This document discusses various processes of word formation in linguistics, including compounding, affixation, blending, derivation, borrowing, clipping, imitation of sounds, and the first-sister principle. It provides examples for each type of word formation and briefly defines key terms such as compound adjectives, compound nouns, compound verbs, rhyming compounds, derivation, etymology, and similatives. The document examines word formation from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives in linguistics.
This document discusses different types of affixes in grammar:
1. Prefixes and suffixes are bound inflectional or derivational elements added to word stems to form new words or alter word meanings. Examples of common English prefixes and suffixes and their meanings are provided.
2. Infixes are affixes inserted within the base of a word, such as the expletive infix in "fan-bloody-tastic." Confixes are composed of a prefix and suffix added to a root.
3. Other types of affixes discussed include superfixes, circumfixes, and expletive infixes. Various examples from English and other languages are used to illustrate each affix type.
The document discusses different aspects of word formation in English including prefixation, suffixation, and compounding. It provides examples of various prefixes, suffixes, and compound words in English and categorizes them based on their meaning or function. It also briefly discusses the evolution of English dictionaries and different types of lexicography.
Conversion is a word formation process where a word changes grammatical form, such as from a noun to a verb, without changing spelling or pronunciation. The most common types of conversion in English are noun to verb and verb to noun. Examples provided include converting the noun "email" to the verb "to email" and converting the verb "to call" to the noun "call". Conversion is a productive way to form new words in English and occurs between other word classes as well, such as prepositions converting to nouns or verbs.
This document discusses various processes of word formation in English, including compounding, derivation, blending, clipping, acronyms, novel creations, and respelling. Compounding involves combining two or more root morphemes, while derivation adds affixes to change a word's part of speech. Blending merges parts of two words together. Clipping and acronyms abbreviate words. Novel creations and respelling invent new words without reusing existing parts.
The document discusses various word formation processes including compounding, blending, back formation, affixation, and meaning change. It provides examples for each process. Compounding involves combining two or more free morphemes to form a new word like blackbird. Blending joins parts of different words like smog from smoke and fog. Back formation removes what is mistakenly considered an affix like peddle from peddler. Affixation adds a bound morpheme through prefixation, suffixation, or infixation. Meaning change alters a word's semantic meaning through processes like generalization or metaphorical extension.
The document discusses several processes of word formation in English including derivation, compounding, blending, clipping, acronyms, morphological reanalysis, borrowings, and back formation. Specifically, it provides examples of how new words can be created through adding affixes to existing words, combining words, shortening words, using initial letters to form pronounceable new words, reanalyzing word structures, adopting words from other languages, and extracting root words from existing complex words.
Comparing characteristics of old and middle englishAbdel-Fattah Adel
Middle English underwent significant changes compared to Old English in its treatment of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, syntax, pronunciation, writing system, and pronouns. Nouns lost case suffixes and declension, verbs developed new tenses like the -eth ending, adjectives lost agreement with nouns, adverbs adopted the -ly ending, syntax became stricter, pronunciation was altered with letter changes, the writing system was dramatically changed, and pronouns lost distinctions in gender, person and case.
This document discusses different types of affixes in grammar:
1. Prefixes and suffixes are bound inflectional or derivational elements added to word stems to form new words or alter word meanings. Examples of common English prefixes and suffixes and their meanings are provided.
2. Infixes are affixes inserted within the base of a word, such as the expletive infix in "fan-bloody-tastic." Confixes are composed of a prefix and suffix added to a root.
3. Other types of affixes discussed include superfixes, circumfixes, and expletive infixes. Various examples from English and other languages are used to illustrate each affix type.
The document discusses different aspects of word formation in English including prefixation, suffixation, and compounding. It provides examples of various prefixes, suffixes, and compound words in English and categorizes them based on their meaning or function. It also briefly discusses the evolution of English dictionaries and different types of lexicography.
Conversion is a word formation process where a word changes grammatical form, such as from a noun to a verb, without changing spelling or pronunciation. The most common types of conversion in English are noun to verb and verb to noun. Examples provided include converting the noun "email" to the verb "to email" and converting the verb "to call" to the noun "call". Conversion is a productive way to form new words in English and occurs between other word classes as well, such as prepositions converting to nouns or verbs.
This document discusses various processes of word formation in English, including compounding, derivation, blending, clipping, acronyms, novel creations, and respelling. Compounding involves combining two or more root morphemes, while derivation adds affixes to change a word's part of speech. Blending merges parts of two words together. Clipping and acronyms abbreviate words. Novel creations and respelling invent new words without reusing existing parts.
The document discusses various word formation processes including compounding, blending, back formation, affixation, and meaning change. It provides examples for each process. Compounding involves combining two or more free morphemes to form a new word like blackbird. Blending joins parts of different words like smog from smoke and fog. Back formation removes what is mistakenly considered an affix like peddle from peddler. Affixation adds a bound morpheme through prefixation, suffixation, or infixation. Meaning change alters a word's semantic meaning through processes like generalization or metaphorical extension.
The document discusses several processes of word formation in English including derivation, compounding, blending, clipping, acronyms, morphological reanalysis, borrowings, and back formation. Specifically, it provides examples of how new words can be created through adding affixes to existing words, combining words, shortening words, using initial letters to form pronounceable new words, reanalyzing word structures, adopting words from other languages, and extracting root words from existing complex words.
Comparing characteristics of old and middle englishAbdel-Fattah Adel
Middle English underwent significant changes compared to Old English in its treatment of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, syntax, pronunciation, writing system, and pronouns. Nouns lost case suffixes and declension, verbs developed new tenses like the -eth ending, adjectives lost agreement with nouns, adverbs adopted the -ly ending, syntax became stricter, pronunciation was altered with letter changes, the writing system was dramatically changed, and pronouns lost distinctions in gender, person and case.
This document discusses adjectives and their different types and uses in English grammar. It defines adjectives and describes three types: attributive, predicative, and nominal adjectives. It also discusses adjective order and placement in English, noting that adjectives typically follow a specific order based on categories like size, age, color, etc. The document provides an example of the typical order and notes some exceptions and variations in placement.
The document discusses different methods of word formation, including etymology, clipping, and acronyms. It defines etymology as the study of the origins and history of words. Etymologists use various techniques like comparing related languages and studying semantic changes to trace how words evolved over time. While an etymology reveals a word's root, its contemporary definition may differ from its original meaning. The document also defines clipping as shortening words by dropping syllables, and describes different types like back, fore, and middle clipping as well as complex clipping involving compound words.
Old English had a highly inflected system of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs. Nouns and adjectives declined based on gender, number and case. Verbs conjugated based on person, number, tense, mood and voice. There were two tenses - present and past. Verbs were either strong, forming the past tense by ablaut, or weak, forming the past tense with dental suffixes. Compound words and derivation through prefixes and suffixes allowed the language to adapt and form new words over time.
The document defines and provides examples of various types of terms related to names (onomastics), including:
- Acronyms - pronounceable words formed from letter initials of other words.
- Anthroponyms - names of people.
- Toponyms - names of places.
- Ethnonyms - names of ethnic groups.
It discusses sub-categories such as acronyms that have taken on identities as words (anacronyms), names based on a person's father (patronymys), and words that have opposite meanings (antonyms). Over 40 different onomastic terms are defined in the document.
TSLB3013 : Linguistics - Word Formation ProcessesKelvin WC
This document discusses various word formation processes in English morphology, focusing on compounding and blending. It defines compounding as combining two or more lexemes into a single new word, and provides examples such as "girlfriend" and "paper clip". It explains that the meaning of a compound word is not always the sum of its parts. The document also defines blending as forming a new word by combining parts of two source words, and provides examples such as "brunch" and "modem".
This document provides a glossary of 70 English basic concepts with definitions and examples. It covers parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns. It also defines types of sentences, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and other grammar rules. The glossary is intended as a reference for students learning English concepts.
This document provides an overview of nouns and noun phrases. It discusses the classification of nouns based on formation, meaning, and grammatical features. It also examines the number forms of nouns, including regular and irregular plurals, collective nouns, material nouns, abstract nouns, and proper nouns. Additionally, it outlines the general pattern and functions of noun phrases, including the use of nouns as premodifiers and postmodifiers.
This document discusses different types of word formation including derivational morphology, inflectional morphology, compounding, blending, clippings, and acronyms. Derivational morphology involves adding affixes like -ify and -cation to base words to derive new words that may be a different part of speech. Inflectional morphology involves changing word endings to indicate things like number, tense, and possession. Compounding involves blending two existing words together like armchair. Blending is similar but blends the words, like smog from smoke and fog. Clippings shorten words and acronyms use the initial letters of multi-word phrases.
Affixation is a process that adds prefixes or suffixes to root words to create new words or different forms of existing words. Prefixes are added to the beginning of root words while suffixes are added to the end. Affixation can be either inflectional, which adds grammatical information without changing the word's meaning or class, or derivational, which always changes the word's meaning and can change its class. Common examples of affixation in English include adding suffixes like "-s", "-ed", or "-ing" or prefixes like "un-", "im-", or "dis-".
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: English Morphology (Word Formation). It also talks about the different types and examples of Sounds of Word Formation.
The document discusses various processes of word formation in the English language. It defines terms like neologism, etymology, coinage, borrowing, calque, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. It provides examples for each term and discusses the differences between related processes like compounding and blending.
The document discusses personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and noun cases in Finnish. Personal pronouns refer to people and decline based on person and number. There are also different types of plural forms in Finnish including nominative plural, partitive plural, and inflected plural which is formed with an infix.
The document discusses different types of adjectives and adverbs. It provides examples of different categories of adjectives including opinion, size, age, shape, color, material, origin, and purpose adjectives. It also discusses comparative, superlative, possessive, demonstrative, indefinite, and interrogative adjectives. For adverbs, it discusses adverbs of time, which answer the question "when," and adverbs of place, which answer the question "where."
This document provides an overview of nouns in Arabic. It explains that Arabic words can be nouns, verbs, or particles. It then discusses the different types of nouns like proper nouns, nouns with al- defined by, and possessive nouns. The document also covers how to identify a noun based on features like tanween endings or prepositions. Finally, it distinguishes between definite and indefinite nouns, as well as conjugated nouns that change form versus nouns that have one consistent form like pronouns.
Compound words in English are formed by combining two or more words, usually nouns or adjectives. There are three forms of compound words: closed form with the words joined together like "firefly"; hyphenated form like "daughter-in-law"; and open form with separate words like "post office". Compound nouns are formed by joining a noun modified by another noun or adjective, such as "toothpaste" from "tooth + paste". Compound adjectives are made up of two or more words usually joined by hyphens, like "English-speaking".
This document provides an overview of key concepts in English phonology including:
1) It defines phonological terms like phoneme, grapheme, allophone, and discusses the vocal tract and phonetic transcription.
2) It describes the consonants and vowels that make up the sound system of American English.
3) It discusses how morphology is influenced by phonology through processes like allomorphy, vowel deletion, and assimilation.
This document discusses possessive adjectives in English and Spanish. It provides examples of possessive adjectives and how they are used to show ownership or relationships between people. In both languages, possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. While English uses apostrophes to show possession, Spanish uses "de + noun" constructions instead, such as "el perro de Jorge" instead of "Jorge's dog." The document also notes that the Spanish possessive adjective "su" can replace a phrase using "de + person" to indicate possession.
Original Power Point retrieved from http://www.mrsshirley.net/powerpoint/realidades/grammar/
real1grammar/real1grammar.htm. Educational use granted if credit given to author.
Milbook Marketing Company is a leading provider of Business Reputation Management Services. Milbook Marketing Company growing customer list includes major international chains, brand auto dealers, dental, medical, travel, leisure, property management, retail stores, restaurants, legal services, country clubs and more. Milbook Marketing Company is also committed to educating business owners on the power and importance of reviews.
http://milbookmarketing.com/index.html , digitalagency@milbookmarketing.com
The music video for The Cure's song "Close To Me" is a performance-based video that shows the band playing their instruments inside a cramped wardrobe. While The Cure is typically classified as gothic rock, this song has a lighter, more upbeat style similar to alternative rock. The video reflects the lyrics of feeling trapped and anxious through its unconventional setting of band members performing in a small, confined space. It focuses on lead singer Robert Smith, who is the iconic figure of the band, and features the dark, pale aesthetic typically associated with gothic rock.
This document discusses adjectives and their different types and uses in English grammar. It defines adjectives and describes three types: attributive, predicative, and nominal adjectives. It also discusses adjective order and placement in English, noting that adjectives typically follow a specific order based on categories like size, age, color, etc. The document provides an example of the typical order and notes some exceptions and variations in placement.
The document discusses different methods of word formation, including etymology, clipping, and acronyms. It defines etymology as the study of the origins and history of words. Etymologists use various techniques like comparing related languages and studying semantic changes to trace how words evolved over time. While an etymology reveals a word's root, its contemporary definition may differ from its original meaning. The document also defines clipping as shortening words by dropping syllables, and describes different types like back, fore, and middle clipping as well as complex clipping involving compound words.
Old English had a highly inflected system of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs. Nouns and adjectives declined based on gender, number and case. Verbs conjugated based on person, number, tense, mood and voice. There were two tenses - present and past. Verbs were either strong, forming the past tense by ablaut, or weak, forming the past tense with dental suffixes. Compound words and derivation through prefixes and suffixes allowed the language to adapt and form new words over time.
The document defines and provides examples of various types of terms related to names (onomastics), including:
- Acronyms - pronounceable words formed from letter initials of other words.
- Anthroponyms - names of people.
- Toponyms - names of places.
- Ethnonyms - names of ethnic groups.
It discusses sub-categories such as acronyms that have taken on identities as words (anacronyms), names based on a person's father (patronymys), and words that have opposite meanings (antonyms). Over 40 different onomastic terms are defined in the document.
TSLB3013 : Linguistics - Word Formation ProcessesKelvin WC
This document discusses various word formation processes in English morphology, focusing on compounding and blending. It defines compounding as combining two or more lexemes into a single new word, and provides examples such as "girlfriend" and "paper clip". It explains that the meaning of a compound word is not always the sum of its parts. The document also defines blending as forming a new word by combining parts of two source words, and provides examples such as "brunch" and "modem".
This document provides a glossary of 70 English basic concepts with definitions and examples. It covers parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns. It also defines types of sentences, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and other grammar rules. The glossary is intended as a reference for students learning English concepts.
This document provides an overview of nouns and noun phrases. It discusses the classification of nouns based on formation, meaning, and grammatical features. It also examines the number forms of nouns, including regular and irregular plurals, collective nouns, material nouns, abstract nouns, and proper nouns. Additionally, it outlines the general pattern and functions of noun phrases, including the use of nouns as premodifiers and postmodifiers.
This document discusses different types of word formation including derivational morphology, inflectional morphology, compounding, blending, clippings, and acronyms. Derivational morphology involves adding affixes like -ify and -cation to base words to derive new words that may be a different part of speech. Inflectional morphology involves changing word endings to indicate things like number, tense, and possession. Compounding involves blending two existing words together like armchair. Blending is similar but blends the words, like smog from smoke and fog. Clippings shorten words and acronyms use the initial letters of multi-word phrases.
Affixation is a process that adds prefixes or suffixes to root words to create new words or different forms of existing words. Prefixes are added to the beginning of root words while suffixes are added to the end. Affixation can be either inflectional, which adds grammatical information without changing the word's meaning or class, or derivational, which always changes the word's meaning and can change its class. Common examples of affixation in English include adding suffixes like "-s", "-ed", or "-ing" or prefixes like "un-", "im-", or "dis-".
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: English Morphology (Word Formation). It also talks about the different types and examples of Sounds of Word Formation.
The document discusses various processes of word formation in the English language. It defines terms like neologism, etymology, coinage, borrowing, calque, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. It provides examples for each term and discusses the differences between related processes like compounding and blending.
The document discusses personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and noun cases in Finnish. Personal pronouns refer to people and decline based on person and number. There are also different types of plural forms in Finnish including nominative plural, partitive plural, and inflected plural which is formed with an infix.
The document discusses different types of adjectives and adverbs. It provides examples of different categories of adjectives including opinion, size, age, shape, color, material, origin, and purpose adjectives. It also discusses comparative, superlative, possessive, demonstrative, indefinite, and interrogative adjectives. For adverbs, it discusses adverbs of time, which answer the question "when," and adverbs of place, which answer the question "where."
This document provides an overview of nouns in Arabic. It explains that Arabic words can be nouns, verbs, or particles. It then discusses the different types of nouns like proper nouns, nouns with al- defined by, and possessive nouns. The document also covers how to identify a noun based on features like tanween endings or prepositions. Finally, it distinguishes between definite and indefinite nouns, as well as conjugated nouns that change form versus nouns that have one consistent form like pronouns.
Compound words in English are formed by combining two or more words, usually nouns or adjectives. There are three forms of compound words: closed form with the words joined together like "firefly"; hyphenated form like "daughter-in-law"; and open form with separate words like "post office". Compound nouns are formed by joining a noun modified by another noun or adjective, such as "toothpaste" from "tooth + paste". Compound adjectives are made up of two or more words usually joined by hyphens, like "English-speaking".
This document provides an overview of key concepts in English phonology including:
1) It defines phonological terms like phoneme, grapheme, allophone, and discusses the vocal tract and phonetic transcription.
2) It describes the consonants and vowels that make up the sound system of American English.
3) It discusses how morphology is influenced by phonology through processes like allomorphy, vowel deletion, and assimilation.
This document discusses possessive adjectives in English and Spanish. It provides examples of possessive adjectives and how they are used to show ownership or relationships between people. In both languages, possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. While English uses apostrophes to show possession, Spanish uses "de + noun" constructions instead, such as "el perro de Jorge" instead of "Jorge's dog." The document also notes that the Spanish possessive adjective "su" can replace a phrase using "de + person" to indicate possession.
Original Power Point retrieved from http://www.mrsshirley.net/powerpoint/realidades/grammar/
real1grammar/real1grammar.htm. Educational use granted if credit given to author.
Milbook Marketing Company is a leading provider of Business Reputation Management Services. Milbook Marketing Company growing customer list includes major international chains, brand auto dealers, dental, medical, travel, leisure, property management, retail stores, restaurants, legal services, country clubs and more. Milbook Marketing Company is also committed to educating business owners on the power and importance of reviews.
http://milbookmarketing.com/index.html , digitalagency@milbookmarketing.com
The music video for The Cure's song "Close To Me" is a performance-based video that shows the band playing their instruments inside a cramped wardrobe. While The Cure is typically classified as gothic rock, this song has a lighter, more upbeat style similar to alternative rock. The video reflects the lyrics of feeling trapped and anxious through its unconventional setting of band members performing in a small, confined space. It focuses on lead singer Robert Smith, who is the iconic figure of the band, and features the dark, pale aesthetic typically associated with gothic rock.
This document discusses filming at a beachfront location in PalmaDe Mallorca. The beachfront will be used for mid shots, establishing shots, and intimate shots to capture its beauty and represent the connections between people and the city. Filming considerations include finding intimate moments between people, as well as the lighting and weather conditions on the shooting day.
Mohammed Feroz Khan is a Human Resources and payroll Manager with over 6 years of experience in areas such as payroll administration, benefits administration, training and development, and strategic planning. He currently works as an HR Generalist for a consumer products company in Bangalore, India, where he manages payroll for 110 employees and develops training programs. Previously, he worked as an HR Manager for a construction company, where he established an effective union avoidance program and reduced vacancy times. He aims to utilize his expertise in HR operations, employee relations, compensation, and policy administration.
Ik ben Saskia Vugts ( 1963 ) Al jaren schilder ik portretten in opdracht met olieverf. Na mijn opleiding aan de academie voor schone kunsten Arendonk ben ik professioneel portretschilder. Mijn grootste inspiratiebron is de unieke mens. Met liefde probeer ik in ieder portret een hart en ziel te leggen.Op een geheel eigenwijze schilder ik mijn portretten op de authentieke manier met een knipoog naar modern design. Voorheen tekende ik portretten met pastel, ik maak ook dierportretten in opdracht. Aan een Portretopdracht gaat een fotoshoot vooraf. Waar veel energie ingestoken wordt, het is belangrijk om een goed beeld van de te portretteren persoon te krijgen. Na een aantal maanden is het te vervaardigen portret klaar. Voor meer informatie kijk op mijn persoonlijke website http://saskiavugts.nl/portret-in-opdracht/
Ik ben Saskia Vugts ( 1963 ) Al jaren schilder ik portretten in opdracht met olieverf. Na mijn opleiding aan de academie voor schone kunsten Arendonk ben ik professioneel portretschilder. Mijn grootste inspiratiebron is de unieke mens. Met liefde probeer ik in ieder portret een hart en ziel te leggen.Op een geheel eigenwijze schilder ik mijn portretten op de authentieke manier met een knipoog naar modern design. Voorheen tekende ik portretten met pastel, ik maak ook dierportretten in opdracht. Aan een Portretopdracht gaat een fotoshoot vooraf. Waar veel energie ingestoken wordt, het is belangrijk om een goed beeld van de te portretteren persoon te krijgen. Na een aantal maanden is het te vervaardigen portret klaar. Voor meer informatie kijk op mijn persoonlijke website http://saskiavugts.nl/portret-in-opdracht/
Ik ben Saskia Vugts ( 1963 ) Al jaren schilder ik portretten in opdracht met olieverf. Na mijn opleiding aan de academie voor schone kunsten Arendonk ben ik professioneel portretschilder. Mijn grootste inspiratiebron is de unieke mens. Met liefde probeer ik in ieder portret een hart en ziel te leggen.Op een geheel eigenwijze schilder ik mijn portretten op de authentieke manier met een knipoog naar modern design. Voorheen tekende ik portretten met pastel, ik maak ook dierportretten in opdracht. Aan een Portretopdracht gaat een fotoshoot vooraf. Waar veel energie ingestoken wordt, het is belangrijk om een goed beeld van de te portretteren persoon te krijgen. Na een aantal maanden is het te vervaardigen portret klaar. Voor meer informatie kijk op mijn persoonlijke website: http://saskiavugts.nl/portret-in-opdracht/
O documento discute a importância da medição e da estatística para tomar decisões baseadas em dados. A medição fornece dados que podem ser convertidos em informações úteis através da estatística. A estatística é usada para descrever produtos e processos e prever resultados, e diferentes níveis de conhecimento podem ser atingidos à medida que mais dados são coletados e analisados. Os dados convertem ideias em fatos que mostram a realidade.
James' subconscious takes control of his body and uses it to influence people and lead a rebellion. Trapped in limbo, James sees that his subconscious has taken over southern England and will remain in control permanently if it stays in the physical world for 3 more months. James pulls himself back to reality only to find it in ruin. He must convince a resistance group to help him defeat his subconscious so he can save their friends who have been imprisoned.
The document discusses the future of work with the rise of robots and automation. It makes three key points:
1) While some jobs will be automated, not all jobs can be automated and new jobs will be created, so the prediction that 47% of jobs will disappear is an overstatement.
2) For humans to continue to have meaningful work, complementarity between humans and machines is important, with humans focusing on work that requires human skills and interaction.
3) As robots take over some tasks, there are new inequality issues around income as some jobs are lost to automation, and around wealth as those who own robots will control the future economy. Support measures may be needed for those unable to cope with changes
This document discusses the digital transformation and the future of knowledge work. It notes that we are witnessing fundamental changes in the economy and society due to disruptive innovation and new business models. Two potential scenarios for the future of knowledge work are presented: 1) "Digital assembly lines and digital control" where there is total transparency and standardization of knowledge work, or 2) "New humanization of the digital work world" with empowered employees, collaboration, and participation. The document argues we must actively shape this transformation by adding humanity, rethinking priorities around collaboration, and taking action in three fields: shaping ongoing work changes, preventing regulatory erosion, and starting a new humanization of work.
This document analyzes and summarizes elements from movie posters for Dr. Who: The Day of the Doctor and The Dark Knight.
It notes that the positioning of the three doctors in the Dr. Who poster conveys disagreements between two that will be resolved by the central figure. An exploding Dalek hints at the Time War. Small credits and logos avoid distraction from the adventure.
For The Dark Knight poster, it observes the long shots of Batman and the Joker convey their distance but conflict. The subtle Batman logo in the fire appeals to mature audiences. A dark blue background suits the darker narrative.
The document concludes by stating elements it will apply to its own poster, like character positioning,
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Turkish music incorporates diverse elements from Central Asian, Byzantine, Ottoman, Persian, Balkan, and European influences. It has roots dating back to the 11th century Seljuk Empire and contains Turkic and pre-Turkic influences. Modern Turkish popular music emerged in the early 1930s as part of a drive for Westernization. Traditional musical instruments include the kanun, doombec, zills, saz, and tar. Famous dances include the Horon, Zeybek, and Whirling Dervishes' sema ceremony which represents union with God.
1) La ortodoncia es la especialidad médica que se enfoca en el tratamiento pre y postquirúrgico para corregir la alineación de los arcos dentarios y la estructura ósea facial.
2) El diagnóstico y tratamiento de maloclusiones requiere la participación de un equipo multidisciplinario que incluye cirujanos maxilofaciales, ortodoncistas y otros especialistas.
3) La tomografía cone beam provee imágenes detalladas de las vías respiratorias superiores que son ú
A myth is a symbolic story that conveys truths about culture and origins, rather than recording true events, while legends are semi-true stories passed down over time with meaning or symbolism. Myths often involve supernatural beings and explain beginnings. The centaur is a mythological creature that is half-human and half-horse, seen as both embodiments of untamed nature and as teachers. According to Greek tradition, centaurs were born from the union of a king and a cloud disguised as the king's wife. Myths continue to be read and studied today as they help humans understand the world and their place in it by responding to eternal questions and providing guidance.
A root is a word element that forms the base of a word and can have prefixes or suffixes added to derive new words. Roots often come from Latin or Greek and carry a specific meaning. Examples provided describe common roots such as "voc" meaning word/name and "audi" meaning hear. Common prefixes and suffixes are also described, including how they can change a word's meaning or class. Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word while suffixes are added to the end.
Teaching English vocabulary and grammar (by Desire Noumi T.)TchoulaNoumiDesire
This is a lecture presented in a TESOL Master's class in fulfilment of a course.
It is all about the following: General knowledge on terminology in English Grammar and Vocabulary, The notion of Collocation(with practical examples taken in domains of HEALTH AND ILLNESS, INTERNET, STUDY AND LEARNING, PRESENTATIONS)
The evolution of the technology of language (1)tborger
Primitive humans used a combination of sounds and gestures to communicate in early languages. Vowel sounds were among the first sounds produced, as they require no manipulation of the throat or mouth. Consonants were also used. The basic units of sound are called phonemes, while the smallest units of meaning are morphemes. Early sentences consisted of a verb to indicate an action and a noun as the subject or actor, allowing for simple statements, questions, and commands. Over time, language became more complex with the addition of adjectives, adverbs, and dependent clauses, leading to more advanced sentence structures and forms of communication like complex oratory. The evolution of language technology allowed humans to develop literacy through writing systems.
Homonyms are words that are identical in sound or spelling but different in meaning. There are three main types of homonyms: homophones which sound the same but have different spellings and meanings, homographs which are spelled the same but have different pronunciations and meanings, and heteronyms which are homographs that are also not homophones. Homonyms can arise through convergent sound changes over time where words that were once pronounced differently develop identical pronunciations, or through divergent semantic development where the meanings of words split far apart over time. Synonyms are words of the same language and part of speech that have similar or identical core meanings, while antonyms are words of the same language and part of speech that
The document provides instructions for mastering vocabulary words from Michael Buckhoff's TOEFL iBT Vocabulary List. It explains that the list contains 1,700 words divided into intermediate and advanced categories. Learners are instructed to write new words on notecards and study them regularly by writing sentences and adding synonyms. The document also provides examples of context clues like examples, appositives, punctuation and conjunctions that can help determine a word's meaning.
The document provides instructions for mastering vocabulary words from Michael Buckhoff's TOEFL iBT Vocabulary List. It explains that the list contains 1,700 words divided into intermediate and advanced categories. Learners are instructed to write new words on notecards along with their meanings and use sentences to study the words regularly. Contextual clues from examples, appositives, punctuation etc. can help understand unfamiliar words encountered in reading.
Compound words are formed by combining two or more lexemes into a single word. There are several types of compound words including noun compounds, verb compounds, and adjective compounds. Compound words can be identified by their meaning, stress pattern, and subclasses like endocentric, exocentric, copulative, and appositional compounds. The process of compounding allows for unlimited combinations of words in the English language.
English grammar refers to the rules and conventions for usage in the English language. It includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. There are eight main word classes in English: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Nouns form the largest word class. Unlike many other languages, English nouns do not have grammatical gender.
This document provides a summary of key linguistic concepts including:
1. It defines the traditional and syntactic definitions of phrases, noting the traditional focuses on function while syntactic focuses on form based on tree structures.
2. It explains how meaning depends on context through linguistic context like deictic expressions, co-text from prior discourse, and collocation of words.
3. It describes how sentence organization is represented through tree diagrams to show syntactic relationships and convey meaning.
4. It discusses how phonology can impact sentence meaning if words are mispronounced, changing the intended concept.
5. It outlines the uses of the pronoun "it" for subjects/objects and how its meaning and appropriate usage
The document discusses morphology, which is the study of word structure. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning or grammatical function. Morphemes are classified as either free or bound. The document also discusses inflectional and derivational morphology in English, including common affixes. It provides examples of different word formation processes like compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, and derivation.
The document defines nouns and pronouns, their functions, and classifications. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas and can be proper, common, countable, non-countable, abstract, concrete, individual, collective, derived or primitive. Pronouns refer to or represent nouns to avoid repetition, agreeing in gender and number with their antecedents. Pronouns are classified as personal, demonstrative, indefinite, relative, reflexive, intensive, interrogative or reciprocal.
The document discusses English syntax and describes the four main groups of syntactic structures. It explains that words can be combined into larger structures to convey various meanings. The structures are formed by combining two or fewer words and can be divided into constituents. Some examples of structures provided are noun phrases and verb phrases. The rest of the document elaborates on different types of syntactic structures such as modification structures, appositives, verbs as modifiers, adverbs as noun modifiers, and prepositional phrases as modifiers. It also provides examples and diagrams to illustrate syntactic heads and dependents.
The document provides instructions for mastering vocabulary words from the TOEFL iBT Exam Vocabulary List. It explains that the list contains 1,700 words divided into intermediate and advanced categories. Learners are instructed to write new words on notecards along with definitions and examples to aid memorization. Regular study of the notecards through writing sentences and adding synonyms is recommended to increase vocabulary knowledge. Context clues that may help determine word meanings are also outlined.
This document discusses the relationship between language and culture through several lenses. It explores how nonverbal communication like gestures and facial expressions vary across cultures. Ethnolinguistics examines how language and culture influence each other, with some arguing that language structures thought and others that culture structures language. The document also compares features of human language like arbitrariness, productivity, and displacement to communication systems in other species like bees, finding both similarities and differences.
This document defines and provides examples of basic grammatical terms including parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and clauses. It also defines noun types such as proper nouns, common nouns, collective nouns, compound nouns, and possessive nouns. Additionally, it describes the nine types of pronouns including personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and their cases and functions in sentences.
Morphology is the study of words and their meaningful parts, called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning that cannot be broken down further while retaining meaning. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are classified as either derivational or inflectional based on how they change the word. Derivational morphemes can change the part of speech or meaning of the word, while inflectional morphemes change grammatical properties like number, tense or case without altering the core meaning. Together, morphemes form words and convey meaning
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It involves the analysis of morphemes like roots, affixes, and stems. There are two main types of morphemes - inflectional morphemes which mark grammatical functions and derivational affixes which can change word categories. Some common word formation processes in English include affixation, compounding, clipping, blending, borrowing, back-formation, and functional shift. Morphemes can be categorized as root morphemes, which have an individual lexical meaning, or non-root morphemes like inflections and affixes.
This document discusses phrasal verbs, blend words, and acronyms. Phrasal verbs are two-word phrases consisting of a verb and particle that take on new meanings. Blend words are formed by combining parts of two words. Acronyms are abbreviations formed from the initial letters of words in a phrase. Acronyms can be pronounced as words or individually, and there are different types depending on how they are formed and pronounced.
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Wordformation 150629125548-lva1-app6891
1. Word
Ignatius Joseph N. Estroga, MA-Eng
Liceo de Cagayan University, Philippines
http://grammar.about.com/
ormation
2. Word
Formation
In linguistics, the ways in which new
words are made on the basis of other
words or morphemes. Also called
derivational morphology.
Word-formation can denote either a
state or a process, and it can be
viewed either diachronically or
synchronically.
4. Synchronic
linguistics
The study of a language at
one period in time (usually
the present).
Diachronic linguistics and Synchronic
linguistics are the two main temporal
dimensions of language study introduced
by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure
in Course in General Linguistics (1916).
7. compound
adjective
Two or more words that act as a single
idea to modify a noun
Ex. a part-time employee
a high-speed chase
As a general rule, the words in a compound adjective are
hyphenated when they come before a noun but not when they
come after
Ex. a well-known actor (√)
The actor is well known (x)
Also, compound adjectives formed with an adverb ending in -
ly are usually not hyphenated.
Ex. rapidly changing
violently swirled
8. compound
adjective
exercise
"If nothing else works, a total pig-headed unwillingness
to look facts in the face will see us through.“
"The general was meeting someone for dinner at
an out-of-the-way restaurant, not in the suburb of
Nanterre, but close by."
(Robert Ludlum,The Bourne Identity. Richard Marek Publishers, 1980)
"A well-developed sense of humor is the pole that adds
balance to your steps as you walk the tightrope of life."
(WilliamArthurWard)
"In the 19th century, before the science of archaeology
became well developed, the Ottomans laid out the
brick and concrete city that stands today."
10. compound
noun
Two or more nouns combined to
form a single noun.
Ex. grapefruit juice sister-in-law
schoolteacher
A compounded noun whose form no longer
clearly reveals its origin (such
as bonfire or marshall) is sometimes called
anamalgamated compound. Many place names
(or toponyms) are amalgamated compounds:
e.g., Norwich (north + village)
and Sussex (south + Saxons).
11. compound
noun
exercise
The whole idea started with a parent who wanted
to do a fundraiser for the snowboarding team at
Nevada Union.
"Alas, the poor speechwriter. I knew him well."
(Ted Sorensen, quoted by Bradley H. Patterson inTo Serve the President:
Continuity and Innovation in the White House Staff. Brookings Institution,
2008)
"As for me, except for the occasional heart
attack, I feel as young as I ever did.“ Robert Benchley
"Some movie stars wear their sunglasses even in
church.They're afraid God might recognize them
and ask for autographs.“
(Fred Allen)
13. compound
verb
Two or more words combined to form a single
verb. Compounds are written as either one word
or two hyphenated words
Ex. stir fry
sleep walk
brainwash
was playing
would have been playing
15. rhyming
compound
"What would the English language be without Georgie-Porgie,
tootsy-wootsy, razzle-dazzle, heebie-jeebies, walkie-talkie,
nitty-gritty, and polly-wolly-doodle? . . .We barely notice the
presence of rhyme in picnic, humdrum, humbug,
hobnob, and tidbit: the humor of their inner form has worn
off."
(Anatoly Liberman, Word Origins: Etymology for Everyone. Oxford Univ. Press, 2009)
"For all the hullabaloo surrounding the 'mobile gaming
revolution' there are few games that really tailor themselves
well to the medium."
(Toby Moses, "Extraction: Project Outbreak." The Observber, Nov. 26, 2011)
"Look out helter skelter
She's coming down fast
Yes she is
Yes she is coming down fast."
(John Lennon and Paul McCartney, "Helter Skelter")
17. Affixation
In the process of adding an affix
to a word to create either;
(a) a different form of that word
(e.g., bird → birds), or
(b) (b) a new word with a different meaning
(bind →binder).
The two primary kinds of affixation
are prefixation (the addition of a prefix)
and suffixation (the addition of a suffix).
19. Blending
A word formed by merging the
sounds and meanings of two or
more other words or word parts.
Also known as a portmanteau word.
One common type of blend is a full
word followed by a word part (called
a splinter), as
in motorcade (motor + cavalcade).
22. Derivation
The process of creating a new
word out of an old word, usually
by adding a prefix or a suffix.
Adjective:derivational.
LinguistGeert Booij notes that one criterion for distinguishing derivation
and inflection "is that derivation may feed inflection, but not vice versa.
Derivation applies to the stem-forms of words, without their inflectional
endings, and creates new, more complex stems to which inflectional rules
can be applied" (The Grammar ofWords, 2005).
23. Derivation
"Derivational morphology studies the
principles governing the construction of
new words, without reference to the
specific grammatical role a word might
play in a sentence. In the formation
of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from
infect, for example, we see the formation
of new words, each with its own
grammatical properties."
24. Derivation
Derivation versus Inflection
Morphology may be divided into
derivation--rules that form a new word
out of old words,
like duckfeathers and unkissable, and
inflection --rules that modify a word to
fit its role in a sentence, what language
teachers call conjugation and
declension."
25. Changes to Meaning and Word Class: Prefixes and Suffixes
"Derivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the
base word; that is, a prefix is added to a noun to form a new noun
with a different meaning:
patient: outpatient
group: subgroup
trial: retrial
Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually change both the
meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added to a
verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning:
adjective--dark: darkness
verb--agree: agreement
noun--friend: friendship"
27. Etymology
Etymology is the scientific study
of the origin of words.This
etymological study improves your
vocabulary.
The strong vocabulary gives you
a more challenging and rewarding job.
greater self-confidence in speaking and in writing.
improved comprehension in all your reading.
success in your studies.
28. Etymology
The etymology of a word refers
to its origin and historical
development: that is, its earliest
known use, its transmission from
one language to another, and its
changes in form and meaning.
Etymology is also the term for the
branch of linguistics that studies
word histories.
30. Borrowing
The majority of the words used in
modern English have been
borrowed from other languages.
Although most of our vocabulary comes
from Latin and Greek (often by way of
other European languages), English has
borrowed words from more than 300
different languages around the world.
31. Borrowing
futon (from the Japanese word for
"bedclothes, bedding")
gorilla (Greek Gorillai, a tribe of hairy
women, perhaps of African origin)
hamster (Middle High German hamastra)
kangaroo (Aboriginal language of Guugu
Yimidhirr, gangurru , referring to a species
of kangaroo)
kink (Dutch, "twist in a rope")
32. Borrowing
moccasin (Native American Indian,Virginia
Algonquian, akin to Powhatanmäkäsn and
Ojibwa makisin)
molasses (Portuguese melaços, from Late
Latin mellceum, from Latin mel, "honey")
muscle (Latin musculus, "mouse")
slogan (alteration of Scots slogorne, "battle
cry")
smorgasbord (Swedish, literally "bread and
butter table")
whiskey (Old Irish uisce, "water,"
and bethad, "of life")
34. Clipping or
Shortening
Some new words are simply
shortened forms of existing
words
Ex. indie from independent
exam from examination
flu from influenza
fax from facsimile.
36. Imitation of
Sounds
Words are also created
by onomatopoeia, naming
things by imitating the
sounds that are
associated with them:
Ex. boo, bow-wow, tinkle, click.
38. first-sister
principle
In compounding, the principle that the "first sister" to
the right of a verb is moved by transformation to the
left of the verb. (The "first sister" is the position
immediately adjacent to the verb.)
The first-sister principle (FSP) was proposed byThomas
Roeper and Muffy Siegel in "A LexicalTransformation
forVerbal Compounds" (Linguistic Inquiry 9, 1978): "All
verbal compounds are formed by incorporation of a
word in first sister position of the verb.“
Examples
hand-built
factory-built
hand-built in a factory
factory-built by hand
40. similative
In morphology, a construction
expressing sameness or
similarity of manner or being,
such as the compounds dead
loss and ice cold.
Similitive meanings may also be
conveyed by -like and other suffixes.
These suffixes are sometimes called
extenders.
41. similative
"During the show, to the jesting and prompting
of clowns, an elephant of snow-
white complexion performed humiliating and
belittling tasks, and as he did, not
unexpectedly, his 'whiteness' left a white mark
on everything he touched.“
"There is a marked distinction between what
we believe to be true and what is truth, as there
is an ocean-wide difference between reason
and reasoning.“
"His skin was the color of uncooked fish, and
his small, rat-like eyes had to them the irritated
squint of a newborn."
43. Exercises
In Exercise 1, you must change the
words given into new adjectives,
adverbs, or verbs by adding the
prefix or suffix that best suits
the context.
http://www.tolearnenglish.com
44.
45. Exercises
Exercise 2- OscarWilde Paragraph
Words can have a number of forms in
English depending on what part of
speech is used.These related words are
content words and will vary in noun, verb,
adjective and adverb forms.