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Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol
consumption must be made cautiously as most studies have used
a cross-sectional methodology, poor definitions of alcohol use,
and inadequate assessments of risk perceptions. Despite a lack
of evidence, the concept of adolescent “invulnerability” remains
pervasive in both scientific and lay circles, is used to explain
adolescents' decisions to engage in a potentially harmful
behavior and is incorporated into many intervention programs
(Fell, et al., 2015). Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed
to understand fully the extent to which perceptions of low risk
predict and motivate alcohol use.
I. Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Benefits:
An emphasis on perceived risk alone may be inadequate to
predict or change behavior because a risk is only part of the
behavioral decision-making equation. What is missing knows
the extent to which adolescents perceive benefits of risky
behaviors. The decision literature has argued that individuals
should consider both the risks and benefits when making
decisions. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have
found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are
significant predictors of drinking behavior. More recently,
Goldberg and colleagues (2002) concluded that, regardless of
age, participants with more drinking experience perceived
benefits to be more likely to occur, and risks less likely (Grube
& Voas, 2014).
Indeed, adolescents' reasons for drinking alcohol often
include an acknowledgment or identification of alcohol-related
benefits, such as alcohol being used in social interactions to
help them to reduce inhibitions, feel more relaxed reduce
tension, foster courage, and reduce worry. Attachment theories
are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and
universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is
broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental
responsiveness toward the offspring.
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is
expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with
the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change,
showing enduring effects across the lifespan (Miller, et al.,
2010). Through the formation of secure bonds to parents,
children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves
and others.
Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills
necessary to regulate their Attachment emotional theories are
based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and
universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is
broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental
responsiveness toward the offspring (Foster, et al., 2013).
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is
expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with
the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change,
showing enduring effects across the lifespan. Through the
formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust
internal working model of themselves and others. Youth with
secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to
regulate their emotions.
Academics
Academics always demand full concentration because for
leaning new concepts and exploring new ideas one needs to be
free of all kinds of stress. Stress is a widely used term and is
used in academic, jobs and social settings. We all need a
constant amount of pressure to give their best, but when the
pressure increases more than the level of tolerance it leads to
stress. Stress is then followed by a cycle of discomfort and
anxiousness which will lower the capability to cover up or
tolerate even in the normal circumstances (Wechsler, et al.,
2015).
In this age of extreme competitions students are facing
more stress and anxiety than any other profession or field of
work, this pressure or stress is related to their exams, studies,
friends, teacher or parental strictness and financial issues in
some cases. University going students bear more amount of
stress, which results in adverse emotional, academic and health
outcomes. Multiple kind of stress occur, pressure to exceed and
succeed from other peers, academic overload like assignments,
homework and class tests, in some countries financial burden
adds oil to the fire and the future plans as well (Health, et al.,
2015).
All these things will ultimately end up to
psychopathology, the health of the university going students,
importantly healthcare students, are focused in the recent past
years. Vollmer presented a report focusing on the individual
behavior, decreased health quality and increase risk; he
indicated a need to prevent this and promote health. Joint stress
is not caused by its own but with potential risky attitude
because the pressure generating life events are related to both
mental illness or health or any of the use of a substance in
young age. In addition to that, the hazard of starting use of a
substance and other problems are at peak during the university
life.
They commonly used substance that the youngster abuses
are Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco. Using any of the two drugs
at the same time is known as polypro use and ratio is increasing
day by day. Initiation of alcohol abuse or smoking is a
dominating public health risk factor that has attracted a lot of
attention in literature (Masten, et al., 2014). Along with this,
risk of initiation of this hazardous factor is associated to a high
risk of chronic diseases at old age, the use of this substance is
directly related to injuries, academic difficulties, and high
danger sexual behavior.
Dangerous behavior and related stress are associated with
the use of alcohol and tobacco use, and this has been clearly
reported in healthcare students. Eating abnormalities are
observed in university students in the broad spectrum. Under
stressful circumstances, one can’t even maintain the body
weight which promotes abnormal eating in enthusiastic beings
(Foster, et al., 2013).
An Experiment on Academic Perceived Stress:
Sassaroly reported that lonely stressful conditions can
cause compensatory attitude and dieting in female Youngsters
without any past clinical eating disease, but these girls are not
satisfied with their body condition or appearance. Thus, the
primary purpose of this study was to regulate the popularity of
main substance and the addictions regarding the behavior of the
university going students in France to interrogate the link
between the behavioral habits, drugs and stress in procedure to
apply convenient precautionary interference encourage public
health advantages (Miller, et al., 2010).
Setting:
This educational curriculum targets the students of higher
education of ages between 18-25 years. An energetic and
influential relationship was formed with the local integrative
group. Including total 10 participants from higher education,
health and voluntary sectors along with peer-students, all
enthusiastically engage in the project layout. These students
acquire two days practice by professionals. The TSIC was based
on two major actions: health symposium on campus directed by
peer-students and a website was solely devoted to students.
Students were energetically invited to be a part of the survey
during the health conference on campus (Levy, et al., 2011).
The behavior of the students before the health conference was
determined either by anonymous online questionnaire on the
TSIC or either by paper survey.
Data collection:
The self-questionnaire were unnamed and comprised socio-
economic features i.e. size, age, weight, student job position,
lifestyle and grant holder position, daily based practice of a
sport or game, use of substance and disease. This study
occurred in the year 2009 and 2011. The school and universities
that were selected for the survey were particular in various
areas i.e. psychology, language, sciences, business, technologist
and engineering, and sport was rearranged in university;
pharmacy, nursing, physiotherapy, radiological experts were
rearranged in para-medic staff.
The questionnaire was designed in such a way that it
didn’t include any information about the identity of the student.
Data collection was also kept secret. Furthermore, informed
permission was attained from students. The designed research
was authorized by the “Commission Nationale de1’informatique
et des libertes”(The French Data Protection Authority).
The higher education students, mainly the female students,
showed a stressed population with sickly behavior on the diet,
internet addiction, and alcohol consumption. The study
emphasizes the requirement to approach interactions with other
dangerous behaviors. Expected designed studies are demanded
to recognize the use of substance and disorder alterations in
stressful circumstances. In addition to this new researches are
essential to interrogate the effect of dangerous behaviors on
students and their professional careers in near future (Fell, et
al., 2015).

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Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumptio.docx

  • 1. Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumption must be made cautiously as most studies have used a cross-sectional methodology, poor definitions of alcohol use, and inadequate assessments of risk perceptions. Despite a lack of evidence, the concept of adolescent “invulnerability” remains pervasive in both scientific and lay circles, is used to explain adolescents' decisions to engage in a potentially harmful behavior and is incorporated into many intervention programs (Fell, et al., 2015). Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to understand fully the extent to which perceptions of low risk predict and motivate alcohol use. I. Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Benefits: An emphasis on perceived risk alone may be inadequate to predict or change behavior because a risk is only part of the behavioral decision-making equation. What is missing knows the extent to which adolescents perceive benefits of risky behaviors. The decision literature has argued that individuals should consider both the risks and benefits when making decisions. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are significant predictors of drinking behavior. More recently, Goldberg and colleagues (2002) concluded that, regardless of age, participants with more drinking experience perceived benefits to be more likely to occur, and risks less likely (Grube & Voas, 2014). Indeed, adolescents' reasons for drinking alcohol often include an acknowledgment or identification of alcohol-related benefits, such as alcohol being used in social interactions to help them to reduce inhibitions, feel more relaxed reduce tension, foster courage, and reduce worry. Attachment theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring.
  • 2. The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan (Miller, et al., 2010). Through the formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves and others. Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to regulate their Attachment emotional theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring (Foster, et al., 2013). The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan. Through the formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves and others. Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to regulate their emotions. Academics Academics always demand full concentration because for leaning new concepts and exploring new ideas one needs to be free of all kinds of stress. Stress is a widely used term and is used in academic, jobs and social settings. We all need a constant amount of pressure to give their best, but when the pressure increases more than the level of tolerance it leads to stress. Stress is then followed by a cycle of discomfort and anxiousness which will lower the capability to cover up or tolerate even in the normal circumstances (Wechsler, et al., 2015). In this age of extreme competitions students are facing more stress and anxiety than any other profession or field of work, this pressure or stress is related to their exams, studies, friends, teacher or parental strictness and financial issues in
  • 3. some cases. University going students bear more amount of stress, which results in adverse emotional, academic and health outcomes. Multiple kind of stress occur, pressure to exceed and succeed from other peers, academic overload like assignments, homework and class tests, in some countries financial burden adds oil to the fire and the future plans as well (Health, et al., 2015). All these things will ultimately end up to psychopathology, the health of the university going students, importantly healthcare students, are focused in the recent past years. Vollmer presented a report focusing on the individual behavior, decreased health quality and increase risk; he indicated a need to prevent this and promote health. Joint stress is not caused by its own but with potential risky attitude because the pressure generating life events are related to both mental illness or health or any of the use of a substance in young age. In addition to that, the hazard of starting use of a substance and other problems are at peak during the university life. They commonly used substance that the youngster abuses are Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco. Using any of the two drugs at the same time is known as polypro use and ratio is increasing day by day. Initiation of alcohol abuse or smoking is a dominating public health risk factor that has attracted a lot of attention in literature (Masten, et al., 2014). Along with this, risk of initiation of this hazardous factor is associated to a high risk of chronic diseases at old age, the use of this substance is directly related to injuries, academic difficulties, and high danger sexual behavior. Dangerous behavior and related stress are associated with the use of alcohol and tobacco use, and this has been clearly reported in healthcare students. Eating abnormalities are observed in university students in the broad spectrum. Under stressful circumstances, one can’t even maintain the body weight which promotes abnormal eating in enthusiastic beings (Foster, et al., 2013).
  • 4. An Experiment on Academic Perceived Stress: Sassaroly reported that lonely stressful conditions can cause compensatory attitude and dieting in female Youngsters without any past clinical eating disease, but these girls are not satisfied with their body condition or appearance. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to regulate the popularity of main substance and the addictions regarding the behavior of the university going students in France to interrogate the link between the behavioral habits, drugs and stress in procedure to apply convenient precautionary interference encourage public health advantages (Miller, et al., 2010). Setting: This educational curriculum targets the students of higher education of ages between 18-25 years. An energetic and influential relationship was formed with the local integrative group. Including total 10 participants from higher education, health and voluntary sectors along with peer-students, all enthusiastically engage in the project layout. These students acquire two days practice by professionals. The TSIC was based on two major actions: health symposium on campus directed by peer-students and a website was solely devoted to students. Students were energetically invited to be a part of the survey during the health conference on campus (Levy, et al., 2011). The behavior of the students before the health conference was determined either by anonymous online questionnaire on the TSIC or either by paper survey. Data collection: The self-questionnaire were unnamed and comprised socio- economic features i.e. size, age, weight, student job position, lifestyle and grant holder position, daily based practice of a sport or game, use of substance and disease. This study occurred in the year 2009 and 2011. The school and universities that were selected for the survey were particular in various areas i.e. psychology, language, sciences, business, technologist and engineering, and sport was rearranged in university; pharmacy, nursing, physiotherapy, radiological experts were
  • 5. rearranged in para-medic staff. The questionnaire was designed in such a way that it didn’t include any information about the identity of the student. Data collection was also kept secret. Furthermore, informed permission was attained from students. The designed research was authorized by the “Commission Nationale de1’informatique et des libertes”(The French Data Protection Authority). The higher education students, mainly the female students, showed a stressed population with sickly behavior on the diet, internet addiction, and alcohol consumption. The study emphasizes the requirement to approach interactions with other dangerous behaviors. Expected designed studies are demanded to recognize the use of substance and disorder alterations in stressful circumstances. In addition to this new researches are essential to interrogate the effect of dangerous behaviors on students and their professional careers in near future (Fell, et al., 2015).