Abstract—Sexual health (SH) and sexual behavior of young people have become a growing public concern. But few studies have been conducted to investigate the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of this phenomenon.
Purpose: To understand college students’ sexual knowledge (SK), sexual attitudes (SA), sexual desire (SD) and sexual behavior (SB).
Methods: A self-reported questionnaire survey on SK, SA, SD, and SB was conducted among 520 university students. Their demographic data, SK, SA, SD, and SB were assessed.
Results: A total of 500 students completed the questionnaire. The SKS total score had a mean of 23.05; 105 (21.0%) subjects had had premarital sex; 121 (24.2%) had a partner; 117 (23.4%) had a medical educational background. The results demonstrated an increased risk of premarital sex amongst males and subjects with the risk factors of smoking, drinking, having a partner, and having higher levels of SD and SK and more open SA.
Conclusions: This study provides support for the idea that university students lack SK (especially regarding contraception knowledge), even though the students had a medical educational background. Additionally, a considerable amount of them engaged in premarital SB. Our findings also suggest that university students need sex education, particularly in combining sexuality with their life, in relating to others maturely as a sexual individual, in employing contraception, and in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Our study suggests that interventions aimed at expanding university students’ SK and other related skills are required.
A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice KAP on Anemia and Socio Economic ...YogeshIJTSRD
Anemia is a critical public health problem in India that affects women and children throughout the lifecycle. The Govt. of India took an effort by launching the programme called “12 by 12 initiatives- addressing the problem of anemia in adolescents. Under Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Adolescent Girls SABALA programme initiated in 2011, adolescent girls are being received weekly supplementation of iron folic acid tablets and biannual de worming tablets. Age at menarche, family type, mother’s educational status, personal hygiene and sanitation facilities and the gain score of knowledge, attitude and practice. There is a significant difference between the family income and the gain score of the knowledge, attitude and practice of anemia at the 0.05 level of significance. Thus, it is concluded that the demographic variables would have influence over the knowledge, attitude, and practice on anemia. Dr. Sandhya Rani Mohanty "A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on Anemia and Socio Economic Characteristics of Rural Adolescent Girls in Odisha" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-and-nutrition/45033/a-study-on-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-kap-on-anemia-and-socio-economic-characteristics-of-rural-adolescent-girls-in-odisha/dr-sandhya-rani-mohanty
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
Abstract—Sexual health (SH) and sexual behavior of young people have become a growing public concern. But few studies have been conducted to investigate the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of this phenomenon.
Purpose: To understand college students’ sexual knowledge (SK), sexual attitudes (SA), sexual desire (SD) and sexual behavior (SB).
Methods: A self-reported questionnaire survey on SK, SA, SD, and SB was conducted among 520 university students. Their demographic data, SK, SA, SD, and SB were assessed.
Results: A total of 500 students completed the questionnaire. The SKS total score had a mean of 23.05; 105 (21.0%) subjects had had premarital sex; 121 (24.2%) had a partner; 117 (23.4%) had a medical educational background. The results demonstrated an increased risk of premarital sex amongst males and subjects with the risk factors of smoking, drinking, having a partner, and having higher levels of SD and SK and more open SA.
Conclusions: This study provides support for the idea that university students lack SK (especially regarding contraception knowledge), even though the students had a medical educational background. Additionally, a considerable amount of them engaged in premarital SB. Our findings also suggest that university students need sex education, particularly in combining sexuality with their life, in relating to others maturely as a sexual individual, in employing contraception, and in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Our study suggests that interventions aimed at expanding university students’ SK and other related skills are required.
A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice KAP on Anemia and Socio Economic ...YogeshIJTSRD
Anemia is a critical public health problem in India that affects women and children throughout the lifecycle. The Govt. of India took an effort by launching the programme called “12 by 12 initiatives- addressing the problem of anemia in adolescents. Under Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Adolescent Girls SABALA programme initiated in 2011, adolescent girls are being received weekly supplementation of iron folic acid tablets and biannual de worming tablets. Age at menarche, family type, mother’s educational status, personal hygiene and sanitation facilities and the gain score of knowledge, attitude and practice. There is a significant difference between the family income and the gain score of the knowledge, attitude and practice of anemia at the 0.05 level of significance. Thus, it is concluded that the demographic variables would have influence over the knowledge, attitude, and practice on anemia. Dr. Sandhya Rani Mohanty "A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on Anemia and Socio Economic Characteristics of Rural Adolescent Girls in Odisha" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-and-nutrition/45033/a-study-on-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-kap-on-anemia-and-socio-economic-characteristics-of-rural-adolescent-girls-in-odisha/dr-sandhya-rani-mohanty
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM in Ter...YogeshIJTSRD
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYBanicoo PK et al. , 2016 , some factors are known to influence the academic performance of children with Sickle Cell Anaemia SCA . Information on their effects in these children is limited in Nigeria. The factors which influence academic performance of children with SCA in Enugu, Nigeria are determined in this study.Consecutive children with SCA aged 5 11 years were recruited at the weekly sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital UNTH Enugu, Nigeria. Their age and sex matched normal classmates were recruited as controls. The total number of days of school absence for 2009 2010 academic session was obtained for each pair of pupils from the class attendance register Sony Verma | Pro. Dr. N. V. Muninarayanappa | Mrs. Ramya Vasanth "A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) in Terms of Knowledge Regarding Causes and Remedies for Poor Academic Performance of School Children among the Teachers of Selected Schools at Moradabad" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45076.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45076/a-study-to-evaluate-the-effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-in-terms-of-knowledge-regarding-causes-and-remedies-for-poor-academic-performance-of-school-children-among-the-teachers-of-selected-schools-at-moradabad/sony-verma
Telaah jurnal Prevalence of hypochondriac symptoms among health science stude...Rindang Abas
Hypochondriac symptoms are commonly reported in health science students. With their incomplete medical knowledge, they may compare their own bodily symptoms with disease symptoms during the process of learning, which can lead to mental distress and the need for repeated medical reassurance.
A Quasi Experimental Study Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Pa...YogeshIJTSRD
Introduction The future of nation can become bright only if the children are healthy. They need full protection by their full development. Jujhar Singh Maan | Sobana M | Abhishek Yadav "A Quasi-Experimental Study: Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Parents of Children of Experimental and Control Group" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/45008/a-quasiexperimental-study-comparing-knowledge-regarding-child-abuse-among-parents-of-children-of-experimental-and-control-group/jujhar-singh-maan
Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Se...ijtsrd
Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult menstrual flow or painful menstruation. It is an ordinary gynecological problem among adolescent ladies which is severe enough to keep them from functioning at home, college or work place for a day or a two every month. Objective To assess the knowledge and impact of dysmenorrhea among nursing students Material and Method A descriptive study was carried out among 201 nursing students selected by purposive technique at M.M university, ambala Haryana by using structured knowledge questionnaire KR 20= 0.72 and impact rating scale chron a= 0.87 respectively from January 2016 to February 2017. Result Most of students were of 19 to 21 yrs in age and 95 were unmarried. 78.6 received knowledge of dysmenorria from mothers. 100 students experienced dysmenorria in which 87.6 had regular cycle, 51.7 felt intermittent pain. Majority 57.2 have good knowledge regarding dysmenorria and mildly affected by it followed by 41.3 are moderately affected by dysmenorria. age, course of study and marital status are significantly associated with knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea whereas level of pain and measures to relieve dysmenorria is significantly associated with impact of dysmenorrhea. Conclusion Formal, informal and special mass media educational programmes may be taken to educate the girls on dysmenorria and measures to relieve .community health nurse and school health nurse need to concerned about it. Pooja Jaswal | Pabalpreet Kaur | Dr. (Mrs) Jyoti Sarin "Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Selected College" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33446.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33446/explore-the-knowledge-and-impact-on-dysmenorrhea-among-nursing-students-of-selected-college/pooja-jaswal
Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can take place after the start of puberty before the first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.).
In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.
Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive sex education and access to birth control. Abstinence-only sex education does not appear to be effective.
Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as, lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be born before term, and have developmental delay.
The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy. Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Anxiety among B.Sc. Nursing 1st Ye...YogeshIJTSRD
A quantitative descriptive study was undertaken to assess the level of Anxiety towards exposure to hospital environment among B.Sc. Nursing 1st year student at Apex College of Nursing, Varanasi, India. 100 students were selected through convenience sampling technique and data was collected by using beck anxiety inventory scale. Nursing 1st Year Students Regarding Exposure to Hospital Environment in Selected College of Nursing at Varanasi, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45024.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45024/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-level-of-anxiety-among-bsc-nursing-1st-year-students-regarding-exposure-to-hospital-environment-in-selected-college-of-nursing-at-varanasi-india/ms-anushi
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
The Department of Internal Medicine celebrates our 75th successful year, and the conclusion of FY2019 with a highlights presentation. For higher quality images and better view-ability, please download the file.
Pediatric Screen Time Review - Journal Club Fatima Farid
Journal club session - review of a study conducted on the effects of screen time on a pediatric population, includes effective paper reviewing strategies.
Awerness of Palliative Care among Physical Therapy Student of ISRA University...iosrjce
Background;Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patient and their families facing
the problem associated with a life limiting and relief of suffering by mean of early identification and assessment
and treatment of pain and other problems, Education and training in palliative care influences not only the level
of care provided but also the level of team participation of the healthcare professionals.
Objective:To assess awareness about palliative care among physical therapy student of Isra University
Hyderabad.
Study Design And Methods:It was cross sectional type of descriptive study that was conducted in physical
therapy students of Isra institute of rehabilitation sciences, Isra University Hyderabad. Data has obtained from
questionnaire. it contain 3 section A,B,C and having total 25 question from all portion to determined the
palliative care among physical therapy students of Isra University Hyderabad.
Result:Out of total 50 It was found that 80% strongly agreed that palliative care is important as curative care
in physiotherapy, 16% disagreed and only 2% somewhat agreed. 70% student of physiotherapy agreed that
palliative care should be included in course content of physiotherapy education, 16% somewhat agreed, 8%
neutral on that and remaining 6% . Along with it 46% strongly agreed that palliative care had supportive role
in our society, 18% somewhat agreed, 14% were neutral and 22% disagreed. By comparison 28% strongly
agreed curative care more important than palliative care and 34% strongly disagree.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM in Ter...YogeshIJTSRD
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYBanicoo PK et al. , 2016 , some factors are known to influence the academic performance of children with Sickle Cell Anaemia SCA . Information on their effects in these children is limited in Nigeria. The factors which influence academic performance of children with SCA in Enugu, Nigeria are determined in this study.Consecutive children with SCA aged 5 11 years were recruited at the weekly sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital UNTH Enugu, Nigeria. Their age and sex matched normal classmates were recruited as controls. The total number of days of school absence for 2009 2010 academic session was obtained for each pair of pupils from the class attendance register Sony Verma | Pro. Dr. N. V. Muninarayanappa | Mrs. Ramya Vasanth "A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) in Terms of Knowledge Regarding Causes and Remedies for Poor Academic Performance of School Children among the Teachers of Selected Schools at Moradabad" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45076.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45076/a-study-to-evaluate-the-effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-in-terms-of-knowledge-regarding-causes-and-remedies-for-poor-academic-performance-of-school-children-among-the-teachers-of-selected-schools-at-moradabad/sony-verma
Telaah jurnal Prevalence of hypochondriac symptoms among health science stude...Rindang Abas
Hypochondriac symptoms are commonly reported in health science students. With their incomplete medical knowledge, they may compare their own bodily symptoms with disease symptoms during the process of learning, which can lead to mental distress and the need for repeated medical reassurance.
A Quasi Experimental Study Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Pa...YogeshIJTSRD
Introduction The future of nation can become bright only if the children are healthy. They need full protection by their full development. Jujhar Singh Maan | Sobana M | Abhishek Yadav "A Quasi-Experimental Study: Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Parents of Children of Experimental and Control Group" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/45008/a-quasiexperimental-study-comparing-knowledge-regarding-child-abuse-among-parents-of-children-of-experimental-and-control-group/jujhar-singh-maan
Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Se...ijtsrd
Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult menstrual flow or painful menstruation. It is an ordinary gynecological problem among adolescent ladies which is severe enough to keep them from functioning at home, college or work place for a day or a two every month. Objective To assess the knowledge and impact of dysmenorrhea among nursing students Material and Method A descriptive study was carried out among 201 nursing students selected by purposive technique at M.M university, ambala Haryana by using structured knowledge questionnaire KR 20= 0.72 and impact rating scale chron a= 0.87 respectively from January 2016 to February 2017. Result Most of students were of 19 to 21 yrs in age and 95 were unmarried. 78.6 received knowledge of dysmenorria from mothers. 100 students experienced dysmenorria in which 87.6 had regular cycle, 51.7 felt intermittent pain. Majority 57.2 have good knowledge regarding dysmenorria and mildly affected by it followed by 41.3 are moderately affected by dysmenorria. age, course of study and marital status are significantly associated with knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea whereas level of pain and measures to relieve dysmenorria is significantly associated with impact of dysmenorrhea. Conclusion Formal, informal and special mass media educational programmes may be taken to educate the girls on dysmenorria and measures to relieve .community health nurse and school health nurse need to concerned about it. Pooja Jaswal | Pabalpreet Kaur | Dr. (Mrs) Jyoti Sarin "Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Selected College" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33446.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33446/explore-the-knowledge-and-impact-on-dysmenorrhea-among-nursing-students-of-selected-college/pooja-jaswal
Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can take place after the start of puberty before the first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.).
In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.
Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive sex education and access to birth control. Abstinence-only sex education does not appear to be effective.
Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as, lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be born before term, and have developmental delay.
The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy. Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Anxiety among B.Sc. Nursing 1st Ye...YogeshIJTSRD
A quantitative descriptive study was undertaken to assess the level of Anxiety towards exposure to hospital environment among B.Sc. Nursing 1st year student at Apex College of Nursing, Varanasi, India. 100 students were selected through convenience sampling technique and data was collected by using beck anxiety inventory scale. Nursing 1st Year Students Regarding Exposure to Hospital Environment in Selected College of Nursing at Varanasi, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45024.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45024/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-level-of-anxiety-among-bsc-nursing-1st-year-students-regarding-exposure-to-hospital-environment-in-selected-college-of-nursing-at-varanasi-india/ms-anushi
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
The Department of Internal Medicine celebrates our 75th successful year, and the conclusion of FY2019 with a highlights presentation. For higher quality images and better view-ability, please download the file.
Pediatric Screen Time Review - Journal Club Fatima Farid
Journal club session - review of a study conducted on the effects of screen time on a pediatric population, includes effective paper reviewing strategies.
Awerness of Palliative Care among Physical Therapy Student of ISRA University...iosrjce
Background;Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patient and their families facing
the problem associated with a life limiting and relief of suffering by mean of early identification and assessment
and treatment of pain and other problems, Education and training in palliative care influences not only the level
of care provided but also the level of team participation of the healthcare professionals.
Objective:To assess awareness about palliative care among physical therapy student of Isra University
Hyderabad.
Study Design And Methods:It was cross sectional type of descriptive study that was conducted in physical
therapy students of Isra institute of rehabilitation sciences, Isra University Hyderabad. Data has obtained from
questionnaire. it contain 3 section A,B,C and having total 25 question from all portion to determined the
palliative care among physical therapy students of Isra University Hyderabad.
Result:Out of total 50 It was found that 80% strongly agreed that palliative care is important as curative care
in physiotherapy, 16% disagreed and only 2% somewhat agreed. 70% student of physiotherapy agreed that
palliative care should be included in course content of physiotherapy education, 16% somewhat agreed, 8%
neutral on that and remaining 6% . Along with it 46% strongly agreed that palliative care had supportive role
in our society, 18% somewhat agreed, 14% were neutral and 22% disagreed. By comparison 28% strongly
agreed curative care more important than palliative care and 34% strongly disagree.
Social and Behavioral FactorsPublic Health Issue AnalysisType .docxrosemariebrayshaw
Social and Behavioral Factors
Public Health Issue Analysis
Type 1 juvenile diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent, is a chronic autoimmune disease that afflicts children and teens and is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among these age groups (Barnetz, Z., & Feigin, R. (2012). That afflicts approximately 30 million people in the United States, about 1.25 million have type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have shown fifty percent of people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes are over the age of 20. Every year, approximately 40,000 people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, and this number is on the rise. Insulin and glucose are processed after a person eats a meal; food is broken down into glucose and nutrients, which absorbed into the bloodstream. This process will cause sugar levels in the blood to rise and will trigger the pancreas to process the hormone insulin and send it into the bloodstream (Nakayasu, E. S., et al., 2020).
In-person(s) with diabetes, the body either cannot make or cannot respond to insulin appropriately. It means the sugar stays in the bloodstream rather than getting into cells, where the sugar is used for energy. Because they were not converted into energy, the people with type 1 diabetes take artificial insulin throughout the day to offset high blood sugars. They take this medicine multiple doses of insulin daily, through injections or an insulin pump worn on the body. On the one hand, these measures are undoubtedly helpful for maintaining a steady blood sugar level (Basso RVJ, & Pelech WJ., 2008). Many variables go into diabetes management, such as diet, exercise, hormones, stress levels, and many more. Unfortunately, as it is today, there is no cure for diabetes, maybe in the future. Each child who is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Will have the condition for the rest of his/her life until there is a cure. The risk of developing diabetes is higher than virtually every other childhood, chronic illness. Studies estimated one out of every three babies born each day will probably have diabetes in their lifetime (Nakayasu, E. S., et al., 2020).
Social and behavioral factors
The social and behavioral factors that cause an increase in childhood diabetes, also called juvenile diabetes, are complicated — discussing the cause of childhood diabetes with pediatricians in Sinai Hospital Baltimore, Maryland, my place of volunteer work. The doctor's told me, the origin of the factors is complicated. The doctor's said there are two sides to look at childhood diabetes. First, I was told that children who are born with the condition; the cause might be a result of the parent's social behavior during pregnancy — for example, unhealthy eating, alcohol, smoking, etc. Second, the children that got condition after birth may have got it from the unhealthy nutrition from the parents, the groups they keep, or the community.
Program or Intervention Analysis
The intervention is three one-year cycles of an evaluation study of a mentoring progra.
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumptio.docxcravennichole326
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumption must be made cautiously as most studies have used a cross-sectional methodology, poor definitions of alcohol use, and inadequate assessments of risk perceptions. Despite a lack of evidence, the concept of adolescent “invulnerability” remains pervasive in both scientific and lay circles, is used to explain adolescents' decisions to engage in a potentially harmful behavior and is incorporated into many intervention programs (Fell, et al., 2015). Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to understand fully the extent to which perceptions of low risk predict and motivate alcohol use.
I. Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Benefits:
An emphasis on perceived risk alone may be inadequate to predict or change behavior because a risk is only part of the behavioral decision-making equation. What is missing knows the extent to which adolescents perceive benefits of risky behaviors. The decision literature has argued that individuals should consider both the risks and benefits when making decisions. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are significant predictors of drinking behavior. More recently, Goldberg and colleagues (2002) concluded that, regardless of age, participants with more drinking experience perceived benefits to be more likely to occur, and risks less likely (Grube & Voas, 2014).
Indeed, adolescents' reasons for drinking alcohol often include an acknowledgment or identification of alcohol-related benefits, such as alcohol being used in social interactions to help them to reduce inhibitions, feel more relaxed reduce tension, foster courage, and reduce worry. Attachment theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring.
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan (Miller, et al., 2010). Through the formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves and others.
Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to regulate their Attachment emotional theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring (Foster, et al., 2013).
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan. Through the formation of ...
Running head AWARENESS OF AUTISM 1 Awareness o.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: AWARENESS OF AUTISM 1
Awareness of Autism
Name
Tutor
Institution
Course
Date
AWARENESS OF AUTISM 2
The main objective was to assess the existing knowledge as well as perception that the
primary school teachers had regarding autism. Therefore, the study was conducted in both the
private and the public schools in Pakistan. Basically, autism is a disorder of the neural
development which is normally characterized by the impaired social interaction, communications
and through restriction of a repetitive behavior. Normally, this condition will begin at birth and
the children that are affected are normal in their appearance but they normally spend a lot of their
time engaged and even puzzled and very disturbing behaviors which are normally different from
those of the typical students. There have been several tools and studies regarding the disease and
the prevalence in the population (Muhammad & Farah, 2013). Therefore, the study was
primarily conducted with the sole aim of determining the level of autism awareness amongst the
primary school teachers and the results were intended to help the school and surrounding
organization to increase the awareness levels in terms of autism so that it could be diagnosed at
an early age and thus intervention could be done as early as possible.
For the methods used to complete the study, there was a cross sectional study that was
conducted in the primary school teachers where the sample size was also calculated. Quite a
number of teachers were selected with the use of simple random sampling. Further, there was a
questionnaire that was used, designed to make assess on the various aspects of their knowledge
like diagnosis, the symptoms as well as the treatment. In addition, frequencies as well as various
percentages were taken out of each and every category. There was also a chi-square test that was
applied for the purpose of finding out the available differences between two variables
(Muhammad & Farah, 2013).
From the study, in making comparison on the responses concerning the knowledge of
autism in all categories, it was discovered that there was indeed no statistical significance except
AWARENESS OF AUTISM 3
in the categories of communication skills of a child with autism disorder and the emotional
temperament of the same child. It was discovered that the teachers in the public sector had better
awareness that the children with autism disorder had poor communication skills and thus could
not express themselves. In the private sector, the teachers were more aware of the disorder and
highly recognized that a child with this disorder would throw frequent bouts of rage. Therefore,
it was concluded that the teachers in the public sector proved to have better knowledge as well as
perception of autism as compared to the teachers from the private sector (Muhammad & Farah,
2013).
Normally, autism disorder h ...
Practices of Primary Caregivers about Caring Children with Leukemia at Nation...AI Publications
This research was made to assess practices of primary caregivers about caring for children with acute leukemia at the Pediatric Blood Diseases Department, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in 2020. Methods: This was analytical-observational research with the design of cross-sectional. Results: Study on 182 primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia treated at the Pediatric Blood Diseases Department, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. The unsatisfactory practice of primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia accounting for 53.8%. There were 32.4% primary caregivers almost performed the wrong diet when their children had diarrhea. 38.5% primary caregivers sometimes clean their hands before and after preparing food and 33% primary caregivers sometimes clean their children’s teeth and gums properly. 28% primary caregivers sometimes encourage your children to participate in social activities. There were relationships between the educational level, the marital status, receiving health educational information and practices of primary caregivers, with p <0.05. Conclusions: The practices of primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia were low. There were relationships between educational level, marital status, receiving health educational information and practices of primary caregivers, with p <0.05.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Assessment of Health Professionals’ Views and Beliefs about Mental Illnesses:...inventionjournals
Negative beliefs and prejudices might lead to stigmatization, violation of basic human rights and discriminatory behaviors. To determine health professionals’ views and beliefs about mental illnesses. The sample of this descriptive study comprised 317 health professionals working in Sivas Numune Hospital. Data were collected with the Personal Information Form, Stigma Assessment Questionnaire and Beliefs toward Mental Illness (BMI) Scale. For the statistical analysis, percentage distribution, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey test were used. Of the participants, 18.6% had a relative with a mental illness, and 63.7% stated that people with a mental illness. Whereas half of the health professionals stated favorable opinion about patients with schizophrenia, 41% of them said that patients with schizophrenia might be dangerous and cause other people harm. The mean scores obtained from the subscales of the BMI scale were as follows: 23.74±6.66 (min-max:6- 40) for the dangerousness subscale, 29.55±9.88 (min-max:0-55) for the helplessness and poor interpersonal relationships subscale, and 1.76±2.30 (min-max: 0-10) for the shame subscale. The mean total score of the BMI scale was 55.06±16.06 (min-max: 6-100). Of the health care professionals, the nurses/midwives, high school graduates, those with income equal to expenditure and those who had negative opinions about patients with schizophrenia obtained significantly higher total scores from the BMI Scale (p<0.05). Although the majority of the health care professionals had positive opinions of patients with schizophrenia, nearly, half of them thought that patients with schizophrenia could be dangerous and cause harm to other people.
Lack of a family medicine system in Kurdistan Region: Challenges and solutionsAI Publications
Background: Family medicine can play a significant role in monitoring, enhancing, and maintaining public health in the community. This field is still in its initial stage in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq; therefore, it is faced with several challenges. The present study was carried out in order to figure out the challenges and solutions to them in family medicine in Erbil, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods: The present descriptive qualitative study was carried out in Erbil from September to December 2019 on 16 individuals who worked in Kurdistan parliament, ministry of health, general directorate, health sector, and private and public hospitals. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out in order to gather data on their lived experience. The collected data were analyzed through van Manen’s method, and relevant themes and subthemes were extracted. Results: Data analysis led to emergence of three main themes of “past status of family medicine”, “present status of family medicine”, and “future status of family medicine”. The first main theme had two subtheme, namely “lack of family medicine” and “primary health care centers”. The second main theme also had two subthemes, namely “the beginning stage” and “family medicine centers”. The third main theme also had two subthemes, namely “family medicine objectives” and “strategy planning measures”. Conclusion: Family medicine in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is still in its early stage; therefore, there are several challenges and issues which can be resolved as a result of cooperation between the Ministry of Health, universities of medicine in the region, and the parliament of Kurdistan.
Children tend to think of the last decades of life—when they think of such things at all—as a time of physical limitations rather than a time of active, vibrant and full participation in life. Yet as average longevity increases worldwide and medical progress enables longer healthy lives, a shift in that view is in order.
With this as background, The Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Merck, undertook a study of five nations—representing both wealthy and middle-income countries—to determine the degree to which good health practices are being taught in schools and fostered in the home and in the community.
Where relevant, the research also considers whether health education is being provided in the context of the long-term benefits—that is, with the aim of achieving longer healthy life years. The five countries surveyed are Germany, South Africa, India, Brazil and Saudi Arabia.
A Study of Propensity Score on Influencing Factors of Length of Stay in Hospi...Scientific Review SR
Background: Burns are a global public health problem, which are universal and can happen to anyone. Because the physical functions in children and adults are different, the confounding factors are easy to affect the results of study. Objective: In this study, we aimed to explore influencing factors of the length of hospital stay (LOS) when the confounding factors were excluded by Propensity Score (PS) in children and adults. Methods: Patients hospitalized for burn from 2014 to 2016 were retrieved from the medical record system of a general biggest hospital in Zunyi. A database was established to analyze the influencing factors of LOS between children and adults by the PS. Results A total of 465 children (61.7% males) and 327 (69.7% males) adults were recruited. The average age was 3.61±3.57 years and 42.48±14.76 years in children and adults with burns respectively. Before PS matching, low age and skin grafting were the protective factors for LOS (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.993 and 0.339). The risk factors of LOS were male (HR=1.234), the burn depth and total body surface area (TBSA), and burn etiology (HR=1.497). After PS matching, only skin grafting (HR=0.080) and treatment within 24 hours (HR=1.865) were the common influencing factors of LOS. Conclusion the confounding factors were excluded by the PS method, and skin grafting was still a protective factor of LOS for both children and adults. The results provide a reference for the promotion of skin grafting to reduce LOS in burn patients.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
10.1007 s10447 011-9143-3
1. Jordanian School Counselors’ Knowledge
About and Attitudes Toward Diabetes
Mellitus
Adel G. Tannous, Jamal M. Khateeb,
Hatem A. Khamra, Muna S. Hadidi &
Mayada M. Natour
International Journal for the
Advancement of Counselling
ISSN 0165-0653
Int J Adv Counselling
DOI 10.1007/s10447-011-9143-3
1 23
2. Your article is protected by copyright and
all rights are held exclusively by Springer
Science+Business Media, LLC. This e-offprint
is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you
wish to self-archive your work, please use the
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available until 12 months after publication.
1 23
3. Author's personal copy
Int J Adv Counselling
DOI 10.1007/s10447-011-9143-3
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Jordanian School Counselors’ Knowledge
About and Attitudes Toward Diabetes Mellitus
Adel G. Tannous & Jamal M. Khateeb &
Hatem A. Khamra & Muna S. Hadidi &
Mayada M. Natour
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract This study investigated the knowledge and attitudes of Jordanian school counselors toward diabetes mellitus. A sample of 295 counselors completed a questionnaire
consisting of two parts concerning knowledge and attitudes. The face validity of the
questionnaire was assessed using an informed panel of judges, and its reliability was
established using the test- re-test method. Results showed that counselors as a whole had
a moderate level of knowledge about diabetes. This level of knowledge was related to
counselor gender (females were more knowledgeable than males) and to knowing a person
with diabetes, but not to counselor age. Results also showed that counselors showed
favorable attitudes toward students with diabetes. Knowing a student with diabetes had no
influence on attitudes.
Keywords Diabetes mellitus . Knowledge . Attitudes . School counselors . Jordan
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases in the world, with a prevalence
rate for all age-groups worldwide estimated at 2.8% (Wild et al. 2004). It is a serious life-long
disease in which the body is unable to use food for energy due to its deficiency in making or
properly using insulin. Although there is no cure for diabetes, it can be managed and serious
health complications delayed or prevented. Among long-term complications of diabetes are
serious problems with eyes, heart and blood vessels, kidneys, nerves, skin and feet, bones and
joints, and teeth and gums.
Diabetes not only has a negative impact on physical functioning, it may also have negative
effects on psychological, social, and educational functioning. In schools, students with diabetes
need knowledgeable personnel to assist them in managing their diabetes and allowing them to
participate fully and safely in school activities (Tahirovic and Toromanovic 2006). Studies have
shown that the majority of school personnel have an inadequate understanding of diabetes
A. G. Tannous : J. M. Khateeb (*) : H. A. Khamra : M. S. Hadidi : M. M. Natour
University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
e-mail: khateeb53@yahoo.com
4. Author's personal copy
Int J Adv Counselling
(American Diabetes Association 2001; Tolbert 2006). Consequently, programs must be developed to educate them about the nature of diabetes, ways to manage it, and the role of each
member of staff in meeting the needs of such students.
In the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, studies conducted by Ajlouni and his colleagues
demonstrate that the prevalence of diabetes is high in that country and is increasing. While
the overall prevalence of type-2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes, in 1998 was 13.4%
(Ajlouni et al. 1998), it had become 17.1% ten years later (Ajlouni et al. 2008). There has
also been an increase in the prevalence of type-1 diabetes, formerly known as juvenile or
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Ajlouni et al. 1999). Considering the high prevalence of
diabetes as well as unsatisfactory diabetic control among more than half of persons with
diabetes, these researchers recommended formulating and implementing national plans to
face this disease and its complications.
In schools, students with diabetes need support to manage their diabetes throughout the
school day. Since school personnel in Jordan do not include healthcare professionals (i.e.,
physicians, nurses, dieticians), school counselors and teachers may be expected to initiate
programs aimed at counseling students with diabetes on lifestyle changes required for managing
this disease. Studies have indicated that the majority of school counselors know students who
have diabetes in their schools (Tolbert 2006; Wagner 2006).
Studies related to diabetes in Jordan have focused on medical aspects of the disease, such as
incidence, risk factors, and treatment. Little, if any, consideration has been given to psychoeducational and social aspects of this disease. With this background information in mind, this
study was carried out to investigate attitudes toward and knowledge of diabetes among
counselors in Jordanian schools. The study also examined whether counselors’ gender, age,
and knowing a student with diabetes had an influence on their knowledge of diabetes and their
attitudes toward these students.
Method
Participants
According to the Ministry of Education census, it is estimated that there are around 2,300
counselors working in both the private and public sector in Jordan, most of them working in
the capital, Amman. The capital city has the largest population with around half the total of
the country residing there. Accordingly, to achieve acceptable representation of this population a convenience sample of 350 counselors (15% of the counselor population) working
in both public and private schools was invited to participate in this study. The educational
directorates sent out the surveys to the schools with a cover letter explaining the purpose of
the research. A list of cooperating schools and contact information was forwarded later to the
researchers for follow-up purposes.
After 2 weeks from sending out the survey, (241) copies had been returned to the researchers.
Follow-up calls were made to the rest of the selected sample to urge them to complete the survey.
The total number obtained was 295 surveys out of 350, reflecting a return rate of (84%).
Table 1 shows the distribution of counselors according to age and gender. It can be observed
that 22% of respondents were males and 78% were females. Forty seven percent of participants
were between 20 years and 30 years, 43% between 31 years and 45 years, and 9% were above
the age of 45 years. More than one fourth (0.29%) of counselors knew a student or more than
one with diabetes. This is a relatively high percentage since Jordanian parents generally do not
disclose their child’s diabetes or other illnesses.
5. Author's personal copy
Int J Adv Counselling
Table 1 Distribution of counselors according to age and gender
Age
20–30 years
Males
31–45 years
Above 45 years
Totals
16 (5%)
39 (13%)
9 (3%)
64 (22%)
Females
124 (42%)
89 (30%)
18 (6%)
231 (78%)
Totals
140 (48%)
128 (43%)
27 (9%)
295 (100%)
Instrument
The researchers developed a survey instrument consisting of three parts. The first part involved
demographic data on the respondents. The second part consisted of 22 items exploring
counselors’ attitudes towards diabetes. Participants were asked to rate each item according to
a six-point Likert-type scale (6 0 strongly agree, 1 0 strongly disagree). The third part of the
instrument consisted of 40 items assessing knowledge of diabetes. Questions focused on types
of diabetes, symptoms, insulin handling, diet, and precautions when dealing with diabetes.
Answers to these questions were based largely on multiple-choice questions, in addition to a
few ‘yes’ and ‘no’ responses. The items were formulated based on a review of relevant literature
(He and Wharrad 2007). Means of the item responses were used as measures of the respondents’ knowledge or global attitude, with higher scores representing more enlightened knowledge and more favorable attitudes. Some of the items related to attitudes were formulated in a
negative way, and the scoring direction of these items was reversed because agreement with
them reflected negative attitudes toward diabetes.
To establish face validity of the instrument, a pilot version was given to seven faculty
members from the Faculty of Educational Sciences at the University of Jordan (Counseling
and Special Education Department and the Department of Educational Psychology), in
addition to three medical physicians. Comments and feedback were provided from the panel
involving additions, rephrasing and eliminating some of the items. The panel’s comments
were taken into consideration in preparing the final version of the instrument.
Furthermore, the instrument was piloted on a convenience sample of pre-service students
(n030) from the counseling and special education department at the University of Jordan; a
re-test was administered after two weeks on the same group for reliability purposes. Their
comments were also incorporated into the final version of the instrument. However, this pilot
sample was excluded from the actual sample of the study.
Reliability of the instrument was established using the test- re-test method. Correlation
coefficients were calculated for the second part (attitudes) and the third part (knowledge) of
the survey. The former had a correlation coefficient of .86, and the latter a correlation
coefficient of .92.
Procedure
A letter from the University of Jordan, along with the survey instrument, was sent to the
Counseling Department/Ministry of Education. A request was made to send the survey to 350
selected counselors either through the internal mail at the Ministry of Education or via field
training students. A letter from the researchers explaining the purpose of the study and
requesting counselor participation was sent, accompanied by a copy of the instrument. Counselors were assured that the study was for scientific purposes only and that their responses
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would be confidential and anonymous. They were urged to respond to all items to the best of
their knowledge.
Data Analysis
A variety of statistical techniques were used to analyze the research data. These techniques
included: means, standard deviations, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and independent sample t-test.
Results
Table 2 shows that school counselors in Jordan demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge
of diabetes (M00.66 out of 1.00). The table shows that the items with the highest means
were related to food portions consumed (0.95), symptoms of diabetes (0.93), quantity of
food intake (0.92), protection and hygiene (0.92), and practicing sports (0.91). On the other
hand, items with lowest means were related to the level of saturated fat in nuts and cereals
(M00.38), diabetes medications (0.28), activities for diabetics (0.26), and the difference
between type-1 and type-2 diabetes (0.25).
Results showed apparent differences in counselors’ knowledge of diabetes according to
gender, with females showing a higher level of knowledge of diabetes (M00.68, SD0.01) than
males (M00.62, SD00.03). These differences were statistically significant [t (293)0−3.03, p0
0.05]. ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences due to counselors’ age (F00.57,
Table 2 Means and standard deviations of counselors’ responses to knowledge items
Numbera Item
Mean SD
10
People with diabetes should be consuming fewer portions of pastas, rice and other
materials made of carbohydrates and sugar.
0.95
0.23
31
Excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss and dizziness are all
symptoms of diabetes.
0.93
0.25
21
Quantities of food must be organized when dealing with diabetes.
0.92
0.27
32
Foot care (protection and hygiene) can prevent or mitigate injury, inflammation,
wounds, sores or any other problems affecting feet in students with diabetes.
0.92
0.28
12
Practicing sports regularly helps to regulate blood sugar and reduce
blood pressure and cholesterol level.
0.91
0.29
23
Food, exercise, medication and psychological pressure can affect glucose
levels in the blood.
0.90
0.30
11
Diabetes happens when kidneys do not perform their work in controlling
the level of glucose in urine.
0.40
0.49
18
Nuts and cereals are bad for the body due to the increased levels of
saturated fat incorporated.
0.38
0.49
22
Some diabetes medicines can help reduce weight.
0.28
0.45
7
People with diabetes can participate in activities that require intensive
muscular effort.
0.26
0.44
8
a
People with type-1 and type-2 diabetes will be insulin dependent all their life.
0.25
0.43
Average of knowledge
0.66
0.15
This number represents the original item in the survey, only the highest and lowest items were included in the
table
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p00.5). To find out whether counselors’ knowledge differed due to knowing a student with
diabetes, an independent sample t-test was conducted. Results showed that knowing a student
with diabetes did influence the degree of knowledge of counselors [t (293)03.53, p00.000].
Table 3 shows the distribution of counselors’ attitude scores. It can be seen that counselors had a higher than average mean (M04.05 out of 6). The highest mean ratings were
associated with statements related to the way people think of diabetes as not a disability (M0
5.12), the right of having a family life and not being scrutinized just for being diabetic (M0
4.94), general rights and duties of people with diabetes in comparison to others without
diabetes (M04.86), and the need for further knowledge about diabetes and the way of
dealing with it (M04.84). The lowest mean ratings were associated with statements related
to the perception that people with diabetes like to be associated with others who are diabetics
(M02.43), the need for continuous protection in schools by teachers (M02.60), the effect of
medications on the emotional, psychological and academic status of students with diabetes
Table 3 Means and standard deviations for counselors’ responses to attitude items
Number Items
Mean SD
1a
People with diabetes are considered as having a disability.
5.12
2a
Having diabetes in a family is a viable reason to have a divorce.
4.94
1.69
3
People with diabetes have the same rights and duties granted to people without
diabetes.
4.86
1.56
4
I have no problem in having information on how to deal with diabetic episodes when 4.84
they occur.
1.34
5a
Health problems related to diabetes are the issue of physicians only and not teachers. 4.83
1.36
6
7
Children with diabetes should be educated in the regular classroom.
Equal employment opportunities must be provided to people with diabetes.
1.66
1.51
8
Marriage among people with diabetes should be fully allowed with no restrictions.
4.38
1.38
9
School rules and regulations must take into account the special needs of children with
diabetes.
4.33
1.44
10a
People with diabetes should not be allowed to bear children.
4.32
1.72
11
12
People with diabetes can maintain a normal quality of life.
Teachers should have the same expectations from students with diabetes just like
students without diabetes.
4.23
4.12
1.16
1.51
13
People with diabetes can use tools and equipment safely.
4.11
1.55
14a
Children with diabetes might have a negative impact on their peers.
4.10
1.69
15
16a
People with diabetes should benefit from health insurance.
Families of individuals with diabetes do not need any special assistance or support.
3.98
3.77
2.19
1.45
17
People with diabetes can drive cars.
3.69
1.61
18
Diabetes imposes pressures and constraints on the lifestyle of the family.
3.64
1.24
19a
People with diabetes have their own psychological characteristics that distinguish
them from everybody else.
Diabetes and medications affect the emotional, psychological and academic status of
students with diabetes.
3.32
1.37
3.09
1.37
21a
Children with diabetes should always be protected by their teachers.
2.60
1.36
22a
People with diabetes prefer to associate with other diabetic persons.
2.43
1.51
Average of Attitudes
4.08
0.73
20a
a
Items for which a “disagree” response (scored negatively) indicates a positive attitude
4.82
4.53
1.56
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(M03.09)—nevertheless, even though those are the lowest items in comparison to other
items, they can still be seen as positive responses rather than negative.
An independent sample t-test was conducted to find out whether counselors’ attitudes
differed due to knowing a student with diabetes. Results showed that knowing a student with
diabetes did not have a significant effect on attitudes of counselors [t (288)0.65, p0.100].
Discussion and Conclusions
The purpose of this study was to explore Jordanian school counselors’ knowledge of diabetes
mellitus and their attitudes toward students having this disease. The results showed that
counselors demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge about diabetes. Counselor gender
and knowing a person with diabetes had a significant impact on the level of knowledge. Results
also showed that counselors showed favorable attitudes toward students with diabetes. Finally,
it was found that knowing a student with diabetes influenced the level of counselors’ knowledge
but not their attitudes.
These findings are interesting in light of the fact that preparation programs for school
counselors in Jordan rarely include elements related to diabetes or other chronic illnesses.
Almost all counselors reported that they obtained information about diabetes either from the
media or from parents. None of them reported participating in pre-service or in-service training
on diabetes mellitus. However, with the exception of a few private schools, school staff in
Jordan do not include health care providers. In light of this, counselors apparently face the
challenge of dealing with most health problems.
The findings that counselors had a moderate level of knowledge of diabetes and positive
attitudes toward students with diabetes are in agreement with those of several other studies (e.g.,
Abdel Gawwad 2008; Alnasir and Skerman 2004; Gormanous et al. 2002; Greenhalgh 1997;
Warne 1988). These findings may be attributed to several reasons. First, the high incidence of
diabetes in Jordan might have played a role in improving counselors’ understanding and
attitudes. Second, counselors’ exposure to students with diabetes in schools might have a
significant impact on their knowledge and attitudes. Furthermore, intensive public education
programs about diabetes over the past decade could have helped to transform diabetes into a
much better understood and accepted illness.
Nevertheless, there were clear deficits in terms of knowledge of appropriate management of
diabetes in the school. This was apparent in counselors’ responses to items like the type of diets
used for diabetics, medications useful to control sugar levels, and differences between type-1
and type-2 diabetes. Furthermore, having acceptable levels of knowledge of diabetes or positive
attitudes towards it does not necessarily mean that counselors are well prepared or have the time
to provide effective support for students with diabetes (Tolbert 2006; Wagner 2006).
Similarly, the finding that counselors’ attitudes toward students with diabetes were generally
positive may not necessarily reflect counselors’ willingness or preparedness to have a role in
supporting these students in school. This was reflected in responses to items such as: children
with diabetes might have a negative impact on their peers; health problems related to diabetes is
the issue of physicians only and not teachers; and people with diabetes prefer to live with other
diabetic persons.
This study has methodological limitations. First, the findings of this study cannot be
generalized to all of Jordan, as the data were derived from Amman city only. Thus, further
similar studies in other parts of the country are needed. Second, because this descriptive study
was conducted on a convenience sample of counselors, it does not allow generalizations to all
counselors in the country. Third, school personnel likely to have an effect on this issue include
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administrators, teachers, and people in other roles. Thus, further studies investigating knowledge and attitudes of these practitioners are also needed in Jordan.
Another limitation of the present study was the questionnaire used. It was a self-reported
questionnaire and the participants’ responses to the attitude part may have suffered from social
desirability. This questionnaire was relatively long and focused on theoretical knowledge
related to diabetes. Future research utilizing different data collection instruments focusing on
other kinds of information that may be important in school settings is needed.
Despite these limitations, the results of this study are enlightening. However, more research
is needed to understand the complexity of relationships between knowledge and attitudes.
Furthermore, the scarcity of research literature in this country hindered comparison of the
findings and understanding of the implications of the results obtained.
In conclusion, the study showed moderate overall knowledge of diabetes mellitus and
generally favorable attitudes toward students with this disease among school counselors in
Jordan. Therefore, the study recommends further research to explore the practical aspects of
diabetes knowledge needed by counselors to promote improved health outcomes for students.
The study also recommends conducting research on practical knowledge and behaviors of other
key school personnel, such as teachers and administrators.
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