14. late renaissance and mannerism 15 c. italy
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Titian was one of the greatest Venetian artists, known for his tonal approach to painting landscapes and figures. He employed bold strokes of color as a base and would leave paintings for months before reexamining and refining them. His mastery brought figures to a state of perfect symmetry and living flesh through gradual stages. Titian's works were commissioned during the Counter-Reformation to combat Protestant movements and iconoclasm.
![Titian [employed] a great mass of colors, which served . . . as a base
for the compositions. . . . I too have seen some of these, formed with
bold strokes made with brushes laden with colors, sometimes of a
pure red earth, which he used, so to speak, for a middle tone, and at
other times of white lead; and with the same brush tinted with red,
black and yellow he formed a highlight; and observing these principles
he made the promise of an exceptional figure appear in four
brushstrokes. . . . Having constructed these precious foundations he
used to turn his pictures to the wall and leave them there without
looking at them, sometimes for several months. When he wanted to
apply his brush again he would examine them with the utmost rigor
. . . to see if he could find any faults. . . . In this way, working on the
figures and revising them, he brought them to the most perfect
symmetry
that the beauty of art and nature can reveal. . . . [T]hus he
gradually covered those quintessential forms with living flesh, bringing
them by many stages to a state in which they lacked only the
breath of life. He never painted a figure all at once and . . . in the last
stages he painted more with his fingers than his brushes.
Titian. Christ Crowned with Thorns. C. 1570. Oil
on canvas, 9’2”x6”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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14. late renaissance and mannerism 15 c. italy
- 1. Titian • 1488-1576 • Greatest of the Venetian artists • Trained under Belinni and Giogione • Famous for the “tonal approach” to painting landscapes • Characteristics: – pastoral landscapes – Rich, tonal and golden quality – Untamed beauty contrasting with carefully balanced arrangements
- 2. Titian [employed] a great mass of colors, which served . . . as a base for the compositions. . . . I too have seen some of these, formed with bold strokes made with brushes laden with colors, sometimes of a pure red earth, which he used, so to speak, for a middle tone, and at other times of white lead; and with the same brush tinted with red, black and yellow he formed a highlight; and observing these principles he made the promise of an exceptional figure appear in four brushstrokes. . . . Having constructed these precious foundations he used to turn his pictures to the wall and leave them there without looking at them, sometimes for several months. When he wanted to apply his brush again he would examine them with the utmost rigor . . . to see if he could find any faults. . . . In this way, working on the figures and revising them, he brought them to the most perfect symmetry that the beauty of art and nature can reveal. . . . [T]hus he gradually covered those quintessential forms with living flesh, bringing them by many stages to a state in which they lacked only the breath of life. He never painted a figure all at once and . . . in the last stages he painted more with his fingers than his brushes. Titian. Christ Crowned with Thorns. C. 1570. Oil on canvas, 9’2”x6”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich
- 3. Titian. Bacchanal. C. 1518. Oil on canvas. Museo del Prado, Madrid
- 4. Counter-Reformation • Council of Trent (1543- 1565) • Attempts to address the Reformation (1517-1648) – Ecclesiastical reconfiguration – Religious orders (such as the newly created cuppuchin orders) – Spiritual Movements – Political reform • Works in the Papal States are commissioned to combat the iconoclasm and growing protestant movements in the North.
- 5. Protestant Reformation (Summary) • Great Schism (1378-1416) • Reformation predeccors – John Wycliffe at Oxford – Jan Hus in Prague • Council of Constance (1414) and the death of Jan Hus • An Augustinian monk travels to Rome in 1510 hoping to find spiritual enlightenment
- 6. Martin Luther • German Priest (1483-1546) • Realizes several corruptions in Rome: – Selling of indulgences (Johann Tetzel) – Critic of Sixtus IV (Pazzi Conspiracy) and Alexander VI (Orgy Pope) • Utilized the newly invented printing press (Gutenberg) to bring the message to the populace • Ultimately reforms the system by which people receive salvation • Translates the Bible into German
- 9. Mannerism • Maniera (Style) refering to the characteristic or representative mode – It’s style is represented by its style • Elegance of pose • Tension of natural and “stylized” or representative • Exaggerated body types • Imbalanced compositions • Ambigious space
- 10. Jacopo da Pontormo, Entombment of Christ, Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicità, Florence, Italy, 1525–1528. Oil on wood, 10 3 6 4.
- 11. Fiorentino. The Descent from the Cross. 1521. Oil on panel.
- 12. Parmigianino,Madonna with the Long Neck, from the Baiardi Chapel, Santa Maria dei Servi, Parma, Italy, 1534– 1540. Oil on wood, 7 1 4 4. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.
- 14. North Italian Realism • Mannerism does not dominate beyond Florence and Rome • In the North, many continue to develop the style of Titian • Characteristics: – Titian Sfumato with a stronger emphasis on charioscurro – Vibrant and vivacious human content – Emphasis on everday life
- 15. Correggio. The Assumption of the Virgin. Dome, Parma Cathedral, Italy
- 16. Correggio. Jupiter and Io. C. 1532. Oil on canvas,