OECD Green Talks LIVE - Management of Pharmaceutical Household Waste: Limitin...OECD Environment
Pharmaceutical household waste from expired or unused medicine does not only offer zero therapeutic benefit, but also contributes to environmental pollution when disposed of via improper routes. Medicines discarded in sinks and flushed down toilets enter sewage waters and, if not filtered out, leak into aquatic systems. Disposal of unused and expired medicines via solid household waste can also result in pharmaceutical residues entering the environment if this waste is illegally dumped, or destined for landfills. In addition to environmental risks, unused or expired medicine not only present a possible public health risk of accidental or intentional misuse and poisoning, but also constitute wasted healthcare resources.
Where do OECD countries stand on consumption and disposal of pharmaceuticals? What is the role for policy makers and how can collection schemes help to prevent, collect and treat unused and expired medicines to protect human health and our environment?
On 10 May 2022, the OECD and experts explored these questions and more during the launch of the OECD report "Management of Pharmaceutical Household Waste: Limiting Environmental Impacts of Unused or Expired Medicine". This report provides an overview of available data on pharmaceutical consumption and disposal practices across OECD countries, reviews existing collection schemes and provides recommendations to avoid leakage into the environment.
The webinar included a presentation of the key findings and discussion with experts:
Moderation: Shardul Agrawala, Head of the Environment and Economic Integration Division, OECD Environment Directorate
Presentation of report: Frithjof Laubinger, Environmental Economist, OECD Environment Directorate
Panellists:
Terri Drover, Director General, Health Products Stewardship Association
Lisa Stern Ödmark, Chief Strategist, Swedish Pharmacy Association
Discussion/Q&A, with Peter Borkey, Circular Economy Lead, OECD Environment Directorate
This ppt is all about Biostatistics for Medical, Nursing and Pharmacy Students...
The Essentials of Biostatistics for Physicians, Nurses, and Clinicians
Biostatistics – Lecture Notes/Book (PDF) Nursing
Biostatistics are the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. It encompasses the design of biological experiments, the collection and analysis of data from those experiments and the interpretation of the results.
The end of what? UK E-cigarette Summit 2023Clive Bates
The extended version of my presentation to the UK E-cigarette summit 16 November 2023. We look at the following:
1. End of harm or end of nicotine
2. The demand for nicotine
3. The future market for nicotine
4. False risk perceptions
5. Who is to blame
Sample size and how to calculate it
- Why sample size is important
- Alpha and beta errors
- Main outcome and Effect size
- Practical examples using Means-Proportions-Correlation- Confidence Interval
OECD Green Talks LIVE - Management of Pharmaceutical Household Waste: Limitin...OECD Environment
Pharmaceutical household waste from expired or unused medicine does not only offer zero therapeutic benefit, but also contributes to environmental pollution when disposed of via improper routes. Medicines discarded in sinks and flushed down toilets enter sewage waters and, if not filtered out, leak into aquatic systems. Disposal of unused and expired medicines via solid household waste can also result in pharmaceutical residues entering the environment if this waste is illegally dumped, or destined for landfills. In addition to environmental risks, unused or expired medicine not only present a possible public health risk of accidental or intentional misuse and poisoning, but also constitute wasted healthcare resources.
Where do OECD countries stand on consumption and disposal of pharmaceuticals? What is the role for policy makers and how can collection schemes help to prevent, collect and treat unused and expired medicines to protect human health and our environment?
On 10 May 2022, the OECD and experts explored these questions and more during the launch of the OECD report "Management of Pharmaceutical Household Waste: Limiting Environmental Impacts of Unused or Expired Medicine". This report provides an overview of available data on pharmaceutical consumption and disposal practices across OECD countries, reviews existing collection schemes and provides recommendations to avoid leakage into the environment.
The webinar included a presentation of the key findings and discussion with experts:
Moderation: Shardul Agrawala, Head of the Environment and Economic Integration Division, OECD Environment Directorate
Presentation of report: Frithjof Laubinger, Environmental Economist, OECD Environment Directorate
Panellists:
Terri Drover, Director General, Health Products Stewardship Association
Lisa Stern Ödmark, Chief Strategist, Swedish Pharmacy Association
Discussion/Q&A, with Peter Borkey, Circular Economy Lead, OECD Environment Directorate
This ppt is all about Biostatistics for Medical, Nursing and Pharmacy Students...
The Essentials of Biostatistics for Physicians, Nurses, and Clinicians
Biostatistics – Lecture Notes/Book (PDF) Nursing
Biostatistics are the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. It encompasses the design of biological experiments, the collection and analysis of data from those experiments and the interpretation of the results.
The end of what? UK E-cigarette Summit 2023Clive Bates
The extended version of my presentation to the UK E-cigarette summit 16 November 2023. We look at the following:
1. End of harm or end of nicotine
2. The demand for nicotine
3. The future market for nicotine
4. False risk perceptions
5. Who is to blame
Sample size and how to calculate it
- Why sample size is important
- Alpha and beta errors
- Main outcome and Effect size
- Practical examples using Means-Proportions-Correlation- Confidence Interval
World No Tobacco Day 2017 | Say No To Tobacco And Protect Your HeralthIndus Health Plus
On World No Tobacco Day 2017, Indus Health Plus spreading the awareness about the risks of using tobacco and motivate them to quit tobacco.
The Theme for No Tobacco Day is "Tobacco - a threat to development".
Regular tobacco consumption leaves an unseen scar, it fills your insides with toxins and invites NCDs like Cardiovascular disease, Cancers and COPD. It kills you so quit it today and live a healthy life.
If you are smoker and tobacco user quit it today and go for preventive health checkup which will helps you to know your health status also helps to detect developing diseases at early stage.
Get avail health checkup packages at http://bit.ly/2rafc2q
Also Know "Top 9 Reasons to Quit Smoking Now" at http://bit.ly/2rnbMJZ
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, health care, epidemiology, health system, health policy, health management, health economics, critical appraisal, online journal club, article appraisal, bachelor of public health, nursing, allied health sciences
This Information Brief was developed by WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development to support staff of the Organization and other UN agencies working at global, regional and national levels in promoting the uptake of effective interventions to improve the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents through schools in low-income countries. The premise of the Brief is that school-based sexual and reproductive health education is one of the most important and widespread ways to help adolescents to recognize and avert risks and improve their reproductive health. This evidence-based information brief establishes ways in which the health sector can help the education sector provide appropriate information to adolescents about when and why they need to use health services and where these may be available.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Dhenkanal_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Ganjam_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Malkanagiri_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Kalahandi_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Nayagarh_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
World No Tobacco Day 2017 | Say No To Tobacco And Protect Your HeralthIndus Health Plus
On World No Tobacco Day 2017, Indus Health Plus spreading the awareness about the risks of using tobacco and motivate them to quit tobacco.
The Theme for No Tobacco Day is "Tobacco - a threat to development".
Regular tobacco consumption leaves an unseen scar, it fills your insides with toxins and invites NCDs like Cardiovascular disease, Cancers and COPD. It kills you so quit it today and live a healthy life.
If you are smoker and tobacco user quit it today and go for preventive health checkup which will helps you to know your health status also helps to detect developing diseases at early stage.
Get avail health checkup packages at http://bit.ly/2rafc2q
Also Know "Top 9 Reasons to Quit Smoking Now" at http://bit.ly/2rnbMJZ
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, health care, epidemiology, health system, health policy, health management, health economics, critical appraisal, online journal club, article appraisal, bachelor of public health, nursing, allied health sciences
This Information Brief was developed by WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development to support staff of the Organization and other UN agencies working at global, regional and national levels in promoting the uptake of effective interventions to improve the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents through schools in low-income countries. The premise of the Brief is that school-based sexual and reproductive health education is one of the most important and widespread ways to help adolescents to recognize and avert risks and improve their reproductive health. This evidence-based information brief establishes ways in which the health sector can help the education sector provide appropriate information to adolescents about when and why they need to use health services and where these may be available.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Dhenkanal_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Ganjam_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Malkanagiri_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Kalahandi_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Nayagarh_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Kandhamal_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Angul_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Nabarangpur_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Bhadrak_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Kendrapara_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Rayagada_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Khordha_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Nuapada_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Keonjhar_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
Similar to Knowledge and Attitude regarding Health Awareness among Primary School Children of Government School at Kheda district (20)
STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS REGARDING...Kailash Nagar
STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS REGARDING ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPER ACTIVITY DISORDER IN SELECTED GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL OF NADIAD CITY”
Comparative Study of Teaching Approach Nursing Simulation Vs Group Discussion...Kailash Nagar
Comparative Study of Teaching Approach Nursing Simulation Vs Group Discussion on Respiratory Assessment in Terms of Knowledge and Critical Thinking Abilities Among Nursing Students
Perception and Behavioural Outcome towards COVID-19 Vaccine among Students an...Kailash Nagar
ntroduction: Perception and behaviour towards corona vaccine among peoples in India was poor due to some side effects and negative media publicity in primary phases of vaccination. India has developed two types of vaccine (Covaxin and Covishield). During primary phase of corona vaccine we don’t have appropriate research and literature, about side effects and how far vaccine is reliable that why due so some minor side effect and negative media publicity peoples are very scared to take vaccine. So few peoples were started denial get vaccinated. The researcher wan to explore the positivity through the research result to reduce the negative mindset of the peoples toward corona vaccine, Because in India few peoples has fear to take vaccine against corona due to negative media publicity and scared of side effect.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...
Knowledge and Attitude regarding Health Awareness among Primary School Children of Government School at Kheda district
1. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 9 ¦ 2022 1466
Knowledge and Attitude regarding Health Awareness
among Primary School Children of Government School at
Kheda district
Shivani Patel1
, Heli Patel2
, Priyanka Nai3
, Mili Patel4
, Toral Charel5
, Sahil Panjavani6
, Prakruti Patel7*
1,2,3,4,5,6
Final year B.Sc. Nursing Students, Dinsha Patel College Of Nursing, Nadiad.
7
Assistant Professor of Department of Child Health Nursing, Dinsha Patel College of Nursing, Nadiad, Gujarat, India.
Email: prakrutip10@gmail.com
DOI: 10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S09.177
Introduction: Personal hygiene is the technique of keeping one's own body clean. Personal cleanliness and good sanitary habits play a
significant role in elements that relate to healthy living and the reduction of disease-related risks in primary school children.Health education
about crucial aspects of personal hygiene and environment hygiene should be delivered in schools.Poor hygiene habits are a serious issue in
underdeveloped nations. Diseases associated to hygiene and sanitation are a major burden in underdeveloped countries, making many
children sick and even killing them.This study is projected for investigation of the prevalence of health awareness among primary school
children. The goal of this study was to evaluate children’s present level of knowledge and behavior about hand washing, bathing, brushing
teeth, and taking care of their nails and hair.
Material And Methods: The sample size consisted of 100 primary school children of Government schools at Kheda district. Data were
collected by Demographic data sheet, structured questionnaire and Structure Teaching Programme. The Knowledge and attitude Assessment
Tool was administered to patients. Time taken by each respondent for filling the questionnaire was average 10-15 minutes. Demographic
variables analyzed using frequency and percentage.The data were analyzed by structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale
Result: In our study out of 100 samples 02 (02%) sample had obtained poor knowledge scores ranging inadequate (<50%), while 96 (96%)
sample had obtained average knowledge scores moderately adequate (50-75%) and only 4 (4%) sample had obtained Adequate (>75%)
scores. It can be revealed that 96 (96%) sample had obtained moderately knowledge scores. Out of 100 samples 79 (79%) sample had
obtained poor attitude scores ranging below 13 and 12 (21%) sample had obtained average attitude scores ranging between 13 to 15. It can
be revealed that 79 (79%) samples had obtained poor attitude scores (unfavorable). There was poor correlation between knowledge and
attitude (r-0.477) regarding health awareness among primary school children’s.
Conclusion: The purpose of present study is to a descriptive research study to assess the effectiveness of structure teaching programmeon
knowledge and attitude regarding health awareness among primary school children at government schools of kheda district. And according
to our study knowledge and attitude regarding health awareness among primary school children is average.
Keywords: Assess, Knowledge, Attitude, Health awareness, primary school, children, Government.
INTRODUCTION
Personal hygiene has been a significant global public health issue. Practices related to maintaining cleanliness and good health
are referred to as hygiene. Personal hygiene is the technique of keeping one's own body clean. Personal cleanliness and good
sanitary habits play a significant role in elements that relate to healthy living and the reduction of disease-related risks.Health
education about crucial aspects of hygiene, environment, and sanitation, as well as social customs, is delivered in schools.1.
Entry into school, ongoing involvement in school, and academic success are all significantly influenced by one's health.the
majority of childhood illnesses can be avoided by encouraging healthy habits in schoolchildren through effective health
education provided by their parents and teachers2.According to the World Health Organization, acute respiratory tract infections
and acute diarrheal illnesses claim the lives of 3.8 million children under the age of five each year. 88% of diarrheal deaths
worldwide are linked to the use of contaminated water, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene habits3. One of the most frequent
issues affecting school-age children is communicable infections. The main causes of illnesses are the use of contaminated or
hazardous water, inadequate sanitation, and poor sanitary habits. Human-to-human transmission of infection is typically favored
2. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 9 ¦ 2022
1467
by low sanitation standards and a lack of personal cleanliness.People in developing nations often experience extreme poverty,
per-urban life, a lack of access to clean water, and poor sanitation. Poor hygiene practices are one of the major issues that
contribute to this type of circumstance4.Poor hygiene habits are a serious issue in underdeveloped nations. Diseases associated
to hygiene and sanitation are a major burden in underdeveloped countries, making many people sick and even killing them
(UNICEF, 1998)5. The teacher is the child's guardian at school and is crucial to the entire process of primordial prevention8.One
of the most frequent issues affecting school-age children is communicable infections. The main causes of illnesses are the use
of contaminated or hazardous water, inadequate sanitation, and poor sanitary habits. Human-to-human transmission of infection
is typically favored by low sanitation standards and a lack of personal cleanliness. As a result, starvation and infection create a
vicious cycle that harms children's physical development6. According to the World Health Organization, acute respiratory tract
infections and acute diarrheal illnesses claim the lives of 3.8 million children under the age of five each year. 88% of diarrheal
deaths worldwide are linked to the use of contaminated water, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene habits9.In order to maintain
the body's health and beauty, one must practice personal hygiene. Evidently, good personal hygiene is one of the key elements
that influence human health and shield it from a wide range of disorders. It is well recognized that poor personal hygiene
contributes to the bulk of diseases being transmitted to humans7.
Objectives of study were:
• To assess knowledge of primary school children regarding health awareness.
• To assess the attitude of primary school children regarding health awareness.
• To find out correlation between knowledge and attitude of primary school children regarding health awareness.
• To find out the association between the knowledge and attitude of primary school children regarding health awareness.
Methods:
A cross sectional study was conducted in 2022. A brief description of study objectives was explained and by convenience, those
who agreed to respond to questioner confirmed their agreement by signing the consent form. The study was approved by the
institutional research committee of Dinsha Patel College of Nursing. The Data collection tool consist of 3 sections, namely
demographic details, knowledge questioner and attitude scale (3 pointlikert scale). Participants details includes of following:
Age, gender, religion, standard, types of family, family income, educational status of mother and father, source of information
regarding personal hygiene.3 pointlikert scale includes 5 items for checking attitude of children regarding health awareness.The
reliability of the structured knowledge questionnaire was determined by correlation coefficient formula and attitude was
determined by cronbach’s alpha formula.The reliability of structured knowledge questionnaire was 0.8 and attitude was
0.793.The descriptive and inferential statistical procedure used the data from the structured knowledge questionnaire and
attitude scale analyzed using mean, standard deviation (SD), and paired t-test that presented in the form of tables.
Results:
According the age, 30% (30) of the respondent are in the group of 12 years, 26% (26)of the respondent are in the group of 10
years, 25% (25) of respondent are in the group of 11 years, 19% (19) of respondent are in the group of 13 years. According to
Gender 51% (51) of the respondents are in the group of Female, and 49% (49) of the respondents are Male. According to
religion 48% (48) of respondent are Hindu, 36% (36) of respondent are Muslim. 12% (12)of the respondent are in the Christian
and 4% (4) of the other group of religion.According to standard 30% (30) of the respondent are in the group of 7, 26% (26) of
respondent are standard 5, 25% (25) of respondent are standard 6, 19% (19) of respondent are standard 8.According to
Educational status of father38% (18) of respondent are secondary section, 28% (28) of respondent are higher secondary section,
22% (22) of respondent are primary section and 12% (12) of respondents are illiterate. According to Educational status of
mother 45% (45) of respondent are Primary section, 25% (25) of respondent are Illiterate and secondary section, 05% (05) of
respondent are higher secondary section. According to types of family 80%( 80) of respondent are joint family, 18% (18) of
respondents are nuclear family, 2% (2) of respondents are single parent. According to monthly income 80%( 80) of respondent
are 5000-15000,10 %( 10) of respondent are<5000,09 %( 09) of respondent are 15,000-30,000, 01% (01) of respondent are
3. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 9 ¦ 2022 1468
>30,000.According to Source of information on personal hygiene62% (62) of respondents are family member, 28% (28) of
respondents are school and peer group, 7% (7) of respondents are mass media, and 3% (3) of respondents are other sources.
Correlation between knowledge and attitude of mean 13.33 and 11.63, Median 13.00 and 12.00, Mode 14 and 12, SD 1.178
and 1.022. and correlation was 0.477 and the tabulated ‘t’ was (0.195). Here, the study was average knowledge and attitude
about the health awareness among primary school children.
Table 1. Demographic Details Of Primary School Children
Demographic Data Frequency Percentage
Age
a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 13
26
25
30
19
26%
25%
30%
19%
Gender
a) Male
b) Female
49
51
49%
51%
Religion
a) Hindu
b) Muslim
c) Christian
d) Other
48
36
12
04
48%
36%
12%
04%
Standards
a) 5th
Standard
b) 6th
Standard
c) 7th
Standard
d) 8th
Standard
26
25
30
19
26%
25%
30%
19%
Educational Status Of Father
a) Illiterate
b) Primary Education
c) Secondary Education
d) Higher Secondary And Above
12
22
38
28
12%
22%
38%
28%
Educational Status Of Mother
a) Illiterate
b) Primary Education
c) Secondary Education
d) Higher Secondary And Above
25
45
25
05
25%
45%
25%
05%
Types Of Family
a) Nuclear
b) Joint
c) Single Parent
d) Other ( Specify )
18
80
02
00
18%
80%
02%
00%
Family Income
a) Rs. Less Than 5000
b) Rs.5000 To 15000
c) Rs.15000 To 30000
d) Rs. More Than 30000
10
80
09
01
10%
80%
09%
01%
Source Of Information On Personal Hygiene
a) Family Members
b) Mass Media
c) School And Peer Group
d) Other(Specify)
62
07
28
03
62%
07%
28%
03%
4. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 9 ¦ 2022
1469
Figure 1: Pie chart showing the distribution of Inadequate, Moderately Adequate, and Adequate Knowledge regarding health
awareness.
Figure 2: Pie chart showing the distribution of favorable and unfavorable attitude regarding health awareness
TABLE 2. CORRELATION BETWEEN KNOWLEGDE AND ATTITUDE
Knowledge Value Attitude Value
Mean 13.13 11.63
Median 13.00 12.00
Mode 14 12
Standard Deviation 1.178 1.022
2%
96%
4%
Knowledge
INADEQUATE (<50%)
MODERATELY ADEQUATE (50-
75%)
ADEQUATE (>75%)
79%
21%
ATTITUDE
Unfavorable
Favorable
5. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 9 ¦ 2022 1470
Variables R P- Value TV
Knowledge
0.477 P<0.05 0.195
Attitude
The above table shows that there was poor correlation between knowledge and attitude (r-0.477) regarding health awareness
among primary school children’s.
Tables 3. Find Out The Association Between The Knowledge With Their Demographic Variable Of Primary School Children
Regarding Health Awareness
Demographic
Variable
Level Of Knowledge
Total DF X2
TV NS
Inadequate Moderately
Adequate
Adequate
F % F % F %
Age (in years)
A. 10 2 2% 24 24% 0 0% 26 6 11.13 12.
59
NS
B. 11 0 0% 23 23% 2 2% 25
C. 12 0 0% 30 30% 0 0% 30
D. 13 0 0% 17 17% 2 2% 19
Gender
A. Male 1 1% 44 44% 4 4% 49 2 4.34 5.9
9
NS
B. Female 1 1% 50 50% 0 0% 51
Religion
A. Hindu 1 1% 43 43% 4 4% 48 6 4.96 12.
59
NS
B. Muslim 1 1% 35 35% 0 0% 36
C. Christian 0 0% 12 12% 0 0% 12
D. Other 0 0% 4 4% 0 0% 4
Standard
A. 5th
Standard 2 1% 23 23% 0 0% 25 6 11.28 12.
59
NS
B. 6th
Standard 0 0% 24 24% 2 2% 26
C. 7th
Standard 0 0% 30 30% 0 0% 30
D. 8th
Standard 0 0% 17 17% 2 2% 19
Educational
status of
Father
A. Illiterate 1 1% 11 11% 0 0% 12 6 7.148 12.
59
NS
B. Primary
Education
0 0% 24 24% 0 0% 24
C. Secondary
Education
0 0% 34 34% 3 3% 37
D. Higher
Secondary
Education
1 1% 25 25% 1 1% 27
Educational
status of
Mother
A. Illiterate 1 1% 24 24% 1 1% 26 6 1.297 12.
59
NS
B. Primary
Education
1 1% 42 42% 2 2% 45
C. Secondary
Education
0 0% 23 23% 1 1% 24
D. Higher
Secondary
Education
0 0% 5 5% 0 0% 5
A. Nuclear 1 1% 18 18% 0 0% 18 4 12.29 9.4
9
NS
B. Joint 2 2% 75 75% 3 3% 80
6. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 9 ¦ 2022
1471
Types of
Family
C. Single Parent 0 0% 1 1% 1 1% 2
D. Other 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Family
Income
A. <5000 0 0% 9 9% 1 0% 10 6 1.868 12.
59
NS
B. 5000 to
15000
2 2% 75 75% 3 3% 80
C. 15000 to
30000
0 0% 9 9% 0 0% 9
D. >30000 0 0% 1 1% 0 0% 1
Source of
information
on personal
hygiene
A. Family
member
2 2% 56 56% 3 3% 61 6 1.919 12.
59
NS
B. Mass media 0 0% 7 7% 0 0% 7
C. School and
Peer group
0 0% 28 28% 1 1% 29
D. Other 0 0% 3 3% 0 0% 3
Tables 4. Find Out The Association Between The Attitudes With Their Demographic Variable Of Primary School Children
Regarding Health Awareness
Demographic
Variable
Level Of Attitude
Total DF X2
TV NS
Poor Average
F % F %
Age (in years)
A. 10 19 19% 7 7% 26 3 0.945 7.82 NS
B. 11 21 21% 4 4% 25
C. 12 24 24% 6 6% 30
D. 13 15 15% 4 4% 19
Gender
A. Male 38 38% 11 11% 49 1 0.122 3.84 NS
B. Female 41 41% 10 10% 51
Religion
A. HIndu 37 37% 11 11% 48 3 2.677 7.82 NS
B. Muslim 30 30% 6 6% 36
C. Christian 8 8% 4 4% 12
D. Other 4 4% 0 0% 4
Standard
A. 5th
Standard 18 18% 7 7% 25 3 1.251 7.82 NS
B. 6th
Standard 22 22% 4 4% 26
C. 7th
Standard 24 24% 6 6% 30
D. 8th
Standard 15 15% 4 4% 19
Educational
status of
Father
A. Illiterate 10 10% 2 2% 12 3 0.169 7.82 NS
B. Primary Education 19 19% 5 5% 24
C. Secondary Education 29 29% 8 8% 37
D. Higher Secondary
Education
21 21% 6 6% 27
Educational
status of
Mother
A. Illiterate 20 20% 6 6% 26 3 0.584 7.82 NS
B. Primary Education 37 37% 8 8% 45
C. Secondary Education 18 18% 6 6% 24
D. Higher Secondary
Education
4 4% 1 1% 5
7. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Special Issue 9 ¦ 2022 1472
Types of
Family
A. Nuclear 13 13% 5 5% 18 2 1.078 5.99 NS
B. Joint 64 64% 16 16% 80
C. Single Parent 2 2% 0 0% 2
D. Other 0 0% 0 0% 0
Family
Income
A. <5000 8 8% 2 2% 10 3 1.145 7.82 NS
B. 5000 to 15000 64 64% 16 16% 80
C. 15000 to 30000 6 6% 3 3% 9
D. >30000 1 1% 0 0% 1
Source of
information
on personal
hygiene
A. Family member 49 49% 12 12% 61 3 0.583 7.82 NS
B. Mass media 5 5% 2 2% 7
C. School and Peer group 23 23% 6 6% 29
D. Other 2 2% 1 1% 3
Conclusion:
The purpose of present study is to a descriptive research study to assess the effectiveness of structure teaching programme on
knowledge and attitude regarding health awareness among primary school children at government schools of kheda district.
And according to our study knowledge and attitude regarding health awareness among primary school children is average.
Ethics Declaration and consent:
Dinsha Patel College of Nursing, Institute ethics committee reviewed this study and granted ethical approval. Consent has been
obtained from all participant.
REFERENCES
1. Dongre AR, Deshmukh PR, Boratne AV, Thaware P, Garg BS. An approach to hygiene education among rural Indian school going children. Online J
Health Allied Sci. 2007.
2. Personal hygiene among primary school children living in a slum of Kolkata, India DOI:10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2013.54.3.401 Corpus ID: 13954336
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Personal-hygiene-among-primary-school-children-in-a-Sarkar/ba4fc6966c748ac923ec616a3320e8538a6b9de5
3. Pati S, Kadam SS, Chauhan AS. Hand hygiene behavior among urban slum children and their care takers in Odisha, India. J Prev Med Hyg.
2014;55(2):65–8.
4. WHO health promoting report. 1998. http://www.who.int/whr/1998/en/whr98-en.pdf.6 august 2017
5. Knowledge and Practices of Personal Hygiene among Senior Secondary School Students of Ambassadors College, Ile- Ife, Nigeria, Author:Oluwafemi
Temitayo IlesanmiTexila International Journal of Public Health Volume 4, Issue 4, Dec 2016.
6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315800488_Knowledge_and_Practices_of_Personal_Hygiene_among_Senior_Secondary_School_Students_
of_Ambassadors_College_Ile-Ife_Nigeria
7. Sarkar M. Personal hygiene among primary school children living in a slum of Kolkata, India. J Prev Med Hyg. 2013;54(3):153–8.
https://acasestudy.com/case-study-on-personal-hygiene/
8. Suthar DB, Nagar K. A Study To Assess The Effectiveness Of Planned Teaching Programme On Prevention Of Selected Life Style Diseases In Terms
Of Knowledge And Attitude Among Male Adults At Selected PHC Of Kheda District. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2021 May 17;15(3):15732. doi:
10.37506/ijfmt.v15i3.15732. PMID: 34434007.
9. Christian A, Nagar K. Understanding Patients Experiences Living with Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study, Gujarat, India. J Pharm Res Int.
2021;33(58A):464-471. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i58A34139 . Epub 2021 Dec 15. PMID: 35024509
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336663/
10. Selina, C., Anushka, P., Devanshi, P., Dhruti, B., Jinal, D., Manjari, B., Hiral, V., Janki, P. and Nagar, K. (2021) “Perception and Behavioural Outcome
towards COVID-19 Vaccine among Students and Faculties of Nursing Colleges at Gujarat”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(52B),
pp. 120-128. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i52B33607.
11. Ms. Shweta Prajapati and Mr. Kailash Nagar (2022) “Safety Education on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Road Traffic Signs and Regulations
Among College Students At, Gujarat”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, pp. 948–958. doi: 10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S04.112.
12. Deb S, Dutta S, Dasgupta A, Misra R. Relationship of Personal Hygiene with Nutrition and Morbidity Profile: A Study among Primary School Children
in South Kolkata. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2010; 35(2): 280-284
13. Pati S, Kadam SS, Chauhan AS. Hand hygiene behavior among urban slum children and their care takers in Odisha, India. J Prev Med Hyg. 2014;55(2):65–
8.