This document provides an overview of prime numbers and where they appear frequently in nature, human anatomy, and religious practices. It notes that prime numbers appear in many aspects of human anatomy like fingers, toes, bones, and ribs. Religious rituals also incorporate prime numbers, such as the five pillars of Islam, praying five times daily, and reciting dhikr seven times. Prime numbers are even found in the seven layers of the atmosphere and seven seas. Overall, the document illustrates how prime numbers pervade both the human body and spiritual practices.

1. Chapter I
Algebra Review
MATH-020
Dr. Farhana Shaheen
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1

2. Chapter I
Algebra Review
1. The Real Number System
2. Sets
3. Inequality & Interval Notation
4. Integer Exponents
5. Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages
6. Simple and Compound Interest

3. Chapter I
Algebra Review
1. The Real Number System
1.1 Real Numbers
1.2 Subsets of Integers

4. 1. 1 Real Number System
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5. REVIEW:
REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
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6. Integers
• Integers are just like Whole Numbers; however, they contain
negative numbers as well.
• Negative Numbers are numbers smaller than 0.
• Just like Whole Numbers, Integers do not contain Fractions.
• Examples: -8, -5, 0, 4, 17, 23
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7. INTEGERS
• A Number Line is used to arrange all numbers along a line.
The points on the right are greater than the points on the left.
The numbers on the Number Line are infinite, meaning they
never end and keep increasing.
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8. • Integers = { ..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... }
• Positive Integers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... } = Natural Numbers
• Negative Integers = { ..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1 }
• Non-Negative Integers = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... }
= Whole Numbers
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9. 1.2 SUBSETS OF INTEGERS
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10. 3/3/2017
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11. Special Subsets of Integers
• Set of Integers Z = {….-3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2,..}
a subset of Real Numbers.
It has many specific subsets like:
Even Numbers: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, …
Odd Numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …
Prime Numbers; 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …
Composite Numbers: 4, 15, 16, 28, ……
Fibonacci Numbers: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ……..
11
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12. Even and Odd
Integers

13. Even numbers
• Even numbers are integers that can be completely divided
by 2.
• Even numbers can be illustrated as {…-10,-8,-6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4,
6, 8, 10…}
• Note: Zero is considered an even number.
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14. Odd numbers
• Odd numbers are integers that cannot be totally divided by 2.
• -Odd numbers can be illustrated as {…-9,-7,-5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7,
9…}
• The collection of all even and odd numbers form the set of
integers.
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15. Even and Odd integers
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16. How to determine whether a number is
Even or Odd
• To determine whether a number is even or odd, notice the
number at the ones place. Like to check if the numbers 12,
15, 36, 43, 69, 88, 101, 204 are even or odd, check the ones
digit.
• An even number ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
• An odd number ends in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9
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17. Even Odd
8 3
12 15
322 123
8234 1765
23432 93249
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18. Rules of Adding/ Subtracting/
Multiplying Integers
Adding Evens and Odds
even + even = even 2 + 4 = 6
even + odd = odd 4 + 1 = 5
odd + odd = even 3 + 3 = 6
Subtracting Evens and Odds
even - even = even 8 – 6 = 2
even - odd = odd 10 – 9 = 1
odd - odd = even 5 – 3 = 2
Multiplying Evens and Odds
even x even = even 4 x 2 = 8
even x odd = even 5 x 2 = 10
odd x odd = odd 5 x 5 = 25
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19. Examples:
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20. Primes and
Composite Numbers

21. Prime Number
• A Prime Number is a positive integer which is only divisible by
1 and the number itself. For example, 7 is a prime number
because it is only divisible by 1 and 7.
• The number 6 is not a prime as it can be divided by 2 and 3.
• Note: A prime number is a whole number greater than 1.
• Some examples of Prime Numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
23,...
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22. Properties of Primes
• Number 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number.
• Number 2 is the ONLY Even prime number and the smallest
prime too.
• All other prime numbers are odd.
• All prime numbers are positive numbers.
• Prime numbers are infinite.
22

23. How to find Prime Numbers
List of Prime Numbers... 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,
37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103,
107, 109, 113, 127, 131, ...
• We can use Sieve of Eratosthenes to find Prime Numbers.
• To find all primes numbers less than 100, write all numbers
starting from 2.
• Start with 2, and cancel all multiples of 2.
• Then start with 3 and cancel all multiples of 3.
• Similarly go for 5, 7, 11. The remaining numbers are all
Primes.
23

24. Sieve of Eratosthenes
24

25. Sieve of Eratosthenes
• The sieve of Eratosthenes is one of the most efficient ways to
find all of the smaller primes (below 10 million or so). It is
named after Eratosthenes of Cyrene, an ancient Greek
mathematician; although none of his works have survived, the
sieve was described and attributed to Eratosthenes in the
Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus.
25

26. Prime Number
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27. Composite Number
• A Composite Number can be properly divided by numbers
other than 1 or itself.
• For example, 6 is a composite number because it can be
divided by 1, 2, 3, and 6. It can be divided by more numbers (2
and 3) than just by 1 or itself.
•Note: The numbers 0 and 1 are
neither prime nor composite.
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28. Composite Numbers
• A number which has divisors other than 1 and itself are called
Composite Numbers.
• Example: 15= 1x3x5
• A composite number is defined as any number, greater than 1, that is
not prime.
• Every composite number can be written as
a product of primes. For example:
54= 2.3.3.3
Note: Except for 0 and 1, a number is
either a prime number or a
composite number.
28

29. Example
• Determine whether each number is a prime or Composite
numbers:
• 0, 2, 4, 11, 37,78,79, 90, 1.
• Prime numbers:
• Composite numbers:
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30. Example
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31. Exercise
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32. PRIMES:ALLAH’s
FAVOURITENUMBERS

33. Where do we find these numbers
in our daily life?
• In our body?
• In nature?
• In our daily routine?
• In the Islamic rituals that we follow?
• Or…In Cryptography???
• (Greek kryptos hidden, graphein to write)
33

34. Let us see where we find Prime
numbers in human body…
Are Prime numbers important in
our life?
34

35. Look at your face:
• One head, but two parts of brain
• One nose but two nostrils
• 2 eyes, 2 ears, 2 cheeks
• One mouth but 2 lips
35

36. Count your hands, feet, fingers and toes
36

37. 2 hands with
5 fingers
each
2 feet with5
toes each
37

38. • You have ...
• 2 hands each of which has
• 5 fingers, each of which has
• 3 parts separated by
• 2 knuckles
• Believe it or not, there are
19 bones in each of your hands.
• Is this just a coincidence???
Look at your own hand:
38

39. Number of bones in leg
• 30 in one leg. (excluding the hip)
1- femur (thigh bone)
1- patella (knee cap)
1- tibia (shin)
1- fibula
7- tarsals (ankle bones)
5- metatarsals (foot bones)
14- bones of the toes
• (all except the great toe have
3 bones)
39

40. Number of Ribs
in Human Body
• 12 pairs of ribs in human body:
7 are directly connected to the Sternum,(center part)
3 are connected
through cartilage
2 are floating
and not connected.
40

41. Size of Ribs
• Twelve pairs of flexible,
arch like ribs form the lateral
portions of the thoracic cage.
They increase in length
from the first to the seventh
and then decrease again
from the eighth to the twelfth.
(first 7 increasing and last 5 decreasing)
41

42. 29 bones in Skull and
29 in Spine
• There are 29 bones
in the human skull.
The cranium has 8;
the face has 15
(including the lower
jaw); the ears have 6.
There are 29 bones in
spinal cord.
42

43. Fore and hind legs of
quadrupeds are different
43

44. 44

45. Number 3
45

46. Repeated Three times
46

47. 47

48. Drink water in three breaks
• Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, reported:
The Messenger of Allah, sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa
sallam, used to breathe three times in the course
of a drink (he used to drink in three gulps).
48

49. Knock three times--- (Hadeeth)
• Allah's Apostle Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.)said,
• "If anyone of you asks the permission to enter thrice, and the
permission is not given, then he should return.'
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50. 50

51. 5 Pillars of Islam
• The Qur'an presents them as a framework for worship and a
sign of commitment to the faith. They are:
• (1) The shahada (Kalma),
• (2) Daily prayers (salat),
• (3) Alms giving (zakāt),
• (4) Fasting during Ramadan (sawm)
• (5) The pilgrimage to Makkah (Hajj) at least once in a
lifetime.
51

52. 5 times prayers
5 times prayers: Fajr, Zohar, Asar, Maghrib, Isha
• We recite Subhan Rabbiyal Azeem (3 times/ 7 times) and
Subhana Rabbiyal Aala (3 times/ 7 times)
• Total number of Fardh
Prayers = 17 (prime#)
52

53. Reciting Adhkaar-
3,7 or 11 times
• Most of the Adhkaar that we recite daily, morning or night, or
even after each prayer are in Prime numbers.
• For example, reciting Allah-o-Akbar and Astaghferullah 3 times
after each Fardh Prayers;
• Allah humma ajirna minanna’r
7 times in morning and evening.
53

54. 54

55. 55
Violet; Indigo; Blue; Green; Yellow;
Orange; Red.

56. • 7 days in a week
• 7 notes in musical scale
56

57. 57

58. 58

59. 59

60. About Seven Skies in Quran
• Seven skies is mentioned a lot in the Quran.
What is meant by those skies? “And We have
made, above you seven tracts; and We are never
unmindful of (Our) Creation.”
• In seven verses, the number of the skies is
mentioned as “seven”; in two of those verses it
is stated that the seven skies are in the form of
“layers”. (al-Mulk, 67/3; Nuh, 71/15) “Do you not
consider how Allah has created seven heavens in
layers” (Surah Nuh 71:15) 60

61. 7 Heavens: The atmosphere
has 7 layers
• Today, it is known that the
world's atmosphere consists
of different layers that lie on
top of each other. Based on
the criteria of chemical
contents or air temperature, the definitions
made have determined the atmosphere of the
earth as seven layers. As mentioned in
Qur'an (67:3) “He Who created the seven
heavens in layer”. 61

62. 7 Seas
The Seven Seas as referenced in Medieval
Arabian literature:
The Persian Gulf ("Sea of Fars")
The Gulf of Khambhat ("Sea of Larwi")
Bay of Bengal ("Sea of Harkand”)
The Strait of Malacca ("Sea of Kalah”)
The Singapore Strait ("Sea of Salahit”)
The Gulf of Thailand ("Sea of Kardanj”), and
The South China Sea ("Sea of Sanji”). 62

63. • Al-Quran-
• Surat Luqman 31
• Verse 27, Part 21]
63

64. ‫البحار‬ ‫سبعة‬ ، ‫العالم‬ ‫بحار‬
• The "Arabian seven seas" ‫البحار‬ ‫سبعة‬ ، ‫العالم‬ ‫بحار‬must also
have considered other important seas nearby which
were navigated by Arabian and Phoenician seafarers:
• the Adriatic Sea
• the Arabian Sea
• the Black Sea
• the Caspian Sea
• the Indian Ocean
• the Mediterranean Sea
• the Red Sea
64

65. 7 Oceans
65

66. Feast of the Seven Fishes
•
66

67. Feast of the Seven Fishes
• Some people believe that the feast is named for the Seven
hills of Rome that surround the city.
•
67

68. Seven hills of Rome
• Tradition holds that
the seven hills were
first occupied by
small settlements
and not grouped or
recognized as a city
called Rome.
68

69. Haft Sheen (7 S- Food)
• NOU ROUZ the Persian New Year is the only
scientific New Year celebrated in the world
today. Nou Rouz is symbolized by the Nou Rouz
Table with (haft) seven items with S.
• Some call it Haft (seven) Seen and decorate their
table with seven items whose names start with
the letter “Seen” in Persian. All these items have
a positive philosophic meaning. Others use
seven items that start with the letter “SHeen”.
Still others use seven trays (seenie) and put a
variety of items. 69

70. 70

71. Ablution (Wudu) has 7 steps
• 1.Pour water over hands and wash them thrice
• 2. Rinse mouth thrice
• 3.Wash nose by putting water in it and then blowing it out
• 4.Then wash face thrice
• 5. Wash forearms up to the elbows thrice
• 6. Pass wet hands over head, both ears and back side of neck
• 7. Wash feet up to the ankles
thrice
71

72. Prostrating to Allah
• Seven parts of our body touch the ground…
• Head (Forehead & nose)
• Both hands
• Both knees
• Both feet
72

73. During Umrah
Tawaf Ka’bah: The circumfering of the Ka'bah 7 times:
• 7 rounds of Sai’
73

74. 7 Requirements of Hajj
• (If one neglects a requirement he must compensate for it with
a ransom (fidyah) an animal sacrificed in Makkah.
• Assuming Ihram from the Meeqat
• Staying in Arafaat until the sun has set
• Staying in Muzdalifah
• Staying in Mina on the nights preceding days of Tashreeq
• Stoning the pillars (Rami)
• Shaving or cutting the hair
• The farewell Tawaf (Al-wada) 74

75. Stoning of the Pillars
• (On 10th of ZilHajj):
• Upon reaching Mina, hajjis hasten to stone the large pillar
(Jamratul Aqabah) ONLY, with 7 pebbles (throwing one by
one), saying “Allahu Akbar” with each pebble thrown (7 times
in total).
75

76. What to Sacrifice on Eid-ul-Adha?
• Generally, slaughter of goats, sheep, rams, cows,
and camels is offered.
• It is permissible for seven persons to share the
sacrifice of a cow or a camel on the condition
that no one’s share is less than one seventh and
their intention is to offer Qurbani (sacrifice).
76

77. Ayyam al-Tashreeq
• 11th , 12th, 13th of Zilhajj (Days of Drying Meat)
• During these 3 days, (Ayyam at-Tashreeq), the pilgrims
stone the 3 pillars, from the time period between after
zawaal (sun at highest point- no shadow) until the night.
They stone all the 3 Jamarats, for which they need 21
(7x3)pebbles per day.
• Method: Throw 7 stones (one by one), saying Allahu
Akbar each time: first to the small (Jamratul Sughra),
then the medium (Jamratul Wusta), and finally, the large
(Jamratul Aqabah) pillar.
77

78. Hadith about eating 7 Ajwa
dates daily:
• Sa’ad told of hearing Allah’s Messenger say, “He who has a
morning meal of seven ‘ajwa dates will not suffer harm that
day through toxins or magic.” (Bukhari, Hadith 5327 and
Muslim, Hadith 3814)
78

79. 79

80. People of Cave
(Ashaab e Kahaf)
• They were 3, and 4th was the dog
• They were 5, and 6th was the dog
• They were 7, and 8th was the dog
(as narrated in Quran)
80

81. Number 19 in Quran
• The Qur'an consists of 114 (19 x 6) Suras.
• Another mathematical miracle of the Qur'an is the manner in
which the number 19 is numerologically encoded in verses.
This number is stressed in the words of the Qur'an: "There are
nineteen (angels) in charge of it." (Qur'an, 74:30), and is
encoded in various places in the Book.
81

82. NUMBER 19 in Quran
• The first Sura to be revealed, Surat al-'Alaq,
consists of 19 verses and 285 (19 x 15) letters.
• A total of 113 Suras in the Qur'an start with
Bismillah. Sura not to start with one is the ninth,
Surat at-Tawba. Surat an-Naml is the only Sura to
have two times Bismillah. One of these is at the
beginning and the other in verse 30. Counting
from Surat at-Tawba, which does not begin with
Bismillah, Surat an-Naml follows 19 Suras on.
82

83. NUMBER 19 in Quran
• The sum of all the occurrences of the name "Allah" in all the
verses whose numbers are multiples of 19 (i.e., verses 19, 38,
57, 76, etc.) is 133, or 19 x 7.
• The word "Rahman" (All-Merciful) appears 57 (19 x 3) times in
the Qur'an.
83

84. • The verse “Which of your Lord’s marvels can you deny” has
been repeated 31 times in Surah Al-Rahman which is a prime
number. The sum of all the verses numbers where it is
repeated, again gives a prime number 1433, and adding these
digits gives again 1+4+3+3=11, a prime.
84

85. 85