This document summarizes a study that assessed the views and beliefs about mental illness held by 317 health professionals in Turkey. The study found that while half of health professionals viewed patients with schizophrenia positively, 41% believed they could be dangerous. It also found that nearly half did not want neighbors with schizophrenia. Health professionals scored highest on scales measuring beliefs about the dangerousness and helplessness of those with mental illness. Nurses/midwives and those with more negative views of schizophrenia scored higher overall. The study concluded that while most health professionals had positive opinions of patients with schizophrenia, many also viewed them as potentially dangerous.
Background: The numbers of caregivers burdened by dementia is increasing. Depression is also found more in this group and
causes higher morbidity. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of depression among Thai family caregivers in order to develop effective interventions in primary care Methods: A total of 177 participants were recruited in primary care setting. They were assessed for sociodemographic data, health status, caregiver burden and depressive symptoms measured by Charlsons Comorbidities (CCI), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. The data for dementia patients included severity and functional status. Depression was defi ned as PHQ-9 ≥ 9. Multivariate linear regression model was applied to assess the independent relationship between possible risk factors and risk of depression.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION, MENTAL HEALTH AND RELIGIOSITY AMONGST MENTAL...IAEME Publication
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of depression, mental health and religiosity amongst mentally ill patients inhospital Tanjung Rambutan Ulu Kinta Perak with demographic aspects. The subjects selected were 40 women amongst mentally ill patients inhospital Tanjung Rambutan Ulu Kinta Perak. The assessment method administered consisted of Beck Depression Inventory, General Health Questionnaire-28, Provision and demographic questions. The questionnaires were distributed among the sample followed by a brief introduction about the assessment. Data analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between the age of the sample and their mental health (p=0.005. Furthermore, depression experienced by the victims significantly influenced their mental health (R2=0.70, [F (1, 25) = 41.517, p<0.002]). The study also indicated that there was a positive correlation between mental health and depression (r=0.68). This showed that the higher the levelof depression experienced by the samples, the higher the effect of their mental health and religiosity.
In response to concerns around the high prevalence of depression and anxiety experienced by people with HIV, Positive Life NSW facilitated a community consultation with the aims of uncovering the mental health needs of people with HIV, their resilience or otherwise in meeting challenges & the barriers to achieving good mental health. Kathy Triffitt (Manager, Health Promotion, Positive Life NSW) outlines the consultation process and outcomes from the service provider forum which considered the implications for community & clinical interventions, care & support, advocacy & health promotion.
This presentation was given at the AFAO Positive Services Forum 2012.
Infertility is considered as a basic health issue in human
reproductive care. It is clinically defined as a failure to achieve natural pregnancy aft er twelve or more months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
Background: The numbers of caregivers burdened by dementia is increasing. Depression is also found more in this group and
causes higher morbidity. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of depression among Thai family caregivers in order to develop effective interventions in primary care Methods: A total of 177 participants were recruited in primary care setting. They were assessed for sociodemographic data, health status, caregiver burden and depressive symptoms measured by Charlsons Comorbidities (CCI), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. The data for dementia patients included severity and functional status. Depression was defi ned as PHQ-9 ≥ 9. Multivariate linear regression model was applied to assess the independent relationship between possible risk factors and risk of depression.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION, MENTAL HEALTH AND RELIGIOSITY AMONGST MENTAL...IAEME Publication
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of depression, mental health and religiosity amongst mentally ill patients inhospital Tanjung Rambutan Ulu Kinta Perak with demographic aspects. The subjects selected were 40 women amongst mentally ill patients inhospital Tanjung Rambutan Ulu Kinta Perak. The assessment method administered consisted of Beck Depression Inventory, General Health Questionnaire-28, Provision and demographic questions. The questionnaires were distributed among the sample followed by a brief introduction about the assessment. Data analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between the age of the sample and their mental health (p=0.005. Furthermore, depression experienced by the victims significantly influenced their mental health (R2=0.70, [F (1, 25) = 41.517, p<0.002]). The study also indicated that there was a positive correlation between mental health and depression (r=0.68). This showed that the higher the levelof depression experienced by the samples, the higher the effect of their mental health and religiosity.
In response to concerns around the high prevalence of depression and anxiety experienced by people with HIV, Positive Life NSW facilitated a community consultation with the aims of uncovering the mental health needs of people with HIV, their resilience or otherwise in meeting challenges & the barriers to achieving good mental health. Kathy Triffitt (Manager, Health Promotion, Positive Life NSW) outlines the consultation process and outcomes from the service provider forum which considered the implications for community & clinical interventions, care & support, advocacy & health promotion.
This presentation was given at the AFAO Positive Services Forum 2012.
Infertility is considered as a basic health issue in human
reproductive care. It is clinically defined as a failure to achieve natural pregnancy aft er twelve or more months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
A cross sectional and comparative study of attitudes in undergraduate medical...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Dying Matters: Feel the fear, and have the conversation anywayNHSRobBenson
Presentation on a short training project and supporting materials for GPs and other health professionals proven to boost confidence and improved end of life care. From Hilary Fisher and Lorna Potter from England's Dying Matters coalition as part of the Department of Health's QIPP end of life care workstream seminar series at Healthcare Innovation Expo 2011.
Medical Research: conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non maleficence, euthanasia, informed consent, confidentiality, criticisms of orthodox medical ethics
Introduction: Migraine is a chronic disease evolving through recurrent attack; it constitutes a frequent reason of consultation in
neurology. It has a signifi cant impact that can affect all spheres of life. Thus, it is one of the most disabling primary headaches.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of migraine in population of Brazzaville
Abstract—Prevalence of degenerative dementias and dementias associated with cerebrovascular disease is increasing with the time. Dementia is one of the most significant public health problems. Demographic data, medical history, general biochemical data and serum total homocysteine (tHcy) levels was used in this study to examine the differences between dementia and normal control groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 236 individuals who were above the age of 65 years. These participants went through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), demographic characteristics, biochemical data and tHcy level. Each of the above mentioned factors was assessed. There were significant differences in the history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, marital status, alcohol consumption (AC), BMI value, and triglyceride (TG) and serum tHcy levels. The logistic regression analysis showed significant differences in marital status, AC and tHcy. So it can be concluded that elevated serum tHcy, no AC and no partner are associated with the risk of dementia in elders of Southern Taiwan. It needs further researches to identify and reduce the risk of dementia.
Factors Influencing the Uptake of National Health Insurance Schemes among the...Premier Publishers
Purpose: Penetration of health insurance in the informal sector is very poor, this calls for upward scaling of successful interventions to remedy this situation given that health insurance increases access to healthcare services and improves financial risk protection. This study assessed the factors influencing uptake of national health insurance schemes among informal sector in Vihiga sub-county, Kenya.
Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. The target population was the informal sector workers. A sample of 384 participants was selected by cluster and simple random sampling techniques. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was summarized using tables, chi-square and bivariate logistic regression were used to test for associations (p<0.05).
Results: The study revealed that there was a significant influence of trust and knowledge of the health insurance scheme on the uptake of national health insurance (p < 0.05). The study further revealed that the attractiveness of the scheme had a big influence on the uptake of national health insurance
Conclusion: Trust and knowledge of the health insurance scheme had significant influence on uptake of national health insurance. Health Insurance Schemes should be designed in such a way that they attract informal sector workers and information regarding these schemes is disseminated to these people.
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ANALYSING THE LEVEL OF DEPRESSION AND ITS CAUSATIVE F...amsjournal
Depression is a pathological state of the mind characterised lack of self-confidence and self-esteem. The
cause of depression is multi factorial and various physical, psychological, environmental and genetic
factors have been implicated in the causation of depression. Despite being a serious condition in all age
groups, depression is more common and significant in the geriatric population as it is associated with
significant morbidity and mortality. Various scales have been developed to assess depression of which the
Geriatric Depression Scale is most suited for elderly population. It has a long form and short form, the
latter being more appropriate for elderly patients with dementia. In our study, we aim to analyse the
prevalence of depression among elderly patients visiting the outpatient departments of a tertiary care
hospital and determine the factors influencing depression in them. The study was an Observational cross sectional
study carried out on 51 elderly patients over the age of 60 years attending the various outpatient
departments of PSG Hospital. The Geriatric Depression Scale Short form was used to determine the
prevalence of depression. A self-designed questionnaire considering various factors causing depression
was administered to determine the factors influencing depression. It was found that among 51 elders in the
age group of 60 to 80 years, 58.8% were depressed of which 54% were males and 68% were females.
Financial fears regarding future and income insufficiency were the most important factors contributing to
depression. This shows that monetary fear is a major factor resulting in depression. The most effective
strategy to combat depression is to ensure appropriate self-report. The government and other organizations
must ensure that better support, both financial and other services like healthcare are provided to the
elderly in order to prevent depressive illnesses.
From a Maqama Writing in Arabic Literature to a Picaresque Writing in Spanish...inventionjournals
According to Marxist criticism, each phenomenon made during history is affected by the society`s material and historical conditions remembered as the infrastructure and the superstructure. From a Marxist perspective, literature is also a kind of superstructure that can both step into the present ideologies` survival or criticize them. Maqamat of Al-Hamadhani and Al-Hariri and Picaresque of Lazarillo are among the critical literatures of their own era. Abbasid like Monarchy of Spain and the Church of that era showed both mastery over the society and the unfair scattering of wealth as their natural right by applying the ideology of religion and converting their jobs to goods. In this way, they created the classified gap and spread poverty among common people. Therefore, the despotic governments were not only considered as the prominent factor both in the formation and similarity of the tales` content themes of Maqamat and Picaresque, but also caused a critical look to be provided at special classes and particular ideologies of these tales. Such governments used the ideologies like religion and its related schools of thought, morality based on the satisfaction of society`s ruling class needs reflecting the social nature, converting to goods, and promotion of believing in the classification in order to strengthen the foundations of their government
Culture, which is utilized to hand down material and spiritual values created in the process of social development to next generations, serves as a communication system within and among societies. As for culinary culture, it is included as a sub-category of culture and varies from region to region. Today, tourists may come to a destination within the scope of gastronomy tourism to taste foods belonging to that specific region and taste different flavors, and also to get to know various cuisines. Gastronomy activities need to be carried out and also within this context culinary museums need to be established in these destinations both to develop gastronomy tourism and to introduce cuisine, local foods and the history of these local foods apart from culinary culture. This study has been carried out with the purpose of introducing gastronomy and culinary museums founded in our country to introduce and sustain regional and traditional culinarycultures.
An Analysis of the Life of Prophet Muhammad: Servantleadership and Influenceinventionjournals
Prophet Muhammad is considered one of the most influential person in history, as Hart (1978) posited. Multiple historical sources are devoted to describing his behavior and personal characteristics to extract leadership behavior that leaders could emulate. This content analysis study is an examination of the Prophet’s leadership style as reflected in the literature to analyze his qualities and characteristics on the light of servant leadership approach to identify if there is a link between a servant-leader and an influential leader. The findings reveal that the Prophet’s style can be described as servant-leadership, which means that servant leadership approach has an impact in creating an influential leader. This study could help leaders, preachers, educators and anyone who has a responsibility to others to emulate the art of a servant-leader. The originality of the study is the first use of content analysis to examine the foundational of the Prophet’s leadership using servant leadership theory as a framework. As Prophet’s teachings and practices are misunderstood and misconstrued in some context, this study counters those misrepresentations about Islam and the Prophet, and elucidates the source of this religion, Prophet Muhammad who is the face and voice of Islam, and demonstrates the notion of leadership in Islam.
Cronic Energy Deficiency And Body Mass Index of Bhotia Tribal Children of Gar...inventionjournals
In the present study, an attempt has been made to use age and sex specific Body Mass Index thresholds for Bhotia tribal children of Garhwal Himalayas. BMI cut-off points for thinness grades 1, 2, 3 age and sex wise percentile curves passing through BMI of 16, 17, and 18.5 and for normal range of BMI of 18.5 to 23 kg/m2 have been used to evaluate the status of children as normal, overweight and obese. A total of 643 children (336 boys and 307 girls) aged 6 – 18 years had participated in the present study. Bhotia tribe is one of the oldest inhabitants of mountains region of Garhwal and Kumaun, Central Himalaya. Rice and millets is the staple food of Bhotias and salty butter tea or namkeen chai (Jya) is also consumed very frequently by them wild herbs and medicinal plants also contribute to their diet. Present study revealed that prevalence cronic energy deficency of grade-one thinness was 13.02 percent among girls and 6.84 percent among boys, Boys also having grade two and three (0.29%) thinness, 88.69 percent boys and 75.24 percent girls were having their BMI normal. The frequency of overweight individuals was 3.86 percent among the boys and 11.72 percent among girls, No child has been identified as obese. This is probably because the Bhotias lived in high altitude mountainous region where supplies of nutritious and surplus food through out the year is a difficult task, girls makes a better use of their provided food and manage to put subcutaneous fat on their body whereas boys merely maintained normal health, this may be because of the advantageous double x-gene in the case of girls.
A cross sectional and comparative study of attitudes in undergraduate medical...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Dying Matters: Feel the fear, and have the conversation anywayNHSRobBenson
Presentation on a short training project and supporting materials for GPs and other health professionals proven to boost confidence and improved end of life care. From Hilary Fisher and Lorna Potter from England's Dying Matters coalition as part of the Department of Health's QIPP end of life care workstream seminar series at Healthcare Innovation Expo 2011.
Medical Research: conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non maleficence, euthanasia, informed consent, confidentiality, criticisms of orthodox medical ethics
Introduction: Migraine is a chronic disease evolving through recurrent attack; it constitutes a frequent reason of consultation in
neurology. It has a signifi cant impact that can affect all spheres of life. Thus, it is one of the most disabling primary headaches.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of migraine in population of Brazzaville
Abstract—Prevalence of degenerative dementias and dementias associated with cerebrovascular disease is increasing with the time. Dementia is one of the most significant public health problems. Demographic data, medical history, general biochemical data and serum total homocysteine (tHcy) levels was used in this study to examine the differences between dementia and normal control groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 236 individuals who were above the age of 65 years. These participants went through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), demographic characteristics, biochemical data and tHcy level. Each of the above mentioned factors was assessed. There were significant differences in the history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, marital status, alcohol consumption (AC), BMI value, and triglyceride (TG) and serum tHcy levels. The logistic regression analysis showed significant differences in marital status, AC and tHcy. So it can be concluded that elevated serum tHcy, no AC and no partner are associated with the risk of dementia in elders of Southern Taiwan. It needs further researches to identify and reduce the risk of dementia.
Factors Influencing the Uptake of National Health Insurance Schemes among the...Premier Publishers
Purpose: Penetration of health insurance in the informal sector is very poor, this calls for upward scaling of successful interventions to remedy this situation given that health insurance increases access to healthcare services and improves financial risk protection. This study assessed the factors influencing uptake of national health insurance schemes among informal sector in Vihiga sub-county, Kenya.
Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. The target population was the informal sector workers. A sample of 384 participants was selected by cluster and simple random sampling techniques. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was summarized using tables, chi-square and bivariate logistic regression were used to test for associations (p<0.05).
Results: The study revealed that there was a significant influence of trust and knowledge of the health insurance scheme on the uptake of national health insurance (p < 0.05). The study further revealed that the attractiveness of the scheme had a big influence on the uptake of national health insurance
Conclusion: Trust and knowledge of the health insurance scheme had significant influence on uptake of national health insurance. Health Insurance Schemes should be designed in such a way that they attract informal sector workers and information regarding these schemes is disseminated to these people.
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ANALYSING THE LEVEL OF DEPRESSION AND ITS CAUSATIVE F...amsjournal
Depression is a pathological state of the mind characterised lack of self-confidence and self-esteem. The
cause of depression is multi factorial and various physical, psychological, environmental and genetic
factors have been implicated in the causation of depression. Despite being a serious condition in all age
groups, depression is more common and significant in the geriatric population as it is associated with
significant morbidity and mortality. Various scales have been developed to assess depression of which the
Geriatric Depression Scale is most suited for elderly population. It has a long form and short form, the
latter being more appropriate for elderly patients with dementia. In our study, we aim to analyse the
prevalence of depression among elderly patients visiting the outpatient departments of a tertiary care
hospital and determine the factors influencing depression in them. The study was an Observational cross sectional
study carried out on 51 elderly patients over the age of 60 years attending the various outpatient
departments of PSG Hospital. The Geriatric Depression Scale Short form was used to determine the
prevalence of depression. A self-designed questionnaire considering various factors causing depression
was administered to determine the factors influencing depression. It was found that among 51 elders in the
age group of 60 to 80 years, 58.8% were depressed of which 54% were males and 68% were females.
Financial fears regarding future and income insufficiency were the most important factors contributing to
depression. This shows that monetary fear is a major factor resulting in depression. The most effective
strategy to combat depression is to ensure appropriate self-report. The government and other organizations
must ensure that better support, both financial and other services like healthcare are provided to the
elderly in order to prevent depressive illnesses.
From a Maqama Writing in Arabic Literature to a Picaresque Writing in Spanish...inventionjournals
According to Marxist criticism, each phenomenon made during history is affected by the society`s material and historical conditions remembered as the infrastructure and the superstructure. From a Marxist perspective, literature is also a kind of superstructure that can both step into the present ideologies` survival or criticize them. Maqamat of Al-Hamadhani and Al-Hariri and Picaresque of Lazarillo are among the critical literatures of their own era. Abbasid like Monarchy of Spain and the Church of that era showed both mastery over the society and the unfair scattering of wealth as their natural right by applying the ideology of religion and converting their jobs to goods. In this way, they created the classified gap and spread poverty among common people. Therefore, the despotic governments were not only considered as the prominent factor both in the formation and similarity of the tales` content themes of Maqamat and Picaresque, but also caused a critical look to be provided at special classes and particular ideologies of these tales. Such governments used the ideologies like religion and its related schools of thought, morality based on the satisfaction of society`s ruling class needs reflecting the social nature, converting to goods, and promotion of believing in the classification in order to strengthen the foundations of their government
Culture, which is utilized to hand down material and spiritual values created in the process of social development to next generations, serves as a communication system within and among societies. As for culinary culture, it is included as a sub-category of culture and varies from region to region. Today, tourists may come to a destination within the scope of gastronomy tourism to taste foods belonging to that specific region and taste different flavors, and also to get to know various cuisines. Gastronomy activities need to be carried out and also within this context culinary museums need to be established in these destinations both to develop gastronomy tourism and to introduce cuisine, local foods and the history of these local foods apart from culinary culture. This study has been carried out with the purpose of introducing gastronomy and culinary museums founded in our country to introduce and sustain regional and traditional culinarycultures.
An Analysis of the Life of Prophet Muhammad: Servantleadership and Influenceinventionjournals
Prophet Muhammad is considered one of the most influential person in history, as Hart (1978) posited. Multiple historical sources are devoted to describing his behavior and personal characteristics to extract leadership behavior that leaders could emulate. This content analysis study is an examination of the Prophet’s leadership style as reflected in the literature to analyze his qualities and characteristics on the light of servant leadership approach to identify if there is a link between a servant-leader and an influential leader. The findings reveal that the Prophet’s style can be described as servant-leadership, which means that servant leadership approach has an impact in creating an influential leader. This study could help leaders, preachers, educators and anyone who has a responsibility to others to emulate the art of a servant-leader. The originality of the study is the first use of content analysis to examine the foundational of the Prophet’s leadership using servant leadership theory as a framework. As Prophet’s teachings and practices are misunderstood and misconstrued in some context, this study counters those misrepresentations about Islam and the Prophet, and elucidates the source of this religion, Prophet Muhammad who is the face and voice of Islam, and demonstrates the notion of leadership in Islam.
Cronic Energy Deficiency And Body Mass Index of Bhotia Tribal Children of Gar...inventionjournals
In the present study, an attempt has been made to use age and sex specific Body Mass Index thresholds for Bhotia tribal children of Garhwal Himalayas. BMI cut-off points for thinness grades 1, 2, 3 age and sex wise percentile curves passing through BMI of 16, 17, and 18.5 and for normal range of BMI of 18.5 to 23 kg/m2 have been used to evaluate the status of children as normal, overweight and obese. A total of 643 children (336 boys and 307 girls) aged 6 – 18 years had participated in the present study. Bhotia tribe is one of the oldest inhabitants of mountains region of Garhwal and Kumaun, Central Himalaya. Rice and millets is the staple food of Bhotias and salty butter tea or namkeen chai (Jya) is also consumed very frequently by them wild herbs and medicinal plants also contribute to their diet. Present study revealed that prevalence cronic energy deficency of grade-one thinness was 13.02 percent among girls and 6.84 percent among boys, Boys also having grade two and three (0.29%) thinness, 88.69 percent boys and 75.24 percent girls were having their BMI normal. The frequency of overweight individuals was 3.86 percent among the boys and 11.72 percent among girls, No child has been identified as obese. This is probably because the Bhotias lived in high altitude mountainous region where supplies of nutritious and surplus food through out the year is a difficult task, girls makes a better use of their provided food and manage to put subcutaneous fat on their body whereas boys merely maintained normal health, this may be because of the advantageous double x-gene in the case of girls.
Effectiveness of New Media as a Tool of Edu-Entertainment among School Childreninventionjournals
In this era of technological revolution and changing patterns of family life, children’s favorite pastime has gone beyond outdoor activities or reading bed time stories. Like any other age group, media and children are dependent mutually for their existence. While a majority of children are found watching Television, surfing internet, playing video games on smart phones or on computer, or watching their favorite cartoon/videos online media, we also have children being seriously considered as their prospective customers. We have an influx of Kids channels on Television, comics, VCD’s/DVD’s and New Media in its various manifestations are available in abundance. Childhood also refers to education and children spend a quality time in schools. Thanks to the concept of globalization, technological revolution has made their presence in many international schools that have mushroomed in many big cities. New Media which has found its niche in all fields has not spared education field also. Bangalore being an IT hub hosts innumerable types of educational franchise catering to the needs of customers. One of the most defining factors as observed in these schools is their extensive usage of new media tools as part of their system. In these schools the children are not only being exposed to new media as an educative medium but also for entertainment purposes, thus providing an impetus for better learning and understanding
Society and Environment in Ancient India (Study of Hydrology)inventionjournals
This paper attempts an analysis of the science and technology evolved in ancient India in relation to water .On the other side it focuses on the dominating role of water in the development of different civilizations as it attached a great importance to their life. The aim of the paper is to highlight the usefulness of those ancient hydraulic techniques of different regions of country at different times in terms of water conservation etc. Thus an effort is made to prove that the hydraulic techniques introduced, not only by the Government but also by the indigenous people which were highly advanced techniques of that period and these specific indigenous water-harvesting and collection methods were developed / evolved in direct response to local geo-physical conditions which has brought prosperity to the state and now the efforts are made by the recent governments and NGOs for the revival of those techniques for the betterment of the people .
Environment Impact Assessment: Significance, Process And Problemsinventionjournals
India is the seventh largest country in the world by geographical area. The huge population burden also brings with it a whole spectrum of social issues that have environmental implications. Any developmental endeavour requires not only the analysis of the need of such a project, the monetary costs and benefits involved but most important, it requires a consideration and detailed assessment of the effect of a proposed development on the environment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies are inevitably undertaken to evaluate potential negative impacts as well as to formulate Environmental Management Plans to overcome the identified impacts. This research review paper focus on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) significance, process and impact assessment problems. The environment impact assessment significance reveals that, EIA should be made with the purpose for determining the current status of the environment and identifying impact of critical activities on environmental parameters.The results also reveal that EIA process concentrate on problems, conflicts and natural resource constraints which might affect the viability of a developmental activities. It also predicts how the project could harm to people, their homeland and their livelihoods. The results also state that, improper screening and unable to address the right issues are major drawback of the impact assessment process, where everyone has to consider it for decision making process. Hence, The EIA is a proven management tool used extensively by governments and NGO’s for project planning and approval. The Government bodies should look into the EIA significance and provide guidelines and checklist for understating an EIA for all the activities which deteriorate the environmental quality in general, to be more specific the projects and location of mining, landfills etc.
Probing into English and Chinese Oral Interpretation Instruction from the Cul...inventionjournals
After reviewing the related literature, this paper summarizes studies about oral interpretation on the base of culture and pragmatics. Then the paper illustrates the function of culture and pragmatics in oral interpretation teaching and analyzes the relationship between culture and oral interpretation as well as the relationship between pragmatics and oral interpretation. And then it discusses about cultural and pragmatic oral interpretation teaching, and points out pragmatics has a significant guiding to oral interpretation teaching. Finally, it suggests that culture and pragmatics should help to facilitate oral interpretation instruction, including the following aspects: increasing pragmatic awareness, implementing teaching in context, emphasizing cultural teaching and employing authentic teaching materials.
Fınancıal Rısk Management 'S Impact On Company Valueinventionjournals
The competition taking place under the current conditions reveals future uncertainty. To protect against possible adversities and create defenses at this point, no longer it has a compelling Taking requests from businesses. Financial risk management, reduction of the negative effects of the financial risks to the company, so the profitability of the company and the company is found to be useful to the extent it is important towards enhancing competitiveness. Financial risk management activities are also a cost themselves. The benefits will be provided for the management of financial risk, financial risk activities of the company are meaningless if they remain lower than the resources will be spent on risk management. However, the issue is quite complex, sectoral and disadvantages of return of financial risk management, and risk types can vary cyclical basis. international financial markets since the 1970s witnessed an important transition period. The globalization of international financial markets, free movement of capital, technological advances and increased competition a new process, launched the company with financial instability and has faced financial risk concept. Therefore institutions in ensuring the continuity of existence and reaching their goals were to identify financial risks, measure and manage today's extremely critical.
Towards Indian Agricultural Information: A Need Based Information Flow Modelinventionjournals
Information is crucial for agriculture and rural development. ICT based services in agriculture is gaining importance day by day. Paper proposes to study the nature of agricultural information its uniqueness and problems of handling and organization. Agri informatics and use of different web portals for agriculture also discussed. Paper also highlighted the ICAR and IARIs contribution towards development of NARS (National Agricultural Research System) and models showing Information flow and strategic plan for organization of agricultural information. Some recommendations for proper organization and dissemination of agricultural information have been made to reach grass root level with desired agricultural information.
The Role of Youths in Electoral Processes: An Appraisal of the Nigerian 2015 ...inventionjournals
Youths represent a significant proportion of the Nigerian Population, but in spite of this, their level of political participation and representation in the electoral process in the past has been very poor and often times undermined; being largely noticed at the level of electoral malpractices, voting irregularities and covert or overtthuggery in support of political office seekers who paradoxically have dominated the political arena to the point of total exclusion of the youths, yet all groups (youths inclusive) seek to influence dispensation of power. The research therefore sets out to analytically x-ray the issues and challenges that confronted youths in previous general elections viz a viz the tremendous effort made by youths in making the 2015 general elections a success, by particularly the use of social media as a propaganda machine and the dogged attitude displayed in the course of retrieving permanent voters card which is unparrarelled and unprecedented. The research implores the use of vivid descriptive scenarios to make sound and logical arguments on the plight and strive of youth in forestalling equity and fair play in our electoral process and also on the strides recorded thereof. Using variables such as lack of proper electoral education and sensitization in the past, religious, regional and sectional divide, poverty, deprivation, thuggery, social media, permanent voters card and so forth, the researchers conclude that youths have in the past been largely responsible for scuttling elections but were however instrumental to the success of the 2015 general elections. It therefore recommends amongst other things that, it is imperative to develop and enhance the capability of youths in the electoral process by creating a robust orientation programme and also engaging them to become financially and morally equip, so as to drastically reduce if not totally eradicate arm-twisting or manipulation of youths in the society.
Albania aims to achieve a rapid, balanced and sustainable economic development, which requires the possession of capable human resources to cope with different challenges. In this context, among others, the employment and training of young people remain challenges that the Albanian society is facing from many years. High unemployment rates along with low labor force participation and low employment rates characterize the Albanian youth labor market (ILO, 2014, Youth employment and migration, Country brief Albania, pg.2). Studies and research on this phenomenon are important in order to create effective policies to overcome this problem. In this article, is treated the subject of employment for the age group of 15-29 years old. The main data analyzed in this paper are those of INSTAT, taking into consideration are the reports and studies carried out in this sector. The purpose is to show what are the difficulties of young people to enter the labor market and the main factors that influence it.
Organizational Stress, Job Satisfaction and Employee Mental Health: A Compara...inventionjournals
Employees are increasingly recognising that work is infringing on their personal lives and they are not happy about it. Evidence indicates that balancing work and life demands now surpasses job security as an employee priority. They want a life as well as a job. The purpose of the study is to assess the occupational stress, job satisfaction and mental health of employees belonging to two professions namely bank and IT firms comprising of both private as well as private sector. The need was felt so as to aid the personnel to combat with various dimensions of occupation stress and job dissatisfaction and to inculcate feelings of organisational citizenship behaviour and commitment and reduce employee turnover costs and attrition which is on the rise these days. Design and Methodology – An attempt was made to study 60 bank employees each from private sector and public sector. Similarly, from the IT firms 60 each employees were taken from private as well as public sector of Kolkata following simple random sampling.The total sample size was 240. For this purpose the following scales were used- 1.Job Satisfaction Questionnaire by Dr. B.C. Muthayya 2.The Occupational Stress Index by Dr. A. K. Shrivastava and Dr. A.P. Singh - It purports to measure the extent of stress which employees perceive in terms of 12 domains. 3.Employee's Mental Health Inventory (EMHI) by Dr.Jagdish Results – The occupational stress has been found out to be maximum in terms of role overload ,powerlessness, underparticipation ,low status and unprofitability for banks in private sector. Least occupational stress has been reported by employees working in IT private sector. Considering job satisfaction bank private sector face maximum job dissatisfaction. Whereas, IT govt sector encounters least job dissatisfaction. Lastly, taking into account employee mental health ,good mental health prevails among employees from IT govt sector and worst among bank private sector. Conclusion - Experiencing high levels of organisational stress has negative effects on task performance. It also adversely affects ones’ physical and mental health in a wide variety of ways. Stress and job dissatisfaction is a major cause to disrupt worklife balance , desk rage and burnout.
An Analysis on the Attitudes of Academic Staff towards Distance Educationinventionjournals
In this study, the attitudes of the academic staff working in NamıkKemal University (NKU) towards distance education were examined according to different variables. Within this scope, the distance education attitude scale developed by Ağır et al. was used. 283 out of 955 academic staff working in NKU participated in this research in 2015. The data obtained from the research were analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 22.0 program. In the evaluation of the data; numbers, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used as the descriptive statistical methods. T-test was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between two independent groups, while One-Way ANOVA was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between more than two independent groups. In order to determine the differences after the ANOVA, Scheffe’s test was used as the complementary post-hoc analysis. The obtained findings were evaluated at the confidence interval of 95% and at the significance level of 5%. It was determined in the study that the attitude level of the participants as to “the positive aspects of distance education” proved to be moderate (2,851 ± 0,716); whereas the attitude level as to “the negative aspects of distance education” proved to be weak (2,430 ± 0,757); and the attitude level as to “the advantages of distance education” proved to be high (3,618 ± 0,713).While age and gender were seen to have not affected the attitudes towards distance education, the academic title was seen to have affected these attitudes. The obtained statistical data and findings contributed to the studies regarding the foundation and constitution of Distance Education Center (DEC) as well as raising awareness for DEC
Climate Change and Climate-Induced Disasters in Odisha, Eastern India: Impact...inventionjournals
There is no doubt that climate change and climate induced-disasters pose a significant challenge to poverty reduction, health and development in many developing countries, including India. Odisha’s geographic location on the east coast of India and its climatic condition have meant that the state has historically been highly prone to climate change and multiple hazards, mainly cyclones, droughts and floods. Its fluctuating weather conditions suggest that Odisha is stumbling under climatic chaos. The state has been declared disaster-affected for 95 years of the last 105 years: floods have occurred for 50 years, droughts for 32 years and cyclones have struck the state for 11 years. After independence less importance has been given to the state as well as the development strategies of the state have tended to overlook the climate change, health, poverty related issues. The findings of the study highlight that there is a scarcity of research which can focus on different climatic induced calamity issues. Strong political will, strengthen infrastructures, public private partnership and community involvement and better planning can go beyond risk management to look at actions that address climate change and deliver benefits for growth and development. There is an urgent need to focus on the climate change, disasters and their vulnerability, and adaptation and coping mechanisms among the people in the state. The study recommends for future research and policy advocacy for better solutions and development strategies in the state.
Kisan Mobile Advisory Service- An Effective ICT Tool for Technology Dissemina...inventionjournals
The shifting emphasis of Indian agriculture towards diversification, commercialization, sustainability and efficacy has made it necessary for the state extension organizations to critically examine their extension approaches in relation to livelihood of rural masses. It was observed that our population is growing; per capita availability of arable land and irrigation water is shrinking. The frequent suggestion for food import ignores the fact that agriculture is not food producing machine, but is the backbone of the livelihood security system for over 60 per cent population. Development in science and technology in general as well as information and communication technology in particular endorses with ways of facilitating a wide range of communication, information and advisory services in process of technology transformation. Actually extension official are grappling with the question of how best to harness information and communication technology to improve rural livelihood wit sustainability. Sustainability emerges out of shared human resources objectives, knowledge, decision, technology and organization. Kisan Mobile Advisory Services (KMAS), which is a part of the ICT tools is employed by the most of the Krishi Vigyan Kendras in Orissa. In the programme the mobile numbers of progressive farmers, Krishak Sathis (Farmers’ friend), extension officials, and input dealers were registered and grouping is done as per the enterprise/activity basis for facility of filtering purpose. Till April, 2014 about 15000 numbers were registered. The usual messages are being serving twice a week and timely information/advices are communicating as per the need of the situation. From the list of progressive farmers, seventy five farmers were selected for the study with the objective to know their preferences and utility in their field situation. Majority of the farmers opined that time specific advisories are most important followed by weather forecasting and marketing information. The messages on agronomic practices are most suitable followed by management of disease & pests are found to be most suited as per the result. They suggested to serve the message on local language.
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manurial Combinations on Turmeric (Curcuma Lo...inventionjournals
The present experiment was conducted during the year 2014-2015 at Farmers field under On Farm Trail by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal (Odisha), India; to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic manurial combinations on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). The different treatment combinations were- T0 : full dose of RDF with chemical fertilizers (60 : 50 : 120 kg NPK/ha), T1 : 75% N through urea + 25% N (Vermicompost), T2 : 75% N (urea) + 25% N (Poultry manure), T3 : 75% N (urea) + 25% N (Farmyard manure), T4 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Vermicompost), T5 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Poultry manure), T6 : 50% N (urea) + 50% N (Farmyard manure), T7 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Vermicompost), T8 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Poultry manure) and T9 : 25% N (urea) + 25% N (Farmyard manure). The results clearly indicate that the treatment T5 significantly increased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, number of leaves/plant and number of tillers/clump followed by T4 over the control. The highest fresh rhizome yield (154.18 q/ha), dry rhizome yield (34.73 q/ha) and curcumin content (5.2%) were recorded in the treatmentT 5.
Analysis of Jimmy Porter’s Tirades in John Osborne’s Play Look Back in Angerinventionjournals
John Osborne is considered a dominant playwright who produced Look Back in Anger in 1956, in the post-world war II period in England. In 1944, the British Mass Education Act had made secondary Education free for everyone in the country. It shows that that people were free to depict their life in writings. John Osborne brought the revolution to portray the life of working class and their problems and depicted new angry energy to the theater and shocked the spectators. Look Back in Anger presents the invectives of the protagonist Jimmy Porter. He unleashes his invective against the establishment, the church and the family. His words are not merely violent speeches rather than they hold significance. My focus as a researcher is to analyze Jimmy Porter’s tirades and at the same time to state that these tirades or invectives of Jimmy Porter are justified so far as his contradictory situation is concerned. His position in the society is acknowledged only as a member of the working class but not as an educated person as Sunday papers leave him ignorant. Jimmy shows his hostility towards unjust attitude of the society, class discrimination and refusal to be assimilated by the bankruptcy of corruption, therefore the theater at that time brought the concept of angry young man.
Enormous changes have taken place in second and foreign language learning over recent decades [1]. Currently, there is a growing interest in the factors that influence the learning of the four language skills. This accepted interest is especially reflected in the field of Applied Linguistics, which has shifted its emphasis towards learners and learning [2]. In order to prosper in this complex process, students need to get over some obstacles. However, the way they face these difficulties in the classroom setting seems to vary among them due to the different ways they usually perceive information [3]. Hence, this study examines the learning strategies that allow foreign language students to deal with the problems that may arise during their learning process, which may be influenced by their learning styles. In particular, it focuses on direct reading strategies and more specifically with their manifestation in the assorted sensory preferences in English as a foreign language context. Then, it aims to prove that perception varies among individuals and therefore, learners do not use the same learning strategies when they are reading. Finally, the results of a small-scaled study are shown with the intention to provide some evidences that seem to demonstrate conclusively that learning styles have an impact on the direct reading strategies that learners use.
“The fundamentals of science of living may be defined as” the body of knowledge consisting of certain principles which define the style of life, show the problems and solutions and present the path for the betterment of way of life. The modern and contemporary culture is having an impact on education. Education is more understood to be a training for getting some skills to earn and live luxuriously than to improve knowledge and inculcate culture to have a journey for truth. When the education and training are endowed with the value s then the system becomes more a path for perfection. Such education backed by training can make the man to observe, analyse, synthesise and interpret the actions of his bodymind complex and make him potential enough to do a thing, pragmatic enough to be efficient and wise enough to have a hunt for peace and bliss. In his hunt for peace and bliss he finds out the first hurdle in his mind.
the importance of epidemiological studies, important historical research on mental health, techniques and processes, and epidemiological research findings on mental health during covid 19 are included.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
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ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
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Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data shows that in America one out of five individuals experience mental health problems annually; with mental disorders being recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such as anxiety, mood, and schizophren.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
31.Purpose
42.Background
5Research objectives
6Theoretical framework
63.EBP Model
74.Proposed Change
85.Outcomes
86.Evaluation Plan
97.Dissemination Plan
9Tools to be Used
9Peer review tools for the proposal
11Grant Request
11Proposed Tasks
11Task 1: Case study- Reviewing existing literature on stigma around mental health complications
11Task 2: Interviewing clinicians that have dealt with the study topic
12Task 3: Interviewing patients of mental health
12Schedule
13Budget
148.Appendices
14a.Informed Consent
19Certificate of Consent
19Signature or Date
21b.Literature Matrix
32c.Tools and equipment to be used
34References
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a ...
“A Study on Mental Health Problems of Adolescent” with Special Reference to C...ijtsrd
Mental health problems are very worldwide among adolescent. This may be due to the truth that attending family members to a difficult time for many traditional and non traditional among adolescent. Adolescent after effecting high school are typically younger, depend on parents for financial support, and do not work or work part time. Thus, in addition to stress related to academic load, these adolescent may have to face the task of taking on more adult like responsibilities lacking having yet mastered the skills and cognitive maturity of adulthood. Stress, life events, past experiences and genetics all play a part in determining our mental health. Student life exposes individuals to risk factors affecting mental health including financial worries, periods of transition, substance use, parental pressure, culture shock and disconnection from previous supports. Descriptive research design and simple random sampling technique was adopted for the study. A sample size of 60 people was collected using planned interviews. In this study conclude that 61 of the respondents had good mental health, 24 had moderate mental health, and the remaining 15 respondents had poor mental health. Dr. R. Revathi Priya | Ms. Vaishnavi. A "“A Study on Mental Health Problems of Adolescent” with Special Reference to Coimbatore Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59900.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/59900/“a-study-on-mental-health-problems-of-adolescent”-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-districts/dr-r-revathi-priya
A Study on Level of Mental Health Problems of Adolescentijtsrd
Mental health problems are very common among adolescent. This may be due to the fact that attending family members to a challenging time for many traditional and non traditional among adolescent. Adolescent after completing high school are typically younger, depend on parents for financial support, and do not work or work part time. Thus, in addition to stress related to academic load, these adolescent may have to face the task of taking on more adult like responsibilities without having yet mastered the skills and cognitive maturity of adulthood. Descriptive research design and simple random sampling technique was adopted for the study. A sample size of 60 was collected using interview scheduled. This study concludes that 58 of the respondents are having good level of mental health, 24 of the respondents are having moderate level of mental health and the remaining 18 of the respondents are having poor level of mental health. Ms. Elakkiya S | L. Jerlin Jeci "A Study on Level of Mental Health Problems of Adolescent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56206.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/56206/a-study-on-level-of-mental-health-problems-of-adolescent/ms-elakkiya-s
Impact of Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Intervention as an Add-on Treatment for Skin Diseases-Acne, Eczema and Psoriasis
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.5.2
ACCT500 – Economics Module Week 6 – Microeconomics Applications
INSTRUCTOR VIEW
Week 6 includes four (4) applications in major areas in Microeconomics: 1) Scarcity/Incentives; 2) Opportunity Costs; 3) Supply and Demand; and 4) Market Equilibrium. You must complete all four applications. The options for each application are located in the textbook.
Students will select one of the Options listed for each of the applications and will complete a draft essay for each of the applications. The drafts will be submitted for grading by the end of Week 6.
The Week 6 Assignment grading is as follows.
Applications 1, 2, 3, and 4: 9 points each
Articulation and APA: 2 points
The grading rubric for Week 6 is located on the Week 6 Assignments page.
Students will complete your Final Essay for each application as part of the Economics Assessment due by the end of Week 8. Final Assessment grading is as follows:
Applications 1, 2, 3, and 4: 27 points each
Articulation and APA: 12 points
The grading rubric for Economics Module Assessment is located on the Economics Module Assessment - Assignments page.
It is important to provide feedback as quickly as possible for the Week 6 Homework draft essays so that the students can begin working on the Final essays due in Week 8.
APPLICATION 1 - SCARCITY/INCENTIVES:
Prior to completing the application, it is highly recommended that students review Chapters 1 and 2 to gain a solid foundation.
Option 1: “INCENTIVES TO BUY HYBRID VEHICLES”
OPTION 2: “THE ECONOMIC SOLUTION TO SPAM”
APPLICATION 2: OPPORTUNITY COSTS:
Prior to completing the application, it is highly recommended that students review Chapters 1 and 2 to gain a solid foundation.
Option 1: DON’T FORGET THE COSTS OF TIME AND INVESTED FUNDS
option 2: HOW FAST TO SAIL?
APPLICATION 3: Law of SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
Prior to completing the application, it is highly recommended that students review Chapter 3 to gain a solid foundation.
Option 1: LAW OF DEMAND AND CIGARETTES
Option 2: LAW OF SUPPLY AND WOOLYMPICS
APPLICATION 4: Market Analysis (Equilibrium)
Prior to completing the application, it is highly recommended that students review Chapters 3 and 4 to gain a solid foundation.
Option 1: Equilibrium: CHINESE DEMAND AND PECAN PRICES
Option 2: Equilibrium: HONEYBEES AND THE PRICE OF ICE CREAM
Option 3: WHY LOWER DRUG PRICES?
Rough Draft
PSY 540 Cognitive Psychology
Ashley Brown
August 13, 2018
Problem Statement: Contemporary Problem
Failure to seek mental health treatment can cause serious mental illnesses in individuals’ life. Researchers have identified several barriers in which come in the way of care seeking and mental health treatment. The first barrier is stigma and discrimination, stigma refer to stereotypes/ prejudice and discrimination refers to cruel judgement. The high levels of stigma in the community often increase the fear, rejecting, and distance of those who suffer mental illness. Studies show that 45-60% of.
O R I G I N A L P A P E RInvoluntary commitment and detain.docxvannagoforth
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Involuntary commitment and detainment in adolescent
psychiatric inpatient care
Riittakerttu Kaltiala-Heino
Received: 14 January 2009 / Accepted: 31 July 2009 / Published online: 19 August 2009
� Springer-Verlag 2009
Abstract
Objective To evaluate whether adolescents committed to
psychiatric inpatient care are the most disturbed, and
whether psychosocial factors other than psychiatric symp-
toms are associated with commitment to and detainment in
psychiatric care among adolescents.
Materials and methods The case histories of 187 13- to
17-year-old adolescents consecutively admitted to the
study clinic were scrutinized with the help of a structured
data collection form. Psychiatric, demographic and family-
related characteristics of those referred involuntarily
(n = 93) and voluntarily (n = 94), and those detained
involuntarily (n = 42) and treated on a voluntary basis
(n = 145) were compared.
Results Involuntary referral and involuntary detainment
were associated with psychotic symptoms, temper tantrums
and breaking property, involuntary referral also with vio-
lent and hostile behaviours and suicidal ideation and talk.
They were not associated to family adversities, previous
treatment history or sociodemographic factors. The risk for
being committed when presenting with aggressive behav-
iours was greater in girls.
Conclusion Involuntary referral and detainment in ado-
lescents is associated with symptom severity, and not with
aspects of the adolescent’s living conditions. This is in
agreement with the legislation. Gender bias resulting in
girls’ greater risk of being involuntarily committed if dis-
playing aggressive behaviours may be an ethical and legal
problem.
Keywords Involuntary treatment �
Involuntary admission � Health services research �
Adolescent psychiatry
Introduction
In Western democracies, individuals basically have a right
to make decisions concerning themselves, including deci-
sions concerning their health that experts consider harmful.
In psychiatry, however, the patient’s wish not to be treated
can be overridden both referring to her/his need for treat-
ment and to dangerousness to her/himself or others. Mental
illness is considered to alter the patient’s understanding of
her/his situation and the consequences of her/his choices so
that s/he can no longer be deemed competent to make
decisions. Therefore, others can, or even must intervene.
Compulsory intervention is assumed to result in greater
good than no (coercive) intervention [10, 12, 16, 18, 34,
35]. On the other hand, coercive treatment may result in
greater harm than good, if ‘‘costs’’ such as violation of
autonomy, not improving or even getting worse, or being
pushed away from psychiatric services due to negative
experiences weigh more than benefits received [21, 28].
In order to be competent to make decisions, a patient
must be able to understand information as relevant to her/
his ...
Similar to Assessment of Health Professionals’ Views and Beliefs about Mental Illnesses: A Survey from Turkey (20)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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Assessment of Health Professionals’ Views and Beliefs about Mental Illnesses: A Survey from Turkey
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 5 ||May. 2016 || PP.55-62
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Assessment of Health Professionals’ Views and Beliefs about
Mental Illnesses: A Survey from Turkey
Gulay YİLDİRİM1
, Etem Erdal ERSAN2
, Sukran ERTEKİN PİNAR3
,
Cagla KİLİÇ4
1
Assoc. Prof., Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Ethics and the History of Medicine
Department, Sivas, Turkey
2
Assoc. Prof., Numune Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Sivas, Turkey
3
Asst. Prof., Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sivas, Turkey
4
Psychologist, Numune Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Sivas, Turkey
Abstract: Negative beliefs and prejudices might lead to stigmatization, violation of basic human rights and
discriminatory behaviors. To determine health professionals’ views and beliefs about mental illnesses. The
sample of this descriptive study comprised 317 health professionals working in Sivas Numune Hospital. Data
were collected with the Personal Information Form, Stigma Assessment Questionnaire and Beliefs toward
Mental Illness (BMI) Scale. For the statistical analysis, percentage distribution, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey test
were used. Of the participants, 18.6% had a relative with a mental illness, and 63.7% stated that people with a
mental illness. Whereas half of the health professionals stated favorable opinion about patients with
schizophrenia, 41% of them said that patients with schizophrenia might be dangerous and cause other people
harm. The mean scores obtained from the subscales of the BMI scale were as follows: 23.74±6.66 (min-max:6-
40) for the dangerousness subscale, 29.55±9.88 (min-max:0-55) for the helplessness and poor interpersonal
relationships subscale, and 1.76±2.30 (min-max: 0-10) for the shame subscale. The mean total score of the BMI
scale was 55.06±16.06 (min-max: 6-100). Of the health care professionals, the nurses/midwives, high school
graduates, those with income equal to expenditure and those who had negative opinions about patients with
schizophrenia obtained significantly higher total scores from the BMI Scale (p<0.05). Although the majority of
the health care professionals had positive opinions of patients with schizophrenia, nearly, half of them thought
that patients with schizophrenia could be dangerous and cause harm to other people.
Keywords: Belief, health care professionals, mental illnesses, stigmatization, views of health professionals.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mental illnesses are prevalent in developed and developing countries [1]. According to the World Health
Organization (2002), one out of every four people in the world face the risk of a mental illness [2]. According to
the Mental Health Profile of Turkey, 18% of the population suffers a mental illness at some point in their lives.
In the National Mental Health Action Plan report, among the mental illnesses, schizophrenia ranked second
(2.3%) both in men and in women [3]. Schizophrenia itself, side effects of some medication used for
schizophrenia, appearance or behaviors of patients with schizophrenia which disturb other people, and the
society’s perceiving schizophrenia as violence and a damage-causing disorder can cause society to develop
negative attitudes towards schizophrenia [4]. That people are frightened of patients with a mental illness and that
mental illness is not perceived as an illness affect such attitudes [5]. In a community, individuals with mental
disorders are usually perceived as weird, scary, hard to communicate, unreliable and dangerous, and thus they
are devalued [6,7].
People who are the part of socialization in a culture they belong to develop mental-illness related concepts and
beliefs in the early years of their lives under the influence of the formal education, family, their own personal
experiences and media [1,8]. Negative beliefs in society about mental illnesses not only affect adaptation of
individuals with mental illnesses to society, their coping with the disease effectively, socialization, admission to
health facilities, quality of life, and compliance to treatment and care, but also lead to unemployment,
inadequate education and income losses [6,9-11]. These negative results drive individuals with a mental illness
to desperation, and reduce their self-esteem and self-confidence [12,13].
Negative beliefs and prejudices might lead to stigmatization, violation of basic human rights and discriminatory
behaviors [13]. Stigmatization is a set of behaviors leading to the separation of people with certain diseases from
others or exclusion of them from society by discriminating against and disparaging them [5]. Among the
important factors causing stigmatization are a person’s having a psychiatric illness, being treated in psychiatric
clinics and/or taking psychiatric medication [13].
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Both society and health professionals play a part in the stigmatization of individuals with deteriorated mental
health [13]. Of the mental illnesses, the one stigmatized most is schizophrenia [7]. Studies investigating health
professionals’ attitudes towards patients with schizophrenia revealed that their attitudes were similar to other
people’s attitudes [10]. Society and health professionals’ schizophrenia-related misbeliefs are that schizophrenia
is untreatable, patients with schizophrenia are dangerous and aggressive, and they should not be employed [5].
Attitudes of health professionals providing health services, education and counseling for patients with mental
disorders are important because their attitudes directly affect the help these patients receive [4,8]. Given that
mental, social and cultural factors shape attitudes and that health professionals represent the community they
serve, it is necessary to determine health professionals’ attitudes. Health professionals’ awareness of their
attitudes towards mental disorders and coping with their negative attitudes will affect the quality of care and
thus patients' quality of life and satisfaction. This will also help patients with mental disorders receive optimal
health services without being exposed to any discrimination. Health professionals’ negative attitudes towards
schizophrenia, their approaches leading to social isolation and stigmatization will adversely affect the
community’s attitudes towards schizophrenia and thus might lead to discrimination. The present study aims to
determine health professionals’ views and beliefs regarding mental illnesses.
II. Materials And Methods
Sample
The target population of this descriptive study comprised 450 health professionals including physicians, nurses,
midwives and other health professionals working in departments other than mental health in Sivas Numune
Hospital in Turkey. Of the target population, 317 accepted to participate in the study between 15 and 30 April
2013 comprised the study sample.
Data collection
The research data were collected with personal information form, Stigma Assessment Questionnaire and Beliefs
toward Mental Illness Scale.
Personal Information Form: The form developed by the researchers through the review of the literature
includes 9 questions on the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and 7 questions on their views
related to mental illnesses [14,15].
Stigma Assessment Questionnaire: The questionnaire consists of eight questions to determine the participants’
views on schizophrenia. The items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=Strongly disagree 2=disagree,
3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree). The lowest and highest possible scores to be obtained
from the scale are 8 and 40 respectively [15].
Beliefs toward Mental Illness (BMI) Scale: The scale was developed by Hirai and Clum (2000) to determine
positive and negative beliefs of individuals with different cultural characteristics towards mental illnesses in the
United States. The scale consists of 21 items rated on a 6-point Likert type scale (0=completely disagree,
1=mostly disagree, 2=partly disagree, 3=partly agree, 4=mostly agree, 5=completely agree). The lowest and
highest possible scores to be obtained from the scale are 0 and 105 respectively. Higher scores obtained from the
overall scale and subscales indicate negative beliefs. The BMI scale consists of three subscales (Dangerousness
subscale, Helplessness and poor interpersonal relationships subscale, Shame subscale). In the validity and
reliability study of the scale conducted by Bilge and Çam (2008) in Turkey, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the
overall scale was 0.82 [14].
Procedure
Before the application, the participants were informed about how they would fill in the data collection tools. The
researchers handed out the questionnaires to the participants and collected them after the participants filled them
in. It took approximately 10-15 minutes to fill in the questionnaires.
Data analysis
The data obtained from the study were evaluated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows
14.0. In the analysis of data, percentage distribution, significance of the difference between two means test and
ANOVA were used whereas the Tukey test was used to determine from which group the difference arises. In
determining whether there was a statistically significant relationship between the variables, p<0.05 was used.
Ethical considerations
Before the study was started, the approval of Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision no: 2013-04/12)
and the written permission from Numune Hospital where the study was to be carried out were obtained.
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III. Findings
Of the participants in the present study, 27.4% were in the 30-34 age group, 63.1% were university graduates,
67.5% were women, 79.2% were married, 62.1% were nurses/midwives, 89.6% grew up in urban areas, 73.5%
had children, 54.6% had an income equal to expenses, 90.5% had a nuclear family, and 18.6% had a relative
with a mental disorder. Sixty-three point seven percent of the respondents stated that people with mental
disorders caused them distress.
Whereas half of the health professionals stated favorable opinion about patients with schizophrenia, 41% of
them said that patients with schizophrenia might be dangerous and cause other people harm, 47% did not want
to have neighbors with schizophrenia and 44.8% stated that people with schizophrenia are bizarre people (Table
1)
Table 1: Scores Health Professionals Obtained from the Stigma Assessment Questionnaire
The mean scores obtained from the subscales of the BMI scale were as follows: 23.74 ± 6.66 (min-max: 6-40)
for the dangerousness subscale, 29.55 ± 9.88 (min-max: 0-55) for the helplessness and poor interpersonal
relationships subscale, and 1.76 ± 2.30 (min-max: 0-10) for the shame subscale. The mean total score of the
scale was 55.06 ± 16.06 (min-max: 6-100. The mean scores obtained from the dangerousness and helplessness
and poor interpersonal relationships subscales were above the average (Table 2).
Table 2: Mean Scores Obtained from the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness (BMI) Scale
*
scores health professionals obtained from the BMI scale
**
min-max scores for the BMI scale
Statements Disagree Neither
disagree nor
agree
Agree
n % n % n %
Patients with schizophrenia have poor personality
traits
188 59.3 91 28.7 38 12.0
Patients with schizophrenia cannot take care of
themselves
199 62.8 61 19.2 57 18.0
Patients with schizophrenia are dangerous and can
cause harm any moment
118 37.2 69 21.8 130 41.0
Patients with schizophrenia are not different from the
children
177 55.8 76 24.0 64 20.2
Patients with schizophrenia cannot carry out their
responsibilities
156 49.2 65 20.5 96 30.3
I do not want to have neighbors with schizophrenia 93 29.3 75 23.7 149 47.0
Patients with schizophrenia are bizarre people 99 31.2 76 24.0 142 44.8
It is not worth spending time and money for patients
with schizophrenia
267 84.2 35 11.0 15 4.8
Subscales Min−Max Mean
Dangerousness
Helplessness and poor interpersonal
relationships
Shame
Total
6−40*
(0-40)**
0−55*
(0-55)**
0−10*
(0-10)**
6−100*
(0-105)**
23.74±6.66
29.55±9.88
1.76±2.30
55.06±16.06
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A statistically significant difference was found between the mean scores obtained from the BMI scale and its
dangerousness and helplessness and poor interpersonal relationships subscales, and the following items in the
Stigma Assessment Questionnaire: "Patients with schizophrenia have poor personality traits," "Patients with
schizophrenia are dangerous and can cause harm any moment", "Patients with schizophrenia are not different
from the children," "Patients with schizophrenia cannot carry out their responsibilities," "I do not want to have
neighbors with schizophrenia" (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was determined between the mean
scores obtained from the BMI scale, its dangerousness, helplessness and poor interpersonal relationships and
shame subscales, and the following statements: "Patients with schizophrenia are bizarre people" and "It is not
worth spending time and money for patients with schizophrenia" (p<0.05). The mean total scores obtained from
the BMI scale by the health professionals who had negative opinion of patients with schizophrenia were high.
The difference between the mean scores for the BMI scale, its dangerousness, helplessness and poor
interpersonal relationships and shame subscales, and the statement "Patients with schizophrenia cannot take care
of themselves" was not statistically significant (p>0.05) (Table 3).
Table 3: Mean Scores Health Professionals Obtained from the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness (BMI) Scale and
its Subscales According to the Items in the Stigma Assessment Questionnaire
Subscales of the BMI Scale
Dangerousness
X±SD
Helplessness
and poor
interpersonal
relationships
X±SD
Shame
X±SD
Total
BMI Scale
X±SD
Patients with schizophrenia have poor
personality traits
Disagree
Neither disagree nor agree
Agree
F
p
22.45±6.54
24.67±5.82
27.92±7.23
F=12.703
p=0.000*
27.76±9,64
31.06±9,30
34.78±10,16
F=10.030
p=0.000*
1.60±2.23
1.97±2.39
2.10±2.39
F=1.283
p=0.279
51.81±15.61
57.71±14.46
64.81±17.17
F=12.992
p=0.000*
Patients with schizophrenia cannot take
care of themselves
Disagree
Neither disagree nor agree
Agree
F
p
23.51±6.61
24.01±6.77
24.28±6.81
F=0.354
p=0.702
28.99±9.59
29.75±11.80
31.28±8.50
F=1.202
p=0.302
1.72±2.28
2.09±2.40
1.57±2.24
F=0.857
p=0.426
54.23±1.56
55.86±1.84
57.14±1.49
F=0.819
p=0.442
Patients with schizophrenia are
dangerous and can cause harm any
moment
Disagree
Neither disagree nor agree
Agree
F
p
21.54±6.43
23.11±6.02
26.08±6.49
F=16.153
p=0.000*
27.53±9.67
30.33±8.94
30.96±10.30
F=4.089
p=0.018*
1.52±2.25
2.21±2.44
1.75±2.24
F=1.985
p=0.139
50.60±15.62
55.66±14.48
58.80±16.35
F=8.518
p=0.000*
Patients with schizophrenia are not
different from the children
Disagree
Neither disagree nor agree
Agree
F
p
22.40±6.44
24.77±6.40
26.25±6.73
F=9.500
p=0.000*
27.36±9.47
30.84±9.61
34.07±9.64
F=12.557
p=0.000*
1.60±2.18
2.15±2.55
1.76±2.29
F=1.542
p=0.216
51.36±15.43
57.77±15.47
62.09±15.68
F=12.786
p=0.000*
Patients with schizophrenia cannot
carry out their responsibilities
Disagree
Neither disagree nor agree
Agree
F
p
22.60±6.37
23.69±6.10
25.63±7.13
F=6.327
p=0.002*
27.99±9.78
29.43±9.96
32.16±9.54
F=5.451
p=0.005*
1.58±2.18
2.33±2.60
1.67±2.22
F=2.564
p=0.079
52.19±15.27
55.46±16.18
59.47±16.37
F=6.346
p=0.002*
I do not want to have neighbors with
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schizophrenia
Disagree
Neither disagree nor agree
Agree
F
p
20.89±5.82
22.96±6.02
25.92±6.75
F=18.919
p=0.000*
26.36±8.95
29.28±10.62
31.67±9.55
F=8.711
p=0.000*
1.44±2.06
2.28±2.64
1.71±2.22
F=2.863
p=0.059
48.69±14.18
54.52±16.23
59.32±15.81
F=13.580
p=0.000*
Patients with schizophrenia are bizarre
people
Disagree
Neither disagree nor agree
Agree
F
p
21.09±6.29
23.52±6.15
25.71±6.56
F=15.376
p=0.000*
26.65±9.72
29.82±9.60
31.42±9.73
F=7.081
p=0.001*
1.27±1.87
2.35±2.59
1.80±2.34
F=4.900
p=0.008*
49.02±15.37
55.71±14.65
58.94±1608
F=11.989
p=0.000*
It is not worth spending time and money
for patients with schizophrenia
Disagree
Neither disagree nor agree
Agree
F
p
23.39±6.51
23.94±6.68
29.60±7.09
F=6.376
p=0.002*
28.85±9.27
31.82±12.84
36.60±9.75
F=5.555
p=0.004*
1.59±2.15
2.25±2.63
3.66±3.03
F=6.856
p=0.001*
53.85± 15.25
58.02±18.54
69.86±16.76
F=8.073
p=0.000*
*
p<0.05
Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics with the BMI scale revealed that the total BMI scale scores of
the nurses/midwives, high school graduates and those with the income equal to expenses were statistically
higher (p<0.05). When the subscales of the BMI scale were evaluated, it was determined that the
nurses/midwives and high school graduates obtained higher scores from the dangerousness, helplessness and
poor interpersonal relationships and shame subscales whereas those in the 20-24 age group and those having
income equal to expenses obtained higher scores only from the shame subscale (p<0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4: Mean Scores Health Professionals Obtained from the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness (BMI) Scale and
its Subscales According to Their Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Subscales of the BMI Scale
Dangerousness
X±SD
Helplessness
and poor
interpersonal
relationships
X±SD
Shame
X±SD
Total BMI
Scale
X±SD
Age
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
≥40
F
p
25.40±7.18
24.23±5.97
24.75±7.02
22.11±6.52
23.36±6.51
F=2.089
p=0.082
30.31±9.86
29.59±8.91
30.13±9.86
27.88±10.87
30.14±9.65
F=0.692
p=0.598
3.09±2.68
1.86±2.07
1.89±2.48
1.62±2.21
1.35±209
F=2.703
p=0.031*
58.81±17.81
55.69±14.83
56.79±16.13
51.62±17.03
54.86±15.21
F=1.408
p=0.231
Education
High school
University
Postgraduate
F
p
26.63±6.25
24.52±6.42
20.97±6.53
F=12.503
p=0.000*
34.53±10.07
30.21±10.04
26.32±8.42
F=9.368
p=0.000*
2.26±2.31
1.98±2.49
1.10±1.61
F=5.363
p=0.005*
63.43±15.43
56.71±15.97
48.40±14.21
F=13.615
p=0.000*
Profession
Nurse/midwife
Physician
Other health personnel
F
p
24.49±6.23
21.00±6.55
25.06±7.54
F=8.895
p=0.000*
30.27±9.38
26.77±8.67
31.00±12.85
F=4.056
p=0.018*
2.04±2.41
1.16±1.73
1.60±2.47
F=4.201
p=0.016*
56.81±14.83
48.93±14.79
57.66±20.48
F=7.517
p=0.001*
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Income-expenditure status
Income less than expenses
Income equal to expenses
Income greater than expenses
F
p
24.77±7.12
23.80±6.31
22.40±6.89
F=2.309
p=0.101
30.12±11.10
30.25±9.55
27.07±8.93
F=2.701
p=0.069*
1.84±2.52
1.98±2.33
1.11±1.80
F=3.552
p=0.030*
56.75±17.53
56.05±15.46
50.59±15.23
F=3.394
p=0.035*
*
p<0.05
IV. Discussion
In this present study, most of the health care professionals had positive opinions of patients with schizophrenia.
This is probably because they did not deal with individuals with mental illnesses or did not directly witness
negative behaviors displayed by those people or the symptoms of mental illnesses. Another reason was that
people in general feel pity for people with disabilities. Similar to the results of the present study, the results
obtained in Shyangwa et al.’s (2003) study conducted to assess nurses' knowledge of and attitudes towards
mental illnesses indicated that the majority of the nurses displayed positive attitudes towards mental illnesses
[11].
Nearly half of the respondents stated that patients with schizophrenia might be dangerous and cause other
people harm. This might be due to repulsive physical appearance of patients with schizophrenia, and their
behaviors. The health professionals may have thought that individuals with mental disorders are incompetent,
aggressive, dangerous and unreliable, because these patients are perceived to have the potential to engage in
unpredictable behaviors such as irresponsibility and lack of self-control. Furthermore, these findings suggest
that health professionals need more information about the treatment and course of schizophrenia, and do not
know much about mental illnesses. Of the attitudes non-psychiatric health professionals display towards patients
with mental disorders, uneasiness and reluctance to establish contact with these patients are noteworthy. In
several studies, the majority of non-psychiatric health professionals perceive patients with mental illnesses as
offensive [16-18]. In Shyangwa et al.’s (2003) study conducted to assess nurses’ knowledge of and attitudes
toward mental illnesses, while 30% of the respondents perceived individuals with mental illnesses as aggressive
and dangerous, 37.3% used the word "crazy" to describe them [11]. In Kapungwe et al.’s (2011) study, nearly
half of the respondents perceived individuals with mental illnesses as aggressive [19].
Another reason underlying health professionals’ negative opinions of schizophrenia might be due the fact that
they are not knowledgeable enough about how to deal with patients with schizophrenia and their behaviors [12].
Society’s prejudices, general conditions of psychiatric services, media and movies about psychiatric patients and
psychiatric clinics may affect health professionals’ negative views of and stigmatizing attitudes toward people
with mental disorders [20]. There are also studies reporting that even health professionals working in psychiatry
clinics display negative attitudes toward people with mental disorders [6]. This might be attributed to their
experiences in their professional life rather than prejudices.
Comparison of views about mental illnesses and the scores for the BMI scale revealed that total BMI scale
scores of health professionals with negative opinions were higher. Nearly half of the respondents stated that they
did not want to have neighbors with schizophrenia and that people with schizophrenia were bizarre people.
Studies conducted with non-psychiatric health professionals revealed that more than half of them kept social
distance with patients with schizophrenia, and that the vast majority of them exhibited negative and dismissive
attitudes towards patients with schizophrenia [18]. In Aker et al.’s (2002) study investigating primary-care
physicians’ opinions about people with schizophrenia, more than half of the physicians stated that patients with
schizophrenia should not be allowed to freely act in the community, that they would be uncomfortable having a
neighbor with schizophrenia, and that these people would not make right decisions about their lives [17]. In the
literature, it has been emphasized that not knowledge but negative attitudes toward and judgments about patients
come to the foreground, that attitudes toward mental health problems are not sufficiently positive, and that
dismissive and stigmatizing attitudes towards patients with schizophrenia among physicians are prevalent [10].
Studies conducted in Turkey indicate that lay people have negative opinions of patients with schizophrenia as do
health professionals [7]. Students who are candidates of health professions also have negative opinions about
patients with schizophrenia. Negative opinions they form during school years cause them to maintain the same
opinion in work life [21].
The scores obtained from the BMI scale and its subscales except for the shame subscale were above average.
Based on this, it can be said that the participants had favorable beliefs about mental illnesses only in terms of the
shame subscale. People as part of the socialization process in a culture they belong to develop mental illness-
related concepts and beliefs in the early years of their lives. In other studies on the issue, adolescents and
individuals who did not yet begin working life achieved scores similar to those of adults working in the health
field [21,22].
Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics with the BMI scale scores revealed that the health
professionals in the 20-24 age group had more negative beliefs about mental illnesses than did the health
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professionals over age 40. The younger health professionals’ having more negative beliefs about mental
illnesses might be due the fact that they lack adequate knowledge and experience about the diagnosis, etiology
and treatment of mental diseases, and face patients with mental illnesses less often. However, that international
and national projects on the prevention of stigmatization have been put into effect only recently and that these
topics are not included in the curricula may have affected this situation. Fears and lack of knowledge lead to
prejudices in society. Therefore, to reduce these prejudices and stigmatization in the society, informative and
educational campaigns should be widely held in the different segments of society [23]. By improving negative
attitudes towards psychiatric disorders during adolescence, social distance between adults to psychiatric patients
can be reduced [22]. Studies conducted with adolescents and medical school students indicate that they exhibit
stigmatizing and negative attitudes towards schizophrenia [23,24]. Ndetei et al., (2011) conducted a study with
684 non-psychiatric hospital employees and found that awareness of mental illnesses of physicians at the age of
40 or over were more positive, which supports the results obtained from the present study [8]. However, the
results of Aker et al.’s (2002) study of primary-care physicians were different from the results of this present
study, because their results indicated that mean scores were dependent on the age factor, and that as the age
increased so did the rate of negative opinions of schizophrenia [17]. In Kapungwe et al.'s (2011) study of
primary caregivers, participants over the age of 40 were more uncomfortable with individuals with mental
illnesses than were participants in the 19-25 age group [19]. Unlike the results of the present study, the results of
a study conducted by Bağ and Ekinci (2005) to investigate attitudes displayed by health personnel towards
individuals with mental health problems revealed that there was no significant relationship between age groups
and attitudes towards mental health problems [18]. This is probably due to the fact that the participants’ age
groups in the two studies were different.
Health professionals with the Master’s degree had a more positive belief about the items in the dangerousness,
helplessness, poor interpersonal relationships and shame subscales. In their study (2005), Bağ and Ekinci found
results similar to those in the present study indicating that university graduate health professionals’ attitudes
towards individuals with mental health problems were more positive [18]. In their study (2011), Ndetei et al.
determined that knowledge positively contributed to attitudes towards mental illnesses [8]. Performing attempts
to develop health students’ awareness of their own feelings and thoughts, and rather than providing theoretical
training on attitudes towards mental illnesses, enabling them to form favorable beliefs and opinions of mental
illnesses during practical training are considered to play a role in reducing their negative beliefs and opinions
likely to arise early in their professional lives in the future. Corrigan and Watson (2002) stated that providing
accurate information about mental illnesses might help eliminate false beliefs and doubts in the community and
reduce mental illness-related fears and social distance [9].
Physicians’ beliefs about the items in the dangerousness, helplessness and poor interpersonal relationships and
shame subscales were more positive. The fact that patients are in direct contact with nurses and health workers
other than physicians accounts for these health professionals’ negative attitudes [20]. Many health professionals
might have difficulty in understanding people with mental illnesses in clinics and in the community and thus
might form negative opinions [18].
Medical staff with income greater than expenses had a more positive belief about the items in the
dangerousness, helplessness and poor interpersonal relationships and shame subscales. An individual’s
perception of his/her economic level as inadequate leads to negative feelings and judgments such as
worthlessness, fear of rejection, despair, shame and low self-confidence and thus reduction in self-esteem.
Individuals who perceive themselves as worthless and inadequate might have negative judgment about
individuals with mental illnesses. In Çam and Bilge’s study (2011) conducted with non-medical people, people
with low economic levels perceived people with mental illness as dangerous and had negative beliefs about
them [25].
V. Conclusion And Suggestions
Although the majority of health care professionals had positive opinions of patients with schizophrenia, nearly
half of them thought that patients with schizophrenia could be dangerous and cause other people harm. The total
mean score they obtained from the BMI scale was above 50%. Of the participants, nurses/midwives, high school
graduates and those with income equal to expenses had negative opinions about mental illnesses. In the light of
these results, it is recommended to provide training for health care personnel during school years and after
graduation to help them raise awareness of their thoughts and feelings regarding mental illnesses, recognize the
underlying causes of their feelings or behaviors and carry out the treatment and care as required by their
professions free of social prejudices. It is also recommended to inform them of ethical issues.
Limitations of the study
The results obtained from this study are applicable only to the study sample and cannot be generalized.
8. Assessment of Health Professionals’ Views and Beliefs about Mental Illnesses: a Survey From..
www.ijhssi.org 62 | P a g e
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
*The study was presented at a posterpresentation in the 6th International Congress on Psychopharmacology &
2nd International Symposium on Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 16-20 April 2014, Antalya,
Turkey.
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