Blending in morphology
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here, just a little explanation of the blending in Morphology, I made this for a presentation of morphology and syntax class. Hope that can be useful for all learner. thanks
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Homonym & polysemy
This document discusses homonyms and polysemy. A homonym is a word that is spelled and pronounced the same as another word but has a different meaning. Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings. The document provides examples of homonyms like "arm" and "flat" and polysemous words like "book" and "milk." It explains that while homonyms have no relationship between meanings, polysemous meanings can be traced etymologically and semantically.
The structure of arguments
The document discusses the structure of arguments in language. It defines an argument as an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate. Predicates take one, two, or three arguments to form a predicate-argument structure. An adjunct is an optional part of a sentence that does not affect the sentence if removed. Valency theory explores the nature of predicates, arguments, and adjuncts. Transitivity relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many. Selectional properties determine the semantic content of a predicate's arguments. Theta theory assigns thematic roles like agent and patient to arguments.
Pragmatic Referece and Inference
George Yule argues that words themselves do not refer to anything directly, but that reference is an act performed by people using linguistic forms. Successful reference requires collaboration between the speaker's intention to identify something and the listener's ability to recognize that intention through inference. Referring expressions provide a range of possible referents, but the context and co-text help disambiguate the intended referent. Anaphora involves subsequent references to an already introduced referent using devices like pronouns and definite noun phrases to track entities over multiple sentences.
Pragmatics (Linguistics)
The document discusses pragmatics, which is the study of how language is used in context and why people use language in particular ways. It provides examples of how the meaning of the word "ball" changes based on the context and discusses different types of context including physical, epistemic, linguistic, and social context. It also discusses speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, felicity conditions for different speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation. Finally, it discusses language use in advertising and provides discourse analysis examples.
Compounding
Compound words are formed by combining two or more lexemes into a single word. There are several types of compound words including noun compounds, verb compounds, and adjective compounds. Compound words can be identified by their meaning, stress pattern, and subclasses like endocentric, exocentric, copulative, and appositional compounds. The process of compounding allows for unlimited combinations of words in the English language.
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This document introduces metaphors and distinguishes between literal and figurative language. It defines a metaphor as a type of figurative language that compares two concepts by implying they are similar. There are three main types of metaphors: simple metaphors directly state one thing is another, similes use "like" or "as" to compare things, and implied metaphors leave the comparison implicit through descriptive language. Examples of each type are provided to illustrate how metaphors creatively reveal similarities between concepts. The document explains that metaphors allow for vivid description and force readers to interpret comparisons.
Metonymy in Stylistics
Metonymy is a figure of speech where an associated thing or concept is referred to by the name of something else closely related to it. It is commonly used in both literature and everyday speech. For example, "pen" can stand in for "written word" and "sword" for "military aggression." Metonymy is based on an understood association between the thing referenced and the thing used for reference, unlike metaphor which relies on analogy. Examples of common metonymic references include "Hollywood" for the American film industry. Its main purpose is to add variety and interest to writing rather than repetitive phrasing.
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Homonym & polysemy
This document discusses homonyms and polysemy. A homonym is a word that is spelled and pronounced the same as another word but has a different meaning. Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings. The document provides examples of homonyms like "arm" and "flat" and polysemous words like "book" and "milk." It explains that while homonyms have no relationship between meanings, polysemous meanings can be traced etymologically and semantically.
The structure of arguments
The document discusses the structure of arguments in language. It defines an argument as an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate. Predicates take one, two, or three arguments to form a predicate-argument structure. An adjunct is an optional part of a sentence that does not affect the sentence if removed. Valency theory explores the nature of predicates, arguments, and adjuncts. Transitivity relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many. Selectional properties determine the semantic content of a predicate's arguments. Theta theory assigns thematic roles like agent and patient to arguments.
Pragmatic Referece and Inference
George Yule argues that words themselves do not refer to anything directly, but that reference is an act performed by people using linguistic forms. Successful reference requires collaboration between the speaker's intention to identify something and the listener's ability to recognize that intention through inference. Referring expressions provide a range of possible referents, but the context and co-text help disambiguate the intended referent. Anaphora involves subsequent references to an already introduced referent using devices like pronouns and definite noun phrases to track entities over multiple sentences.
Pragmatics (Linguistics)
The document discusses pragmatics, which is the study of how language is used in context and why people use language in particular ways. It provides examples of how the meaning of the word "ball" changes based on the context and discusses different types of context including physical, epistemic, linguistic, and social context. It also discusses speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, felicity conditions for different speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation. Finally, it discusses language use in advertising and provides discourse analysis examples.
Compounding
Compound words are formed by combining two or more lexemes into a single word. There are several types of compound words including noun compounds, verb compounds, and adjective compounds. Compound words can be identified by their meaning, stress pattern, and subclasses like endocentric, exocentric, copulative, and appositional compounds. The process of compounding allows for unlimited combinations of words in the English language.
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Metaphors Introduction
This document introduces metaphors and distinguishes between literal and figurative language. It defines a metaphor as a type of figurative language that compares two concepts by implying they are similar. There are three main types of metaphors: simple metaphors directly state one thing is another, similes use "like" or "as" to compare things, and implied metaphors leave the comparison implicit through descriptive language. Examples of each type are provided to illustrate how metaphors creatively reveal similarities between concepts. The document explains that metaphors allow for vivid description and force readers to interpret comparisons.
Metonymy in Stylistics
Metonymy is a figure of speech where an associated thing or concept is referred to by the name of something else closely related to it. It is commonly used in both literature and everyday speech. For example, "pen" can stand in for "written word" and "sword" for "military aggression." Metonymy is based on an understood association between the thing referenced and the thing used for reference, unlike metaphor which relies on analogy. Examples of common metonymic references include "Hollywood" for the American film industry. Its main purpose is to add variety and interest to writing rather than repetitive phrasing.
Polysemi
Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings. It occurs when the same phonological word is used with different but related senses. An example is the word "walk" which can mean to move on foot, go on a stroll, or leave in an angry manner. Another example is the word "bank" which can refer to a financial institution or the rising land at the edge of a river or other body of water. According to linguist Saeed, polysemy is similar to homonymy but involves a close semantic relationship between the multiple meanings of a single word form.
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The allomorphs
This document defines allomorphs as different forms of the same morpheme that can vary in pronunciation or spelling. It provides examples of allomorphs in English, such as the plural morpheme 's' having forms like /s/, /z/, and /iz/, and the past tense morpheme 'ed' having forms like /t/, /d/, and /id/. The document also describes types of allomorphs including additive, replacive, suppletive, and zero allomorphs. Additive allomorphs add different sounds like '-ed', replacive allomorphs replace sounds, and suppletive allomorphs completely replace the word form.
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The document discusses key concepts related to the relationship between language and the world, including sense, reference, extension, and prototype. Sense involves a set of ideas about a word, extension refers to the complete set of all things a word can apply to, and reference picks out a specific instance of a word's use. Prototype refers to a typical member of a word's extension that best represents the category. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and their differences. It notes that language connects to the real world through reference, extension, and prototypes.
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This document discusses syntax, which is the study of grammatical relations between words and other units within sentences. It covers topics such as word order, sentence formation, syntactic categories, phrase structure rules, and sentence structure. Syntax examines the rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful sentences in different languages and how these rules can vary between languages, dialects, time periods, and social groups.
Semantics
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This document discusses various word formation processes in the English language. It describes 10 different processes: coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, and multiple processes. For each process, it provides examples to illustrate how new words are created through processes like combining existing words, shortening words, changing word categories, and deriving words from other languages.
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Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings. It occurs when the same phonological word is used with different but related senses. An example is the word "walk" which can mean to move on foot, go on a stroll, or leave in an angry manner. Another example is the word "bank" which can refer to a financial institution or the rising land at the edge of a river or other body of water. According to linguist Saeed, polysemy is similar to homonymy but involves a close semantic relationship between the multiple meanings of a single word form.
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Word formation refers to the creation of new words by combining existing morphemes. There are productive and non-productive ways of word formation. Productive methods include affixation (adding prefixes or suffixes), compounding, conversion, abbreviation, and clipping. Non-productive methods are blending, backformation, sound imitation, and stress interchange. Affixation is the most common productive method and involves changing the part of speech or meaning of a word by adding prefixes or suffixes.
Hedges
Hedges are linguistic devices used by speakers to acknowledge they may not fully adhere to the maxims of quality, quantity, relation and manner. Examples of hedges include "I'm not sure if..." or "As far as I know..." which show respect for the quality maxim. Hedges allow speakers to convey uncertainty or lack of information while still communicating effectively. Inference is a conclusion drawn by a listener based on their background knowledge, while a presupposition is an implicit assumption that underlies what is said.
The allomorphs
This document defines allomorphs as different forms of the same morpheme that can vary in pronunciation or spelling. It provides examples of allomorphs in English, such as the plural morpheme 's' having forms like /s/, /z/, and /iz/, and the past tense morpheme 'ed' having forms like /t/, /d/, and /id/. The document also describes types of allomorphs including additive, replacive, suppletive, and zero allomorphs. Additive allomorphs add different sounds like '-ed', replacive allomorphs replace sounds, and suppletive allomorphs completely replace the word form.
Extension and Prototype
The document discusses key concepts related to the relationship between language and the world, including sense, reference, extension, and prototype. Sense involves a set of ideas about a word, extension refers to the complete set of all things a word can apply to, and reference picks out a specific instance of a word's use. Prototype refers to a typical member of a word's extension that best represents the category. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and their differences. It notes that language connects to the real world through reference, extension, and prototypes.
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This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
Presupposition And Entailment
This document defines and compares presupposition and entailment. Presupposition refers to information assumed to be true prior to an utterance, whereas entailment logically follows from what is asserted. There are different types of presupposition such as existential, factive, and lexical. Entailments are logical implications of an utterance, but presuppositions can be canceled in certain contexts. The projection problem refers to presuppositions not necessarily carrying over when a sentence becomes more complex.
Syllable in phonology
This document discusses syllables in phonology. It defines a syllable as a unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound. Syllables help segment speech into rhythmic strong and weak beats to make it easier for the brain to process. A word contains at least one syllable. The document then explains the parts of a syllable including onset, rhyme, nucleus, and coda. It provides examples of syllable structures and discusses syllable types such as open, closed, and those containing consonant clusters. Finally, it touches on syllabic consonants and stress patterns within words.
Phone, phoneme and allophone
Phoneme consists of two parts: phon and eme. Phon refers to the shape of a sound, and phoneme is formed when eme is added to phon. A phoneme is the smallest unit in a language that can change meaning. A phoneme is a set of allophones, which are variants of the same phoneme that do not change meaning. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively in a language.
Introduction to Morphology
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It analyzes the morphemic structure of words. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, and words can consist of free morphemes that can stand alone or bound morphemes that cannot. There are two main types of bound morphemes: derivational morphemes that change a word's meaning or class, and inflectional morphemes that change grammatical information without altering meaning. Words are formed through processes like affixation, compounding, reduplication, blending, and others. Understanding morphology helps with reading comprehension and vocabulary development.
Morphology (linguistics)
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It involves breaking words down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes to form words. There are several types of morphemes and word formation processes, including affixes, roots, stems, coinages, borrowing, calquing, and clipping. Morphological analysis involves identifying the morphemes within words.
Syntax
This document discusses syntax, which is the study of grammatical relations between words and other units within sentences. It covers topics such as word order, sentence formation, syntactic categories, phrase structure rules, and sentence structure. Syntax examines the rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful sentences in different languages and how these rules can vary between languages, dialects, time periods, and social groups.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
Sense relations & Semantics
1. Sense relation is a paradigmatic relation between words or predicates that results from the semantic relatedness between forms and meanings.
2. There are several types of sense relations, including synonymy (words with the same meaning), polysemy (words with multiple meanings), hyponymy (more specific terms that fall under a more general term), and antonyms (words with opposite meanings).
3. Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Word meanings can be classified in different ways, including referential, associative, connotative, social, affective, and reflected meanings.
Semantics ppt
This document discusses key concepts in semantics including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
- Speaker meaning refers to what a speaker intends to convey, while sentence meaning refers to what a sentence or word means in a language.
- A theory is a precisely specified framework of statements and definitions that can describe basic facts.
- Referring expressions indicate things being talked about, while sense refers to a word's meaning and relationship to other words.
- Predicates describe states or processes that referring expressions are involved in. Predicates have degrees based on number of arguments.
Stylistic devices
The document discusses various literary devices and techniques used in writing. It defines stylistic devices as characteristics that make a text distinctive. It explains that writers use literary devices like figurative language and imagery to improve writing and make it more interesting. Some examples of literary devices provided include metaphor, simile, personification, and irony. The document also covers other concepts like tone, conflict, and forms of poetry like couplet and haiku.
Types of phrases
This document discusses different types of phrases in the English language. It defines what a phrase is and explains that phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or prepositions. The main types of phrases discussed include noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, verb phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participle phrases, and absolute phrases. For each type of phrase, examples are provided and their function in a sentence is explained.
Allophone presentation
This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
SYNTAX - head and modifiers
The document discusses the concept of heads and modifiers in linguistics. It defines a head as the key word that determines the syntactic type of a phrase. The head identifies the category of the phrase, such as a noun phrase having a noun as the head. Modifiers are optional elements that modify or change the meaning of the head. Modifiers can be premodifiers or postmodifiers, and the main types are adjectives and adverbs. Phrases can be endocentric, having an obligatory head, or exocentric, lacking a head.
Phonetics and phonology ppt
This document summarizes key aspects of phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It discusses phonology, the production and transmission of speech sounds, and the principal cavities and organs involved in speech. It also defines consonants and vowels, and describes the place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. Key terms covered include bilabial, alveolar, voiced, voiceless, stops, fricatives, nasals, laterals, and approximants. The document also briefly mentions vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs, and suprasegmentals like stress, pitch, and intonation.
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This document discusses various word formation processes in the English language. It describes 10 different processes: coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, and multiple processes. For each process, it provides examples to illustrate how new words are created through processes like combining existing words, shortening words, changing word categories, and deriving words from other languages.
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linguistics
Conversion is a word formation process where a word changes grammatical form, such as from a noun to a verb, without changing spelling or pronunciation. The most common types of conversion in English are noun to verb and verb to noun. Examples provided include converting the noun "email" to the verb "to email" and converting the verb "to call" to the noun "call". Conversion is a productive way to form new words in English and occurs between other word classes as well, such as prepositions converting to nouns or verbs.
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This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
Mastering the Concepts Tested in the Databricks Certified Data Engineer Assoc...
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ASONAM2023_presection_slide_track-recommendation.pdf
Presented at the 2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on
Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining.
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real life
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
Mẫu PPT kế hoạch làm việc sáng tạo cho nửa cuối năm PowerPoint
Mẫu PPT kế hoạch làm việc sáng tạo cho nửa cuối năm PowerPoint
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
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Blending in morphology
- 2. BLENDING Blending is the process of forming a word by combining parts of words. In blending you sound out a sound or phoneme and combine it with the next sound or phonemes of a word form the word itself.
- 4. Here are some e.g. of blending • Glimmer = gleam + shimmer • Moped= motor + pedal • Sitcom= situation + comedy • Chexting= cheating + texting • Textpectation = texting + expectation • Flirtationship = Flirting + relationship • newscast = news + broadcast
- 5. Formation Most blends are formed by one of the following methods: 1. The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other (see portmanteau). For example, brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch. ■ simultaneous + broadcast→simulcast (3, exception) ■ smoke + fog →smog ■ spoon + fork →spork 2. The beginning of two words are combined. For example,cyborg is a blend of cybernetic and organism.
- 6. 3. Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For examples, the word californication, from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is a blend of California and fornication, and the word motel is a blend of motor and hotel
- 7. 4. Multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds’ order. Poet Lewis Carroll was well known for these kinds of blends. An example of this is the word slithy, a blend of lithe and slimy.This method is difficult to achieve and is considered a sign of Carroll’s verbal. A recent example is stagflation, a blend of stagnation and inflation.
- 8. When two words are combined in their entirety, the result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe.