Running head: AWARENESS OF AUTISM 1 Awareness of Autism Name Tutor Institution Course Date AWARENESS OF AUTISM 2 The main objective was to assess the existing knowledge as well as perception that the primary school teachers had regarding autism. Therefore, the study was conducted in both the private and the public schools in Pakistan. Basically, autism is a disorder of the neural development which is normally characterized by the impaired social interaction, communications and through restriction of a repetitive behavior. Normally, this condition will begin at birth and the children that are affected are normal in their appearance but they normally spend a lot of their time engaged and even puzzled and very disturbing behaviors which are normally different from those of the typical students. There have been several tools and studies regarding the disease and the prevalence in the population (Muhammad & Farah, 2013). Therefore, the study was primarily conducted with the sole aim of determining the level of autism awareness amongst the primary school teachers and the results were intended to help the school and surrounding organization to increase the awareness levels in terms of autism so that it could be diagnosed at an early age and thus intervention could be done as early as possible. For the methods used to complete the study, there was a cross sectional study that was conducted in the primary school teachers where the sample size was also calculated. Quite a number of teachers were selected with the use of simple random sampling. Further, there was a questionnaire that was used, designed to make assess on the various aspects of their knowledge like diagnosis, the symptoms as well as the treatment. In addition, frequencies as well as various percentages were taken out of each and every category. There was also a chi-square test that was applied for the purpose of finding out the available differences between two variables (Muhammad & Farah, 2013). From the study, in making comparison on the responses concerning the knowledge of autism in all categories, it was discovered that there was indeed no statistical significance except AWARENESS OF AUTISM 3 in the categories of communication skills of a child with autism disorder and the emotional temperament of the same child. It was discovered that the teachers in the public sector had better awareness that the children with autism disorder had poor communication skills and thus could not express themselves. In the private sector, the teachers were more aware of the disorder and highly recognized that a child with this disorder would throw frequent bouts of rage. Therefore, it was concluded that the teachers in the public sector proved to have better knowledge as well as perception of autism as compared to the teachers from the private sector (Muhammad & Farah, 2013). Normally, autism disorder h ...

1. Running head: AWARENESS OF AUTISM 1
Awareness of Autism
Name
Tutor
Institution
Course
Date
AWARENESS OF AUTISM 2
The main objective was to assess the existing knowledge as well
as perception that the
primary school teachers had regarding autism. Therefore, the
study was conducted in both the
private and the public schools in Pakistan. Basically, autism is a

2. disorder of the neural
development which is normally characterized by the impaired
social interaction, communications
and through restriction of a repetitive behavior. Normally, this
condition will begin at birth and
the children that are affected are normal in their appearance but
they normally spend a lot of their
time engaged and even puzzled and very disturbing behaviors
which are normally different from
those of the typical students. There have been several tools and
studies regarding the disease and
the prevalence in the population (Muhammad & Farah, 2013).
Therefore, the study was
primarily conducted with the sole aim of determining the level
of autism awareness amongst the
primary school teachers and the results were intended to help
the school and surrounding
organization to increase the awareness levels in terms of autism
so that it could be diagnosed at
an early age and thus intervention could be done as early as
possible.
For the methods used to complete the study, there was a cross
sectional study that was
conducted in the primary school teachers where the sample size

3. was also calculated. Quite a
number of teachers were selected with the use of simple random
sampling. Further, there was a
questionnaire that was used, designed to make assess on the
various aspects of their knowledge
like diagnosis, the symptoms as well as the treatment. In
addition, frequencies as well as various
percentages were taken out of each and every category. There
was also a chi-square test that was
applied for the purpose of finding out the available differences
between two variables
(Muhammad & Farah, 2013).
From the study, in making comparison on the responses
concerning the knowledge of
autism in all categories, it was discovered that there was indeed
no statistical significance except
AWARENESS OF AUTISM 3
in the categories of communication skills of a child with autism
disorder and the emotional
temperament of the same child. It was discovered that the
teachers in the public sector had better

4. awareness that the children with autism disorder had poor
communication skills and thus could
not express themselves. In the private sector, the teachers were
more aware of the disorder and
highly recognized that a child with this disorder would throw
frequent bouts of rage. Therefore,
it was concluded that the teachers in the public sector proved to
have better knowledge as well as
perception of autism as compared to the teachers from the
private sector (Muhammad & Farah,
2013).
Normally, autism disorder has been in on average of 1 out of
every 150 children.
Therefore, due to the increasing prevalence of this disorder, a
lot of awareness needs to be
created amongst the current population so that it can be early
diagnosed for the purpose of
initialization of therapy. The diagnosis of autism at an early age
is highly beneficial in a
development of the intellectual capacity of a child (Muhammad
& Farah, 2013). The
management of autism normally includes the combination of
medication in terms of behavioral
and cognitive therapies. Therefore, it would be true to conclude

5. that the research conducted was
effective and achieved its objectives. This is because its
findings elaborated the existing lack of
awareness on the teachers regarding the disorder. Therefore, it
is recommended that the schools
need to implement proper programs for training for the purpose
of diagnosing the disease for
better understanding.
AWARENESS OF AUTISM 4
Reference
Muhammad, M. A. & Farah, A. (2013). Awareness of Autism in
Primary School Teachers:
Department of Community Health Sciences, Ziauddin
University.
Running head: CHILDHOOD OBESITY 1

6. Childhood Obesity
Name
Tutor
Institution
Course
Date
CHILDHOOD OBESITY 2
The childhood obesity rate has been increasing dramatically in
the recent periods and
thus has become a major concern to the public health globally.
Therefore, with the possibility of
childhood obesity persisting through adulthood, there is the
possibility that it might cause the
early onsets of the NCDs. Therefore, the study was meant to
assess the prevalence as well as the
determinants of obesity amongst the primary school children
(Alfa & Marina, 2013). The study

7. was conducted in Dares Salaam. In the research, there were five
methods that were used for the
purpose of getting the desired results. The first method was the
use of study design, site as well
as population. In this method, it was done through conducting a
cross-sectional study among the
children that were between the ages of 6 and 17.
The other method used was the anthropometric measurements
which were conducted
mainly by the trained research assistants. In this method,
heights were measured and body
weight. Further blood pressure measurements; was another
method that was used with the use of
a standardized digital blood pressure machine. Another method
used was the socio demographic
information which was done with the use of a structured
questionnaire. The other method that
was used was the statistical analysis whereby the continuous
variables were being compared with
the use of a t-test and all the statistical analysis had been
performed with the use of the statistical
analysis software. Finally, the ethical clearance was mainly
obtained for consent to participate in
the study (Alfa & Marina, 2013).

8. From the study, the results showed that the overall prevalence
of the child obesity seemed
to be significantly higher amongst the girls as compared to the
boys. Further, the obese children
showed to have higher mean values, and systolic as well as
diastolic blood pressures. Most of the
obese children came from the households having fewer children
and those that resided in the
urban areas. Some of the factors that were associated with the
child obesity were the female sex,
CHILDHOOD OBESITY 3
the urban residence and allowance of having money for the
purpose of spending it at school.
However generally, the results showed that there was a low
overall prevalence of child obesity.
Nevertheless, the study could not find a strong relationship
between the level of education and
the occupation of mothers with the risk of children becoming
obese (Alfa & Marina, 2013).
The findings further showed to differ as compared to other
conclusions that were made from

9. previous studies as those studies reported that there was an
increased risk of the overweight
amongst the children whose mothers had higher education.
Another factor that proved to be interesting in the study was
that the obese children
showed to have higher diastolic and systolic blood pressure.
There were certain limitations that
were associated with the study. One of them is that it did not
manage to assess the other factors
which normally influence the probability of childhood obesity.
Some of these factors include the
weight gain normally during pregnancies, birth weight and
maternal obesity. Further, the study
could not gather access to the relationships of the variables with
the probable risk of childhood
obesity (Alfa & Marina, 2013). The article was indeed
effective as after the study findings, the
results highly shaded some light regarding the prevalence as
well as the determinants of the state
of obesity amongst the primary school children the prevalence
was found to be low in Tanzania
but the children from the urban school had higher rates of
obesity.

10. CHILDHOOD OBESITY 4
Reference
Alfa, J. M & Marina, A.N, (2013. Prevalence and determinants
of obesity among primary
school children in Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Muhihi et al.;
licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Alfa, J. M & Marina, A.N, (2013. Prevalence and determinants
of obesity among primary school children in Dares Salaam,
Tanzania. Muhihi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Running head: MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES 1
Mental Health Services
Name
Tutor
Institution

11. Course
Date
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES 2
There have been several challenges in integrating the mental
health services into
becoming a priority in the healthcare platforms. Generally, the
rationale for the integration of the
mental healthcare into the other healthcare platforms usually
involves the improvement of the
access of the mental health care. It also involves providing the
patient centered care, reduction of
stigma, the optimization of mental as well as physical health
outcomes and also avoiding the
fragmentation of the health services. Therefore, this article has
generally provided some of the
identified ways of enhancing process integration (Patel &
Saxena 2013). The article has also
provided the importance for integration, various areas to
facilitate integration, ways to integrate,
the standardization as well as some of the limitations available

12. together with the potential risks
associated.
The available mental health problems include the problems such
as depression, the
alcohol and drug abuse together with anxiety problems. From
research, these problems have
been established to occur with the chronic as well as the acute
medical problems and could in a
way worsen any connected health outcomes. From research, one
of the advantages of the
treatment of these common mental health problems is that the
treatment programs are normally
supported in order to treat the usual mental health problems
(Patel & Saxena 2013). The other
advantage is that these programs which are able to address the
patient’s mental requirements and
the related problems are normally perceived to be attractive to
the patients as well as the family
members, which is a good thing.
From the studies made by the researchers therefore, it is
possible to improve the mental
health problems through the evidence based collaborative care
ways of interventions, providing

13. better access to care, and overall improved cost-effectiveness
together with increased prevention
strategies as well as intervention strategies. Further, for the
purpose of getting to know what to
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES 3
integrate, there have been suggestions from previous
individual’s articles and thus established
that there is the proposal of integrating the care for common
mental health problems into the
overall routine care for the individuals that are affected by the
other chronic disease. This hence
means that the actual process of the integration will require
ultimate assessment together with
customization for a particular platform. This involves the
identification of tasks with the human
resources for the purpose of case finding and also the delivery
interventions. It also involves the
strict application of the concepts of collaborative care, quality
improvement and care
management (Patel & Saxena 2013).This however, will only be
achieved after, the assessment of
goals, functions as well as human resources; identification of

14. the common and realistic
objectives and finally, the proper assigning duties and
responsibilities together with establishing
a mechanism to monitor the progress.
Nevertheless, there are certain limitations and risks that are
associated with the study and
the process in general. One of the main limitations is mainly the
availability of uneven evidence
base that is available across platforms of care. Another factor is
that the healthcare systems are
highly varied in their ability of responding to the national
health care needs. There is also the risk
that some forms of mental disorders could be neglected and that
there is the possibility of an
overburdening of the available but weak health systems. To sum
it up, this integrated care is
quite significant mainly because generally the operational as
well as functional innovations that
are required for the integration are consistent with the efforts
required to strengthen the ability of
the primary care systems for the purpose of addressing
numerous health priorities at a wider
coverage (Patel & Saxena 2013).

15. MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES 4
References
Patel V, Belkin GS, Chockalingam A, Cooper J, & Saxena S, et
al. (2013). Grand Challenges:
Integrating Mental Health Services into Priority Health Care
Platforms.