The document discusses various processes of word formation in the English language. It defines terms like neologism, etymology, coinage, borrowing, calque, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. It provides examples for each term and discusses the differences between related processes like compounding and blending.

1. WORD
Formation

2. from Greek νέο- (néo-), meaning "new", and λόγος
(lógos), meaning "speech, utterance") is a newly
coined term, word, or phrase, that may be in the
process of entering common use, but has not yet
been accepted into mainstream language.
Neologisms are often directly attributable to a
specific person, publication, period, or event.
NEOLOGISM

3. The study of origin and history of words.
Derived from the Greek word “etymon” which means
„original form‟ + “logia” which means „study of ”.
Example :
Etymology of the Word God:
The root-meaning of the name (from Gothic root gheu;
Sanskrit hub or emu, "to invoke or to sacrifice to") is
either "the one invoked" or "the one sacrificed to."
ETYMOLOGY

4. The invention of totally new terms(usually
without capital letters).
The least common processes of word
formation.
Examples : aspirin, nylon, vaseline, zipper
and xerox.
COINAGE

5. Google is a misspelling for the word googol. It
became the name of the company Google
which become a widely used expression meaning
“to used the internet to find information.
New words based on the name of a person or a
place is called eponyms.
Examples :
hoover, spangler, sandwich, jeans, fahrenheit, volt
and watt.

6. One of the most common
sources of new words in
English.
The process of taking over
words from other languages.
BORROWING

7. Examples : croissant(French), dope(Dutch),
lilac(Persian), piano(Italian),
pretzel(German), sofa(Arabic),
tattoo(Tahitian), tycoon(Japanese),
yogurt(Turkish) and zebra(Bantu).
Japanese use a suupaa or suupaamaaketto
(“supermarket”) and taipuraitaa (“typewriter”).

8. Is a special type of borrowing.
In this process, there is a direct
translation of the elements of the word
into the borrowing language.
Word or phrase borrowed from another
language by literal, word-for-word or
root-for-root translation.
CALQUE OR LOAN-
TRANSLATION

9. Examples : English (“skyscraper”)
French term gratte-ciel (“scrape-sky”)
Dutch wolkenkrabber (“cloud scratcher”)
German Wolkenkratzer(“cloud
scraper”).

10. Combining two different words with different meaning
that will result to a new word with one meaning.
Examples :
Pill + box = pillbox
Under + ground = underground
High + way = highway
Kill + joy = killjoy
Earth + quake = earthquake
COMPOUNDING

11. Examples :
Hand-me-down
out-of-date
forget-me-not
out-of -order
PHRASE ODDITIES

12. The combination of two different forms to
produce a single new term or joining parts
of two or more words.
It is typically accomplished by taking only
the beginning of one word and joining it to
the end of the other word.
Combining two different words to produce
a new form by fusion.
BLENDING

13. In USA, a word gasoline but is made from
alcohol, so the blended word referring to this
word is gasohol
smoke and fog = smog
breakfast/lunch = brunch
information/entertainment = infotainment
fact and fiction = faction
Bat and mash = bash
EXAMPLES:

14. Compounding is the combination of two
words with different meaning to produce a
new one.
Blending is combining the first and last
word of a two different terms. The terms
combined has the connection with each
other.
THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN COMPOUNDING
AND BLENDING

15. A process in which the element of reduction that is
noticeable in blending is even more apparent.
Occurs when a word of more than one syllable is
reduced to a shorter form, usually in casual form.
Examples :
chemistry chem
examination exam
gymnasium gym
Emmanuel Emman
CLIPPING

16. Hypocorisms is the process in which a longer
word is reduced to a single syllable, then y or ie is
added to the end.
Examples :
moving pictures - movie
barbecue - barbie
television - telly
Cookie , sweetie , sugarpie

17. A very specialized type of reduction process.
A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to
form a word of another type(usually a verb).
Examples :
television – televise
donation - donate
emotion - emote
babysitter -baby sit
BACKFORMATION

18. Backformed verbs in English is based on the common
pattern.
The assumption seemed to have been that if there is a
noun ending in –er (or something close in sound), then
we can create a verb for what that noun –er does.
Examples :
burglars will burgle
editor will edit
peddlers will peddle
worker will work

19. Conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word
formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word
class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without
any change in form.
It is a change in a function of a word, as for example :
Noun comes to be used as a Verb
Verb comes to be used as a Noun
Verb comes to be used as an Adjective
Adjective comes to be used as Verb
Adjective comes to be used as a Noun
CONVERSION

20. bottle - We bottled the home-brew last
night.
butter - Have you buttered the toast?
chair - Someone has to chair the
meeting.
vacation - They‟re vacationing in
Florida.
NOUNS AS VERBS

21. Guess – a guess
Spy – a spy
Must – a must
Phrasal verbs
To printout – a printout
To takeover – a take over
VERBS AS NOUNS

22. Stand-up – stand up comedian
See – see through
VERBS AS
ADJECTIVES

23. Dirty floor – to dirty
An empty room – to empty
ADJECTIVES AS VERBS

24. Some crazy ideas – a crazy
Those nasty people – the nasty
ADJECTIVES AS NOUNS

25. New words formed from the initial letters of a set of
other words.
The pronunciation consist of saying each separate letter.
Examples :
CD- compact disk
DVD- digital versatile disk
RAM- read access memory
ROM – read only memory
WAR – women against rape
ACRONYMS

26. Some acronyms came into general use so quickly
that some speakers do not think of their
component meanings.
Example:
ATM – automatic teller machine
PIN- personal identification number
I sometimes forget my PIN number when I
go to ATM machine.

27. The most common formation process to be
found in the production of new English words.
It is accomplished by means of a large number
by means of a large number of small bits of the
English language which are not usually given
separate listings in the dictionaries.
These small bits are generally described as affixes.
It is derived from or having a root word.
DERIVATION

28. un-
mis-
pre-
-ful
-less
-ish
-ism
-ness
Unhappy
Mistrust
Prejudge
Joyful
Careless
Childish
Terrorism
sadness
Affixes Use in word
SOME FAMILIAR
EXAMPLES ARE :

29. Prefixes are affixes have to be added to the beginning
of the word.
Examples : un-, pre- and mis-
Suffixes are affixes have to be added to the end of the
word.
Examples : -less, -ish and –ism
Disrespectful –both prefix and suffixes.
Foolishness – has two suffixes.
Retake – has prefix.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

30. It is an affix that is incorporated inside another
word.
It is possible to see the general principle at work
in certain expressions , occasionally used in
fortuitous or aggravating circumstances by
emotionally aroused English speakers.
Examples : Unfuckinbelievable
INFIXES

31. It is the case in which two or more processes
are involved in forming a neologism.
For example carphone is a new form in which
telephone is shortened to phone (clipping) and then
it is combined with car (compounding).
MULTIPLE PROCESSES

32. Identify the processes involved in the
creation of the following forms.
1. I just got a new car-phone.
2. James wants to be a footballer.
3. The negotiators blueprinted a new
peace proposal.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

33. Identify the type of word
formation.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

34. Footobooru(Japanese) – football (English)
Luna de miel (Spanish “moon of
honey”) - honeymoon (English)
That’s really fandamntastic!
When I’m ill I want to see a doc, not a vet.
?

35. Carelessness
Unfaithful
Terrorism
Prepackaged
Reincarnation
IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES
AND SUFFIXES USED IN
THESE WORDS

36. 1.How much RAM do you have?
2.Your friend Jason is Such a
techie!
3.We‟re paying too much attention
to Bloggers.
4.You should bookmark that site.
DESCRIBE THE WORD-FORMATION
PROCESSES INVOLVED

37. Questions?
Clarifications?
Reactions?

38. Thank You!
Study well.
Quiz Next Meeting
  

39. Mark Ariel T. Artiaga
Irish Joy
Nehma