The cranial nerves document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It provides details on the structure of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and types of neurons. It then summarizes each of the 12 cranial nerves, including their components, functions, origins, courses, and key clinical aspects. The trigeminal nerve is discussed in depth, including its ganglion, nuclei, and three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular). The document provides anatomical and clinical information on each of the branches of the trigeminal nerve divisions.
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
The anatomy of the nerve supply of the head and neck has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
This presentation contains the detailed description about the courses, branches and supply of the Trigeminal Nerve, contains variations of maxillary nerve & Mandibular Nerve, and the detail about trigeminal Neurolgia and its managements
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This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
The anatomy of the nerve supply of the head and neck has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
This presentation contains the detailed description about the courses, branches and supply of the Trigeminal Nerve, contains variations of maxillary nerve & Mandibular Nerve, and the detail about trigeminal Neurolgia and its managements
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
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Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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3. INTRODUCTION
O The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are part of the
peripheral nervous system(PNS) and pass
through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity.
O Having to similar somatic and visceral
components as spinal nerves, some cranial
nerve special sensory and motor components.
O The special sensory components are associated
with hearing, seeing, smelling, blanching and
tasting.
O Special motor components include those that
innervate skeletal muscles derived
embryologically from the pharyngeal arches and
not from somites.
4. STRUCTURE OF NEURON
ONerve: A bundle of nerve fibers that uses
chemical and electrical signals to transmit
sensory and motor information from one part of
the body to the another.
O Neurons: These are specialized cells that
constitute the functional units of the nervous
system and has a special property of being able
to conduct impulse rapidly.
5. Elementry structure of neuron
ONeuron consists of cell bodyalso called as soma
or perikaryon.
OIt gives off a variable
number of processes
called as neurites.
- They are of two types :
I. Dendrites
II. Axon
6. Types of neurons
OUnipolar –single pole ,both
axon and dendrite arises
from a single pole.
OBipolar- 2 poles -1 from
axon and 1 for dendrite.
OMultipolar- many poles-
1 for axon and rest all
from dentrite.
7. RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
O Visceral nerves: They are the nerves
which supply the different viscera, the
organs within the body cavity.
O Somatic nerves: They supply somatic
structures (skin and muscles).
O Afferent nerve: Sensory or receptor
neuron-carry nerve impulses from
receptor s or sense organs toward the
central nervous system.
8. OEfferent nerves: Motor or effector neurons-
carry nerve impulses away from the central
nervous system to effectors such as
muscles or glands.
OGeneral: Refers to stimuli conducted
throughout the entire body , common to both
cranial and spinal nerves. e.g. touch
,pressure,vibration and pain.
OSpecial: Afferent impulses are enclosed by
highly specific sense organs and transmitted
to the brain in certain cranial nerves. E.g.
vision,taste,hearing.
9. CRANIAL NERVES
O There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves .
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducent
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
10. FEATURES
O Attachment of the nerves to brain:
I,II to the forebrain
III,IV to midbrain
V,VI,VII,VIII to the pons
IX,X,XI,XII to the medulla oblangata.
O Divides into 3 functions: Sensory
nerve,motor nerve and mixed nerves.
11. I. OLFACTORY NERVE
Components Sensory
Functions Carry afferent impulses for sense
of smell.
Origin and
course
Olfactory receptor nerve cells
and passes through the
cribriform plate of ethmoid.
Clinical testing Ask subject to sniff and identiy
aromatic substance like clove oil.
Applied
anatomy
Fracture of ethmoid bone or
lesions of olfactory fibers may
result in partial or total loss of
smell.
12. II.OPTIC NERVE
Components Sensory
Function Carry afferent impulses for
vision.
Origin and
courses
Fibers arises from retina of
eye to form optic
nerve,which passes through
optic canal
Clinical
testing
Assess vision and visual
field with eye.
Applied
anatomy
Damage to optic nerve
results in blindness.
13. III.OCCULOMOTOR NERVE
Component Motor
Function Raises upper eyelids
Turns eyeball upward,downward
and medially
Constrict pupil
Accommodates the eye
Origin and
course
Anterior surface of the midbrain
and passes to superior orbital
fissure.
Clinical testing Examine pupils for size,shape
and equality.
Test pupillary reflex with
penlight.
Applied
anatomy
Occulomotor nerve paralysis
Upper eyelid droops
Double vision
14. IV.TROCHLEAR NERVE
Component Motor
Function Assisting in turning
eyeball downward and
laterally
Origin and
course
Posterior surface of the
midbrain through superior
orbital fissure.
Clinical
testing
Test with oculomotor
nerve.
Applied
Anatomy
Double vision
Impairs ability to rotate
eye inferolaterally.
16. TRIGEMINAL GANGLION
O Synonyms: Gasserian ganglion,semilunar ganglion.
O Location: It is situated in a
depression called ‘trigeminal
depression’ near apex of the
petrous part of temporal bone.
O The ganglion is enclosed within
a pouch like recess of dura
mater called ‘trigeminal cave’.
O It is cresentric or semilinar in
shape,with its convexity directed
antero-medially.
O The three divisions of trigeminal nerve emerges from this
convexity.
17. RELATIONS OF TRIGEMINAL
GANGLION
O Lateral: Middle meningeal artery
O Medial: Internal carotid artery and
Posterior part of cavernous sinus.
O Inferior: Foramen lacerum
Greater petrosal nerve and
Motor root of trigeminal nerve.
O Superior: Para-hippocampal gyrus.
18. NUCLEI OF TRIGEMINAL
NERVE
O It has 4 nuclei
Sensory-
1. Main sensory nuclei
2. Spinal nuclei
3. Mesencephalic nuclei
Motor-
1. Motor nuclei
19. Associated roots and branches
O The central process of the ganglion cells
forms the large sensory root of the
trigeminal nerve,that is attached to the pons
at its junction with the middle cerebellar
peduncle.
O The peripheral processes forms the three
division of the trigeminal nerve.
20. DIVISION OF TRIGEMINAL
NERVE
O It has 3 major
division-
1. Opthalmic division
2. Maxillary division
3. Mandibular division
21. Opthalmic division
O Superior and smallest division.
O It has sensory nerve has 3 branches.
O Before entering the orbit by the superior
orbital fisure it divides into;
22. Course
O Emerges from trigeminal ganglion
O Lateral wall of cavernous sinus
O
O 3 branches in a part of cavernous
sinus
O Lacrimal, nasociliary,frontal
O Superior orbital fissure
O Orbit
24. NERVES BRANCHES SUPPLIES
Nasocilliary Communicating
branches to
ciliaryganglion:sensory
Long cilliary nerve Iris cornea
Posterior ethmoidal nerve Mucous membrane lining
of the post.ethmoidal and
sphenoidal paranasal
sinuses
Anterior ethmoidal nerve:
i.Internal nasal branches.
ii.External nasal branches
Ant.ethmoidal and frontal
paranasal air cells
-medial and lateral
mucosa of nose
-lower border of nasal
bone.
Infra-trochlear nerve Medial end of
eyelid,conjunctiva,lacrimal
sac and upper half of
nose.
25. Applied aspects
O HERPES ZOSTER OPTHALMICUS:
-Caused by Vericella zoster
-prediction for nasocilliary branch
of opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.
O CLINICAL FEATURES:
Cuteneous lesions Ocular lesions
Rash Periorbital pain
vesicle edema
Pustule crust permanent
scar
hyperesthesia
Conjunctivitis
Comeal scaring
Glaucoma
26. Treatment
O Acyclovir 800mg 5 times /day within 4 days
of onset of rash.
O Analgesics
O Antibiotic ointments
O Systemic steroids 60mg/day
27. Maxillary nerve
O It is intermediate division of
trigeminal nerve.
O Origin-
- It leaves the trigeminal ganglion
between the opthalmic and
mandibular divisions as a flat
plexiform band.
- -Passes slightly medial to lateral
wall of cavernous sinus.
- Leaves the cranium through
foramen rotandum,which is located
in the greater wing of sphenoid
bone.
28. Branches of maxillary division
location Nerve
Within the cranium Middle meningeal nerve
In pterygopalatine fossa Ganglionic branches
Zygomatic nerves
PSA
In the infraorbital canal Middle superior alveolar nerve
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
On the face Inferior palpebral
Lateral/external nasal
Superior labial
29. Meningeal branch
O Immeadiately after seperating
from the trigeminal ganglion;
the maxillary nerve gives off a
small branch the middle
meningeal nerve.
O It gives off near foramen
rotundum.
O It travels along with the middle
meningeal artery.
O It provides sensory
innervations to the dura mater
of anterior and middle cranial
fossae.
30. Branches in the pterygopalatine
fossa
O GANGLIONIC BRANCHES-
Related to pterygopalatine ganglion- in the
pterygopalatine fossa,the maxillary nerve is connected to
the pterygopalatine ganglion by ganglionic branches.
It has following branches:
i.Branches in the palate.
-greater palatine nerve supplies mucous membrane and
glands on the inferior surface of hard palate.
-lesser palatine nerve supplies soft palate and tonsils.
ii.Orbital branches- supply periosteum of orbit.
31. iii. Pharyngeal branches: provides sensory innervation
to the nasopharynx.
iv,.Nasal branches:supply mucous membrane superior
and inferior conchae,the lining of posterior ethmoidal
sinus,posterior portion of nasal septum.
32. ZYGOMATIC NERVES
O Zygomaticotemporal nerve
O Zygomaticofacial nerve
-Sensory innervation to the skin
over the zygomatic region.
-Also conveys post-ganglionic
parasympathtic fibers from
pterygopalatine ganglion to the
lacrimal gland and nerve.
-It exists the fossa,travels
anteriorly,enters the orbit through
infra orbital fissure and runs along
the lower part of lateral wall of
orbit.
-Then it enters the zygomatic bone
and divides into two branches.
33. Posterior Superior Alveolar
Nerve
O Descends from the main trunk
of the maxillary nerve in the fossa.
O External branch provides sensory
innervations to buccal gingiva in
posterior maxilla.
O Other branch enters maxilla
through the postero-lateral wall of
sinus and provides sensory
innervations to the mucous membrane
of the sinus, alveoli, PDL and the pulpal
tissues of the maxillary molars.
O Mesiobuccal root of the first molar is
not innervated by the PSA nerve in 25% of the individual.
34. Infra Orbital Nerve
O Middle Superior Alveolar Nerve
O Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve
O It passes along the floor of orbit, sinks into the groove, then
enters the canal and emerges on the face through IO foramen.
O MSA: Premolars, MB root of first molar, PDL tissues, buccal soft
tissues.
O ASA: CI, LI, Canines, PDL tissues, buccal bone and gingiva of
these teeth.
36. Branches on the face
O Inferior Palpebral: skin
of lower eyelid,
conjunctiva
O Lateral Nasal: skin on
the lateral aspect of the
nose
O Superior Labial: skin
and mucous membrane
of the upper lip
37. Mandibular nerve:
O Third and largest Branch of
trigeminal (V cranial) nerve. It Has
O A small motor root : which
passes under the ganglion to unite
with the sensory root just outside
the skull.
O A Large Sensory root: Arises from
lateral part of trigeminal ganglia in
middle cranial fossa and unites
with the sensory root in the infra
temporal fossa
38. O Just beyond this junction a meningeal branch and
the nerve to the medial pterygoid leaves the medial
side of the nerve.
O The nerve then divides into a small anterior and
large posterior trunk.
39. O The mandibular nerve supplies:
O The teeth and gums of the mandible.
O The skin in the temporal region, part of
the auricle, including the external
meatus and tympanum.
O The lower lip, the lower part of the
face.
O The muscles of mastication.
O The mucosa of the anterior two thirds
(presulcal part) of the tongue and the
mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity.
40. Branches:
O From trunk:
i. Meningeal branch
ii.Nerve to medial pterygoid muscle
O From Anterior Division:
i.Anterior and posterior Deep temporal nerves
ii.Nerve to lateral Pterygoid muscle
iii.Nerve to Masseter muscle
iv.Buccal nerve ( only sensory nerve)
O From Posterior Division:
i.Auriculotemporal nerve
ii.Lingual nerve
iii.Inferior alveolar nerve
41. From the anterior trunk
O Deep temporal nerve
The temporalis muscle is supplied
through the ant., middle and post.
deep temporal nerves.
O The nerve passes above the
lateral pterygoid to reach the deep
surface of the temporalis muscle.
• Nerve to masseter
• Passes above the upper head of
lateral pterygoid, proceeds
laterally behind the temporalis,
and through the mandibular notch
sinks into the masseter muscle
• It gives off its branch to TMJ
42. O Nerve to lateral pterygoid:
O May be independent or arise from
the buccal nerve.
• Buccal Nerve
• Only sensory nerve from the anterior
division.
• Runs through the muscle of infra
temporal fossa to reach the surface
of the buccinator muscle.
• Supplies the skin superficial to its
surface; mucous membrane lining
its deep surface.
43. From the posterior trunk
O Inferior Alveolar Nerve:
O Largest terminal branch of the
posterior division
O Lies deep to lat. Pterygoid muscle
O Passes between the
sphenomandibular ligament
and the ramus to enter the
mandibular foramen
O Runs forward in the canal just below
the teeth
and ends at the mental foramen:
Incisive ( incisors, canines)
Mental (skin over the chin and lip)
44. Mylohyoid Nerve
O Given off before the nerve enters
the canal and contains both
sensory and motor fibres.
O Pierces the sphenomandibular
ligament, descends in the
groove in the medial side of the
ramus and passes beneath the
mylohyoid line supplying the
mylohyoid muscle and ant. Belly
of digastric.
45. Auriculotemporal Nerve
O Arise by the medial and
lateral roots that encircles
the MMA and unite behind it
just below the foramen
spinosum
46. Lingual Nerve
O Lies between the ramus of mandible
and the muscle of
pterygomandibular space.
O Its upper part runs downward deep
to the lat. Pterygoid muscle, then
passes deep to the side of tongue.
O Then it crosses the styloglossus and
runs on the lateral surface of
hyoglossus and deep to mylohyoid
in close proximity of sub mandibular
gland and its duct.
O Gives off sensory fibres to the
tonsils and mucous membranes of
the post. part of oral cavity.
47. GANGLIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE
O CILIARY GANGLION
O OTIC GANGLION
O PTERYGOID GANGLION
O SUBMANDIBULAR
GANGLION
52. Applied aspects
O Trigeminal Neuralgia
O Trigeminal Nerve Injuries
O Post-herpetic Neuralgia
O Implant associated Injuries
O Post Surgical Complications
53. Trigeminal Neuralgia
O Definition: a sudden,
unilateral, brief,
lancinating, stabbing,
paroxysmal recurring pain
in the distribution of one or
more branches of
trigeminal nerve.
O Pain is always
accompanied by brief facial
spasm
54. Etiology:
O It is usually idiopathic.
The probable etiologic factors
are:-
1.Intra cranial tumors
2. Infections
3.Postherpetic neuralgia
4.Demyelinating conditions
5.Multiple sclerosis (MS)
6.Petrous ridge compression
7.Intracranial vascular
abnormalities