brain to process sound and maintain equilibrium.
Physiology of hearing
The document provides an overview of the physiology of hearing. It discusses:
1) How sound waves are conducted through the external ear, middle ear bones, and inner ear fluid. The middle ear bones provide impedance matching to transmit sounds to the inner ear.
2) In the inner ear, sound causes the basilar membrane to vibrate, stimulating hair cells. This leads to a change in the hair cell membrane potential and the generation of action potentials in the auditory nerve.
3) Neural signals are transmitted from the cochlear nuclei to the auditory cortex through several structures in the brainstem and thalamus. The auditory pathway shows tonotopic organization and hemispheric specialization for
Physiology Of Hearing
The document discusses the physiology of hearing. It covers topics like acoustics, properties of sound, the external ear, middle ear, inner ear, bone conduction, and the auditory pathway. The middle ear functions to transmit sounds from the air to the inner ear fluid through a transducer mechanism involving the vibrations of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window. Sound waves in the inner ear cause motion of hair cells and generation of nerve impulses that travel through the auditory pathway to the brain.
Auditory pathway
The auditory pathway begins with hair cells in the inner ear that transmit signals through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. These signals then travel to the superior olivary nuclei, lateral lemniscus nuclei, and medial geniculate bodies of the thalamus. Finally, auditory radiation fibers carry the signals to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex where sounds are perceived and analyzed in areas 41, 42, and Wernicke's area.
Physiology of Hearing
The document provides information on the physiology of hearing. It discusses how sound waves are conducted through the ear to the inner ear, where they are transduced into neural signals. Key points include:
- Sound waves are collected by the pinna and focused through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane.
- Vibrations are transmitted through the ossicles to the oval window, matching impedances between air and fluid environments.
- In the cochlea, vibrations of the basilar membrane lead to stimulation of hair cells and transduction of sound into neural signals.
- These signals travel through the auditory pathway to the brain for perception of sound.
Tests like pure
Auditory pathway
The auditory pathway carries auditory messages from the cochlea to the brain via two routes. The primary auditory pathway exclusively carries signals from the cochlea to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, which contains a precise tonotopic map of sound frequencies. The non-primary pathway integrates sensory information from various sources and relays it to the non-specific thalamus and polysensory cortex. Both pathways are important for conscious perception of sounds.
Physiology of equilibrium
The vestibular system located in the inner ear helps maintain equilibrium and spatial orientation. It contains two types of sensory organs - the maculae which detect linear acceleration and position with respect to gravity, and the semicircular canals which detect angular acceleration and rotation of the head. Hair cells within these organs bend in response to movement, triggering nerve signals to the brain. The brain integrates vestibular information with other sensory inputs to coordinate muscle responses and eye movements that keep vision stable and maintain balance and posture. Damage to the vestibular system can cause vertigo, dizziness and conditions like Meniere's disease.
Physiology of equilibrium - Vestibular System
This document summarizes the physiology of equilibrium and balance. It describes the structures involved, including the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals. It explains how the utricle and saccule detect linear acceleration and orientation using hair cells and otoliths, while the semicircular canals detect rotational movement through endolymph flow. Working together with visual input, neck proprioceptors, and the central nervous system, these structures maintain balance through vestibular pathways and reflexes that stimulate appropriate postural muscles.
Olfaction and pathway
This document discusses the anatomy and function of the olfactory system. It notes that perception of odors depends on the state of the nasal epithelium and nervous system. It describes how odorant substances reach the olfactory cleft through diffusion or airflow in the nose. It outlines the structures involved in olfaction like the olfactory epithelium, receptor cells, and pathways in the brain. It also discusses clinical conditions that can affect smell and various diseases and medications that can impact the olfactory system.
HIS 120 Cochlear Microphonics and Hair Cells
The document discusses how sound waves cause shearing between the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane in the cochlea. This shearing movement bends the stereocilia on top of hair cells, generating receptor currents. The currents create four types of electrical potentials: resting DC potential; alternating CM potentials from acoustic stimulation; direct SP currents also from sound; and action potentials in the VIII nerve. The movement of hair cells and different electrical potentials in the fluids of the cochlea stimulate the VIII nerve to transmit afferent signals about sound to the brain. Damage to hair cells or their blood supply can cause hearing loss by modifying the electrical currents.
Hearing
The document summarizes the physiology of hearing. It describes how sound is transmitted through the ear as a pressure wave and perceived as sound information. It details the anatomy of the outer, middle and inner ear. It explains how sound waves cause vibrations that are amplified and transmitted through the ossicles to the cochlea fluid. Within the cochlea, vibrations travel in a wave along the basilar membrane to stimulate hair cells, which transmit signals to the auditory nerve.
Physiology of olfaction
The sense of smell is the least understood of the human senses. It is mediated by olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity that detect odors and transmit signals along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and various areas of the brain involved in smell perception. While humans have a poorly developed sense of smell compared to many animals, smell plays an important role in pleasure, taste perception, and danger detection. The sense of smell provides insights into sexual function and can strongly trigger memories.
Physiology of the ear
This presentation explains the working of the ear... It is best for medical students.. It includes all the key points necessary for an exam too... So this presentation can also be used as a notes for your exams...
Mechanism of Hearing (presentation)
The document summarizes the mechanism of hearing. It begins with an introduction to the ear and its role in hearing. It then describes the anatomy and physiology of the three main parts of the ear - the outer, middle and inner ear. Sound waves enter the outer ear and cause the eardrum and ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate. These vibrations are amplified and transmitted to the cochlea of the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlea generate electrical signals that are transmitted via the auditory nerve to the brain, where they are perceived as sound.
anatomy and physiology of middle ear spaces
this ppt is about anatomy and physiology in brief mainly taken from standard test books and their is a mention of middle ear spaces in this ppt
anatomy of inner ear by dr. ravindra daggupati
discriptive anatomy of inner ear,detailed explanation of embryology and anatomy of inner ear along with pictures..
Anatomy of inner ear
The inner ear is composed of a bony labyrinth that houses the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlea, three semicircular canals, and two otolith organs (the utricle and saccule). The semicircular canals contain cristae that detect rotational head movements while the utricle and saccule contain maculae that detect linear accelerations and gravity. Endolymph fills the membranous labyrinth and perilymph fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths. The vestibular portion detects head movements and maintains balance.
Physiology of balance
The vestibular system helps maintain balance and stabilize gaze. It contains semicircular canals that detect rotational head movements and otolith organs that detect linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity. The vestibular nerve relays information from the inner ear to the brainstem vestibular nuclei. These nuclei integrate vestibular signals and generate reflexes that control eye movements and posture.
Lect 5 somatosensory and somatomotor neurons
sensation is very good, because we percive a pain, hot, cold, etc sensation to our CNS parts for integration and giving a proper response.
Physiology of hearing 21st july 11
The document summarizes the physiological basis of hearing. It describes the functions of the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The middle ear increases pressure and attenuates sound waves through the ossicular lever action and attenuation reflex. The inner ear performs mechanical frequency analysis through the place principle and sensory transduction by converting sound waves to neural impulses through hair cells and neurotransmitters. Lesions in different parts of the auditory system cause different types and severities of deafness. Common tests to differentiate conductive and sensorineural deafness include Rinne's test and Weber's test.
Anatomy of internal ear and physiology of hearing
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the internal ear and hearing. It describes the internal ear as consisting of bony and membranous labyrinths, with the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth housing the membranous structures. Sound waves are mechanically conducted through the outer and middle ear to the inner ear, where they cause vibrations that are transduced by hair cells into nerve impulses. These travel along the auditory nerve pathway to the brain. Key functions of the middle ear include impedance matching of air and fluid media and the endocochlear potential in the cochlea which provides energy for transduction
Physiology of hearing and balance
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of hearing and balance. It describes the parts of the hearing apparatus including the external, middle, and inner ear. Sound is conducted through the ear canal and vibrations are amplified by the ossicles in the middle ear before being transduced into nerve impulses in the cochlea. Hair cells in the organ of Corti detect sound vibrations and transmit signals to the brain. Several theories attempt to explain the mechanisms of hearing such as place theory and traveling wave theory. The vestibular system in the inner ear, along with visual and proprioceptive cues, helps maintain balance and orientation.
Physiology of olfaction
This document provides an overview of the physiology of olfaction. It discusses:
- The anatomy of olfactory stimulation including the nasal passageways, olfactory mucus, and olfactory epithelium.
- The main cell types in the olfactory epithelium: ciliated olfactory receptors, microvillar cells, supporting cells, and basal cells.
- How odorant molecules stimulate the olfactory receptors and initiate the transduction pathway.
- The pathways that olfactory information takes from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb and onto various regions in the brain involved in olfaction.
- Theories on olfactory transduction and coding of odorant molecules.
-
Ear & Auditory pathway
Anatomy of Ear & auditory pathway
(short points are given in presentation)
refference: "Essentials of medical physiology-K Sambulingam"
Bartter’S And Gittleman’S Syndromes
The document summarizes Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes, which are inherited tubular defects characterized by low potassium levels and metabolic alkalosis. Bartter's syndrome involves defects in sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, while Gitelman's syndrome involves a primary defect in the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule. Both conditions result in activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and loss of potassium and hydrogen ions in the urine. Gitelman's syndrome generally presents later in life and has a more mild phenotype. Treatment aims to block prostaglandin E2 and al
Auditory physiology of Inner Ear
The document provides an overview of the inner ear anatomy and physiology. It describes the cochlea as a snail-shaped bony structure that is coiled around a central axis. Within the cochlea lies the membranous labyrinth, which contains three fluid-filled scalae separated by membranes. Sound causes vibrations that move fluids and stimulate hair cells in the organ of Corti. Inner hair cells detect sound and transmit signals, while outer hair cells amplify these signals. Key structures that enable hearing include the stria vascularis, which generates the endocochlear potential providing energy, and potassium circulation pathways that are essential for normal cochlear function.
More Related Content
What's hot
Physiology of Hearing
The document provides information on the physiology of hearing. It discusses how sound waves are conducted through the ear to the inner ear, where they are transduced into neural signals. Key points include:
- Sound waves are collected by the pinna and focused through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane.
- Vibrations are transmitted through the ossicles to the oval window, matching impedances between air and fluid environments.
- In the cochlea, vibrations of the basilar membrane lead to stimulation of hair cells and transduction of sound into neural signals.
- These signals travel through the auditory pathway to the brain for perception of sound.
Tests like pure
Auditory pathway
The auditory pathway carries auditory messages from the cochlea to the brain via two routes. The primary auditory pathway exclusively carries signals from the cochlea to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, which contains a precise tonotopic map of sound frequencies. The non-primary pathway integrates sensory information from various sources and relays it to the non-specific thalamus and polysensory cortex. Both pathways are important for conscious perception of sounds.
Physiology of equilibrium
The vestibular system located in the inner ear helps maintain equilibrium and spatial orientation. It contains two types of sensory organs - the maculae which detect linear acceleration and position with respect to gravity, and the semicircular canals which detect angular acceleration and rotation of the head. Hair cells within these organs bend in response to movement, triggering nerve signals to the brain. The brain integrates vestibular information with other sensory inputs to coordinate muscle responses and eye movements that keep vision stable and maintain balance and posture. Damage to the vestibular system can cause vertigo, dizziness and conditions like Meniere's disease.
Physiology of equilibrium - Vestibular System
This document summarizes the physiology of equilibrium and balance. It describes the structures involved, including the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals. It explains how the utricle and saccule detect linear acceleration and orientation using hair cells and otoliths, while the semicircular canals detect rotational movement through endolymph flow. Working together with visual input, neck proprioceptors, and the central nervous system, these structures maintain balance through vestibular pathways and reflexes that stimulate appropriate postural muscles.
Olfaction and pathway
This document discusses the anatomy and function of the olfactory system. It notes that perception of odors depends on the state of the nasal epithelium and nervous system. It describes how odorant substances reach the olfactory cleft through diffusion or airflow in the nose. It outlines the structures involved in olfaction like the olfactory epithelium, receptor cells, and pathways in the brain. It also discusses clinical conditions that can affect smell and various diseases and medications that can impact the olfactory system.
HIS 120 Cochlear Microphonics and Hair Cells
The document discusses how sound waves cause shearing between the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane in the cochlea. This shearing movement bends the stereocilia on top of hair cells, generating receptor currents. The currents create four types of electrical potentials: resting DC potential; alternating CM potentials from acoustic stimulation; direct SP currents also from sound; and action potentials in the VIII nerve. The movement of hair cells and different electrical potentials in the fluids of the cochlea stimulate the VIII nerve to transmit afferent signals about sound to the brain. Damage to hair cells or their blood supply can cause hearing loss by modifying the electrical currents.
Hearing
The document summarizes the physiology of hearing. It describes how sound is transmitted through the ear as a pressure wave and perceived as sound information. It details the anatomy of the outer, middle and inner ear. It explains how sound waves cause vibrations that are amplified and transmitted through the ossicles to the cochlea fluid. Within the cochlea, vibrations travel in a wave along the basilar membrane to stimulate hair cells, which transmit signals to the auditory nerve.
Physiology of olfaction
The sense of smell is the least understood of the human senses. It is mediated by olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity that detect odors and transmit signals along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and various areas of the brain involved in smell perception. While humans have a poorly developed sense of smell compared to many animals, smell plays an important role in pleasure, taste perception, and danger detection. The sense of smell provides insights into sexual function and can strongly trigger memories.
Physiology of the ear
This presentation explains the working of the ear... It is best for medical students.. It includes all the key points necessary for an exam too... So this presentation can also be used as a notes for your exams...
Mechanism of Hearing (presentation)
The document summarizes the mechanism of hearing. It begins with an introduction to the ear and its role in hearing. It then describes the anatomy and physiology of the three main parts of the ear - the outer, middle and inner ear. Sound waves enter the outer ear and cause the eardrum and ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate. These vibrations are amplified and transmitted to the cochlea of the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlea generate electrical signals that are transmitted via the auditory nerve to the brain, where they are perceived as sound.
anatomy and physiology of middle ear spaces
this ppt is about anatomy and physiology in brief mainly taken from standard test books and their is a mention of middle ear spaces in this ppt
anatomy of inner ear by dr. ravindra daggupati
discriptive anatomy of inner ear,detailed explanation of embryology and anatomy of inner ear along with pictures..
Anatomy of inner ear
The inner ear is composed of a bony labyrinth that houses the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlea, three semicircular canals, and two otolith organs (the utricle and saccule). The semicircular canals contain cristae that detect rotational head movements while the utricle and saccule contain maculae that detect linear accelerations and gravity. Endolymph fills the membranous labyrinth and perilymph fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths. The vestibular portion detects head movements and maintains balance.
Physiology of balance
The vestibular system helps maintain balance and stabilize gaze. It contains semicircular canals that detect rotational head movements and otolith organs that detect linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity. The vestibular nerve relays information from the inner ear to the brainstem vestibular nuclei. These nuclei integrate vestibular signals and generate reflexes that control eye movements and posture.
Lect 5 somatosensory and somatomotor neurons
sensation is very good, because we percive a pain, hot, cold, etc sensation to our CNS parts for integration and giving a proper response.
Physiology of hearing 21st july 11
The document summarizes the physiological basis of hearing. It describes the functions of the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The middle ear increases pressure and attenuates sound waves through the ossicular lever action and attenuation reflex. The inner ear performs mechanical frequency analysis through the place principle and sensory transduction by converting sound waves to neural impulses through hair cells and neurotransmitters. Lesions in different parts of the auditory system cause different types and severities of deafness. Common tests to differentiate conductive and sensorineural deafness include Rinne's test and Weber's test.
Anatomy of internal ear and physiology of hearing
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the internal ear and hearing. It describes the internal ear as consisting of bony and membranous labyrinths, with the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth housing the membranous structures. Sound waves are mechanically conducted through the outer and middle ear to the inner ear, where they cause vibrations that are transduced by hair cells into nerve impulses. These travel along the auditory nerve pathway to the brain. Key functions of the middle ear include impedance matching of air and fluid media and the endocochlear potential in the cochlea which provides energy for transduction
Physiology of hearing and balance
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of hearing and balance. It describes the parts of the hearing apparatus including the external, middle, and inner ear. Sound is conducted through the ear canal and vibrations are amplified by the ossicles in the middle ear before being transduced into nerve impulses in the cochlea. Hair cells in the organ of Corti detect sound vibrations and transmit signals to the brain. Several theories attempt to explain the mechanisms of hearing such as place theory and traveling wave theory. The vestibular system in the inner ear, along with visual and proprioceptive cues, helps maintain balance and orientation.
Physiology of olfaction
This document provides an overview of the physiology of olfaction. It discusses:
- The anatomy of olfactory stimulation including the nasal passageways, olfactory mucus, and olfactory epithelium.
- The main cell types in the olfactory epithelium: ciliated olfactory receptors, microvillar cells, supporting cells, and basal cells.
- How odorant molecules stimulate the olfactory receptors and initiate the transduction pathway.
- The pathways that olfactory information takes from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb and onto various regions in the brain involved in olfaction.
- Theories on olfactory transduction and coding of odorant molecules.
-
Ear & Auditory pathway
Anatomy of Ear & auditory pathway
(short points are given in presentation)
refference: "Essentials of medical physiology-K Sambulingam"
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Bartter’S And Gittleman’S Syndromes
The document summarizes Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes, which are inherited tubular defects characterized by low potassium levels and metabolic alkalosis. Bartter's syndrome involves defects in sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, while Gitelman's syndrome involves a primary defect in the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule. Both conditions result in activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and loss of potassium and hydrogen ions in the urine. Gitelman's syndrome generally presents later in life and has a more mild phenotype. Treatment aims to block prostaglandin E2 and al
Auditory physiology of Inner Ear
The document provides an overview of the inner ear anatomy and physiology. It describes the cochlea as a snail-shaped bony structure that is coiled around a central axis. Within the cochlea lies the membranous labyrinth, which contains three fluid-filled scalae separated by membranes. Sound causes vibrations that move fluids and stimulate hair cells in the organ of Corti. Inner hair cells detect sound and transmit signals, while outer hair cells amplify these signals. Key structures that enable hearing include the stria vascularis, which generates the endocochlear potential providing energy, and potassium circulation pathways that are essential for normal cochlear function.
Hair cell function and purpose
The Organ of Corti rests on the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct and contains inner and outer hair cells and the tectorial membrane. The outer hair cells, of which there are approximately 12,000, receive information from the brain and cochlea and mechanically change the basilar membrane properties at specific spots through elongation or shrinking. This action amplifies soft sounds and sharpens the peak of the traveling wave, improving frequency resolution. The approximately 3,000 inner hair cells transmit information to the brain via the eighth cranial nerve. Damage to the outer hair cells results in reduced hearing ability, especially in noise.
Bartter syndrome
Bartter syndrome is a rare inherited renal tubular disorder characterized by hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis, and hyperreninemia. It results from mutations impairing chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, causing excessive urinary losses of sodium, chloride, and potassium. There are 5 types of Bartter syndrome distinguished by their genetic defects and associated symptoms. Neonatal forms present with polyhydramnios, polyuria, and volume depletion. Classic Bartter syndrome presents in childhood with similar symptoms and growth issues. Gitelman syndrome, caused by a related defect, presents mildly in adolescence.
A Case of Bartter's Syndrome
The document describes a case of a 40-year-old male who presented with sudden weakness in both lower limbs for 4 hours. On examination, he had reduced tone, power and absent reflexes in both lower limbs. Investigations revealed hypokalemia of 1.3 meq/l. He was diagnosed with Bartter's syndrome type III based on hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism and high urinary chloride and potassium levels. Intravenous potassium supplementation led to complete recovery.
Selection
The document discusses the employee selection process. It describes selection as identifying qualified candidates to fill jobs by eliminating unqualified applicants. It then outlines the importance of selection for organizational effectiveness and work performance. Several selection steps are provided, including preliminary interviews, selection tests assessing different skills and traits, and employment interviews to evaluate applicant acceptability through a two-way exchange of information.
Dom 20160427 extra
O documento descreve a retificação e republicação do gabarito oficial de um concurso público municipal para cargos de assistente social. Foi identificado um erro material no gabarito original, levando a banca examinadora a decidir pela correção e nova publicação do gabarito definitivo com as questões anuladas ou com alteração da alternativa correta. O anexo único apresenta o gabarito oficial definitivo com as alterações realizadas.
Handout 3 er año aveledo
This document provides information about places students can visit while traveling in Venezuela. It includes:
- Pictures of a museum, pyramid, palace, and beach for students to match with the words.
- A listening activity with the names and locations of places in Venezuela like the Orinoco River in Bolivar State.
- A dialogue building activity where students discuss the place they are visiting, its location, and what is in their suitcase.
- A listening activity matching suitcase descriptions with letters.
- An advertisement for the Children's Museum in Caracas including admission prices and hours.
- An activity where students create their own place advertisement.
alternatives to hysterectomy
This document summarizes alternatives to hysterectomy for various conditions like abnormal uterine bleeding, fibroids, endometriosis, prolapse, and chronic pelvic pain. It discusses less invasive treatment options like hormonal therapy, endometrial ablation, myolysis, and laparoscopic surgeries that can avoid hysterectomy in many cases. These alternatives allow for shorter recovery times and less risk than traditional hysterectomy. The document emphasizes that treatment should be tailored to each individual and that patients should be involved in decision making between hysterectomy and less invasive options.
Kennedy creek poll dorset ram sale 2014 2015
The attached document has complete details of all rams for sale from Kennedy Creek Poll Dorset stud in 2014/15 sales season. 129 rams available for stud or commercial purchase. commencing in mid October.
How to design for the web
Danny Bluestone from Cyber-Duck held workshops educating pupils and young students in Hackney, London during the summer of 2013 on how to design for websites and apps.
Small group presentation
VOX Church exists to overcome religion through Christ-centered relationships, resulting in changed lives. VOX small groups exist to help people grow in their faith through studying scripture, prayer, and discipling one another. The goal of VOX small groups is to teach people what it means to follow Christ and make more disciples, as commanded by Jesus. VOX small groups meet weekly in homes to build community, study the Bible together, pray, take communion, and encourage spiritual growth in one another.
My city
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Hippel
This document summarizes information about a book that was scanned by Google as part of their project to make public domain books discoverable online. It provides guidelines for use, noting that the book is available to the public since its copyright has expired. The summary reminds users that laws vary by country and to use books legally and appropriately.
Prototype
The document discusses two prototype ideas to help "Mr. L" find work as a graphic designer. The first prototype is a blog for Mr. L to showcase his work and connect with others in the field. While he likes the easy format, the document notes the blog needs a better layout. The second prototype proposes Mr. L starting a company with friends to develop apps for local businesses. He is excited by the entrepreneurial idea but unsure how to begin the business venture. The document outlines further questions and ideas to help Mr. L implement the company prototype.
amenorrhea
This clinical guideline outlines an approach for evaluating and managing amenorrhea. It defines primary and secondary amenorrhea and discusses various pathophysiologies including anovulatory and ovulatory causes. The approach involves obtaining a thorough history, physical exam, and initial tests to rule out pregnancy and cryptomenorrhea. Based on exam and test results, patients are categorized to guide further workup and diagnosis of conditions like hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, PCOS, ovarian failure, mullerian agenesis, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Management aims to restore ovulation if possible or provide hormone replacement therapy to prevent health issues from estrogen deficiency. Frequent re-evaluation is often needed given the complexity of
#UBA_#Ciberseguridad_#Cibercrimen_#Privacidad
El documento repite la misma información sobre una presentación en el Posgrado Cibercrimen UBA el 11 de junio de 2014 sobre Snowden, la privacidad y la concienciación, con las fuentes de Verizon y OEA.
Analisis Dynamic Tunnel Pada Jaringan Testbed MPLS VPN DS-TE di PTIK BPPT
Dokumen ini membahas perancangan jaringan MPLS VPN DS-TE menggunakan dynamic tunnel pada testbed PTIK BPPT. Sistem saat ini memiliki masalah tidak adanya jalur terbaik dan tunnel cadangan yang tidak terpakai. Usulan pemecahannya adalah mengubah kost interface untuk mendapatkan jalur terbaik dan menguji dengan trafik besar agar tunnel cadangan terpakai. Topologi fisik tidak diubah, hanya dilakukan pengaturan IP dan interface.
Kotler01 mkt.crm
This document discusses key concepts in marketing including defining marketing, marketing management orientations, and customer relationship management (CRM). It outlines the core concepts of marketing such as meeting customer needs through products and services. It also discusses the challenges modern marketers face in an increasingly connected world, including connecting with customers via technology, partners, and on a global scale. CRM strategies like attracting, retaining, and growing customers through building relationships and delivering superior customer value are also summarized.
Autorretratos
El documento menciona varios artistas conocidos por sus autorretratos, incluyendo a Maurice Escher, Claudio Bravo, Paul Cezanne, Marx Chagall, Vicent van Gogh, Frida Khalo y Edvard Munch. Cubre una amplia gama de épocas desde el siglo XIX hasta el siglo XX.
Viewers also liked (20)
Analisis Dynamic Tunnel Pada Jaringan Testbed MPLS VPN DS-TE di PTIK BPPT
Analisis Dynamic Tunnel Pada Jaringan Testbed MPLS VPN DS-TE di PTIK BPPT
More from Karl Daniel, M.D.
vulvo vaginal infection
The document discusses various types of vulvovaginal infections including bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, atrophic vaginitis, and contact/irritant vaginitis. It covers the typical causes, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for each condition. Microscopic examination of vaginal discharge and pH testing are important diagnostic tools, while antibiotics and antifungal medications are commonly used for treatment.
vesicular molle 2
A vesicular mole, or hydatidiform mole, is a benign tumor resulting from abnormal fertilization. It has a higher incidence in Asia and in women over age 45. Complete moles have no fetal or placental tissue and are more likely to develop into gestational trophoblastic disease, while partial moles contain some fetal tissue. Ultrasound and serum markers can help differentiate between types of molar pregnancies. Surgical evacuation is usually recommended for treatment.
vesicular molle 1
Gestational trophoblastic disease refers to a spectrum of conditions that result from abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue. This includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as invasive moles and choriocarcinoma. Complete moles are characterized by marked trophoblastic proliferation and swelling of the chorionic villi, resulting in vesicles within the uterus. The document discusses the incidence, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and follow up of molar pregnancies. Surgical evacuation is usually performed, and long term follow up is needed to monitor for recurrence and the potential development of choriocarcinoma.
Sexually Transmitted Infections
The document discusses several sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including their causes, symptoms, consequences, diagnostic methods, and treatment recommendations. It notes that STIs are a major public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries, as they can lead to infertility, increased risk of HIV transmission, and adverse effects in newborns. Common bacterial STIs covered include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, while herpes, HPV, and hepatitis B are among the viral infections discussed.
Screening for Female Genital Tract Malignancy
This document summarizes screening guidelines and methods for detecting female genital tract malignancies. It discusses screening criteria and validity, risk factors and epidemiology for cervical, endometrial, ovarian and vulvar cancers. Alternative screening methods to Pap smears like visual inspection with acetic acid and HPV testing are described. Guidelines are provided for breast, cervical and endometrial cancer screening intervals.
vaginal prolapse
This document discusses the management of genital prolapse. It defines prolapse and describes its causes as weakness of the pelvic supports. It outlines various types of prolapse and treatments including non-surgical options like pessaries and pelvic floor exercises, as well as surgical procedures like anterior and posterior colporrhaphy, sling operations, and abdominal and laparoscopic surgeries. The document emphasizes that surgery should be tailored to the individual patient and aims to both correct defects and meet their requirements.
prevention Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is a major public health problem that is largely preventable. It is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, with over 500,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths each year. While often asymptomatic in early stages, if detected early through screening it can be treated effectively. Screening allows for detection and treatment of precancerous lesions before they develop into invasive cancer. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, natural history, screening methods such as Pap smear and visual inspection with acetic acid, diagnostic tools, and treatment options including ablation, excision and hysterectomy for prevention and management of cervical cancer.
ovarian tumor
The document provides an overview of epithelial ovarian tumours, which make up 90% of ovarian tumours. They most commonly originate from the coelomic epithelium. The four main histological types are serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell. Risk factors include increased age, family history, and lack of pregnancy. Screening and tumor markers like CA125 are used for early detection but have limitations. Surgery is the main treatment and chemotherapy is used for advanced stages. Prognosis depends on stage, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 76-93% for stage 1 to 11% for stage 4.
Contemporary Use of the Pessary
The document provides an overview of pessary use, including their historical origins, types, fitting procedures, and care instructions. It discusses various pessary designs and their uses for conditions like uterine prolapse, cystocele, rectocele, urinary incontinence, and cervical incompetence. Guidelines are provided on patient education, fitting procedures, follow-up care, and reimbursement codes.
management of cancer of cervix
The document discusses management dilemmas in cervical cancer. It notes that cervical cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide yet is preventable. Treatment options depend on the stage of cancer and may involve surgery such as radical hysterectomy or radiation therapy. Close follow up is important after treatment due to the risk of recurrence. Proper screening and early detection are emphasized to improve outcomes for cervical cancer patients.
leiomyomas
The document summarizes guidelines for the management of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids). It discusses various treatment options including medical management with drugs like GnRH agonists, and surgical options like hysterectomy, myomectomy (surgical removal of fibroids), and newer minimally invasive options like uterine artery embolization and laparoscopic myolysis (coagulation of fibroids). It provides details on the risks, benefits, and evidence for each approach and notes that treatment should be individualized based on a woman's symptoms and desire for fertility.
fibroids
Leiomyoma, commonly known as uterine fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus that are the most common tumors of the female pelvis. They occur most frequently in women during their childbearing years. While the exact causes are unknown, risk factors include high estrogen levels. Leiomyomas can be classified based on their location within the uterus as submucosal, subserosal, or intramural. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most accurate imaging technique for detecting and classifying leiomyomas. Treatment options depend on factors such as a patient's age, parity, symptoms, and the size and location of the fibroids and include conservative approaches, medications, uterine artery embolization,
endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic peritoneum. It causes pain and infertility and is most common during reproductive years. Theories for its cause include retrograde menstruation and genetic/immunological factors. Diagnosis involves symptoms, exam, laparoscopy, and imaging. Treatment options include pain medications, hormonal therapy like combined oral contraceptives or GnRH agonists, and surgery to remove lesions. While not curable, treatment aims to control pain and improve fertility.
DnC
Surgical abortion is a generally safe procedure that has become significantly safer since the Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion in 1973. Techniques for early abortions include suction curettage and medical abortion for pregnancies under 14 weeks. For later abortions between 14-24 weeks, dilatation and evacuation is commonly used. While complications are infrequent, they can occasionally be serious, so follow-up after the procedure is important.
carcinoma vulva
The document discusses different types of malignant tumors that can occur on the vulva, with the most common being squamous cell carcinoma. It describes the histological classification and grading of vulvar carcinomas. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is often preceded by vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and can be divided into HPV-associated and HPV-unassociated types based on etiology and presentation. Prognosis depends on tumor size, depth of invasion and lymph node involvement.
adenomyosis
The document discusses adenomyosis, a benign condition where endometrial tissue grows within the uterine wall. It defines adenomyosis and describes associated symptoms like pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by pathology after hysterectomy, though other imaging methods like ultrasound and MRI can provide clues. TVUS shows heterogeneous myometrial texture while MRI may detect increased thickness or consistency changes in the myometrium.
Evidence Based Diagnosis
The document discusses key concepts for evaluating diagnostic tests and techniques, including sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios. It emphasizes that diagnostic tests need to be evaluated based on their relevance, validity, and ability to help clinicians care for patients. New diagnostic tests should be properly evaluated through clinical studies using gold standard references and accounting for prevalence, blinding, and independent application of the reference standard before being adopted into routine care.
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2
This document discusses hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause. It lists common menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, and mood changes. It describes the hormones and drugs used in HRT, including estrogens, progestogens, and tibolone. It discusses routes of treatment administration and strategies for HRT. It also outlines risks of HRT, like increased breast cancer risk, and contraindications for HRT like previous blood clots or impaired liver function.
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
This document summarizes evidence-based guidelines on hormone replacement therapy. It discusses that HRT can effectively treat hot flashes and vaginal atrophy but may increase risks of breast cancer, heart disease, and blood clots if used long-term. Larger studies like the Women's Health Initiative found these health risks outweighed benefits for chronic disease prevention. Recommendations are that HRT only be used at lowest effective doses for shortest time to treat menopausal symptoms.
More from Karl Daniel, M.D. (20)
Endocochlear potential
- 2. + 80 mV
- 3. generated from the striavascularis by Na+/K+ATPase pump and provides source of energy for cochlear transduction
- 4. Present at rest and do not require sound stimulation
- 6. EE COLI 1. Cochlear nerves - waves I and II 2. Cochlear nucleus - wave III 3. Superior olivary complex - wave IV 4. Nulclei of lateral lemniscus - wave V 5. Inferior colliculus - waves VI and VII
- 7. Otoacoustic Emissions Energy leakage Evidence of a healthy, functioning cochlea Spontaneous and evoked emissions Evoked emission seen only in cochleae with thresholds less than 20 to 30 dB Conductive losses affect emissions Screening tool in infants