The document discusses various processes of word formation in English. It defines terms like derivation, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, prefixes, and suffixes. Examples are provided to illustrate each process. Key points include: - Derivation is forming new words from root words using affixes like prefixes and suffixes. Common affixes include un-, mis-, -ful, -less. - Compounding combines two words to form a new word like carphone or football. - Blending fuses parts of two words to make a new word like smog from smoke and fog. - Clipping shortens words like chem from chemistry or exam from examination

1. WORD
Formation

2. Around 1900, J. Murray Spangler , a department-store
worker invented a device which he called an electric
suction sweeper.
Mr. Spangler sold his invention to
A businessman named
William H. Hoover , an owner of Hoover Suction
Sweeper Company.
He named the machine called “Hoover”.
INTRODUCTION

3. from Greek νέο- (néo-), meaning "new", and λόγος
(lógos), meaning "speech, utterance") is a newly
coined term, word, or phrase, that may be in the
process of entering common use, but has not yet
been accepted into mainstream language.
Neologisms are often directly attributable to a
specific person, publication, period, or event.
NEOLOGISM

4. The study of origin and history of words.
Derived from the Greek word “etymon” which means
„original form‟ + “logia” which means „study of ”.
Examples :
Etymology of the Word God:
The root-meaning of the name (from Gothic root gheu;
Sanskrit hub or emu, "to invoke or to sacrifice to") is
either "the one invoked" or "the one sacrificed to."
ETYMOLOGY

5. The invention of totally new terms(usually without
capital letters.
The least common processes of word formation.
Examples : aspirin, nylon, vaseline, zipper and xerox.
COINAGE

6. Google is a misspelling for the word googol. It became the
name of the company Google which become a widely used
expression meaning “to used the internet to find
information.
New words based on the name of a person or a place is
called eponyms.
Examples :
hoover, spangler, sandwich, jeans, fahrenheit, volt and watt.

7. One of the most common sources of new
words in English.
The process of taking over words from other
languages.
BORROWING

8. Examples : croissant(French), dope(Dutch),
lilac(Persian), piano(Italian),
pretzel(German), sofa(Arabic),
tattoo(Tahitian), tycoon(Japanese),
yogurt(Turkish) and zebra(Bantu).
Japanese use a suupaa or suupaamaaketto
(“supermarket”) and taipuraitaa (“typewriter”).

9. Is a special type of borrowing.
In this process, there is a direct translation
of the elements of the word into the
borrowing language.
Word or phrase borrowed from another
language by literal, word-for-word or root-
for-root translation.
CALQUE OR LOAN-TRANSLATION

10. Examples : English (“skyscraper”)
French term gratte-ciel (“scrape-sky”)
Dutch wolkenkrabber (“cloud scratcher”)
German Wolkenkratzer(“cloud scraper”).

11. Combining two different words with different meaning that
will result to a new word with one meaning.
Examples :
Pill + box = pillbox
Under + ground = underground
High + way = highway
Kill + joy = killjoy
Earth + quake = earthquake
COMPOUNDING

12. Examples :
Hand-me-down
out-of-date
forget-me-not
out-of -order
PHRASE ODDITIES

13. The combination of two different forms to
produce a single new term or joining parts
of two or more words.
It is typically accomplished by taking only
the beginning of one word and joining it to
the end of the other word.
Combining two different words to produce
a new form by fusion.
BLENDING

14. In USA, a word gasoline but is made from alcohol, so
the blended word referring to this word is gasohol
smoke and fog = smog
breakfast/lunch = brunch
information/entertainment = infotainment
fact and fiction = faction
Bat and mash = bash
EXAMPLES:

15. Compounding is the combination of two
words with different meaning to produce a
new one.
Blending is combining the first and last
word of a two different terms. The terms
combined has the connection with each
other.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
COMPOUNDING AND BLENDING

16. A process in which the element of reduction that is noticeable in
blending is even more apparent.
Occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a
shorter form, usually in casual form.
Examples :
chemistry chem
examination exam
gymnasium gym
Emmanuel Emman
CLIPPING

17. Hypocorisms is the process in which a longer word is
reduced to a single syllable, then y or ie is added to the
end.
Examples :
moving pictures - movie
barbecue - barbie
television - telly
Cookie , sweetie , sugarpie

18. A very specialized type of reduction process.
A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form
a word of another type(usually a verb).
Examples :
television – televise
donation - donate
emotion - emote
babysitter -baby sit
BACKFORMATION

19. Backformed verbs in English is based on the common pattern.
The assumption seemed to have been that if there is a noun
ending in –er (or something close in sound), then we can create a
verb for what that noun –er does.
Examples :
burglars will burgle
editor will edit
peddlers will peddle
worker will work

20. Conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word
formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word
class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without
any change in form.
It is a change in a function of a word, as for example :
Noun comes to be used as a Verb
Verb comes to be used as a Noun
Verb comes to be used as an Adjective
Adjective comes to be used as Verb
Adjective comes to be used as a Noun
CONVERSION

21. bottle
We bottled the home-brew last night.
butter
Have you buttered the toast?
chair
Someone has to chair the meeting.
vacation
They‟re vacationing in Florida.
NOUNS AS VERBS

22. Guess – a guess
Spy – a spy
Must – a must
Phrasal verbs
To printout – a printout
To takeover – a take over
VERBS AS NOUNS

23. Stand-up – stand up comedian
See – see through
VERBS AS ADJECTIVES

24. Dirty floor – to dirty
An empty room – to empty
ADJECTIVES AS VERBS

25. Some crazy ideas – a crazy
Those nasty people – the nasty
ADJECTIVES AS NOUNS

26. New words formed from the initial letters of a set of other
words.
The pronunciation consist of saying each separate letter.
Examples :
CD- compact disk
DVD- digital versatile disk
RAM- read access memory
ROM – read only memory
WAR – women against rape
ACRONYMS

27. Some acronyms came into general use so quickly that
some speakers do not think of their component
meanings.
Example:
ATM – automatic teller machine
PIN- personal identification number
I sometimes forget my PIN number when I go to
ATM machine.

28. The most common formation process to be found in the
production of new English words.
It is accomplished by means of a large number by
means of a large number of small bits of the English
language which are not usually given separate listings in
the dictionaries.
These small bits are generally described as affixes.
It is derived from or having a root word.
DERIVATION

29. un-
mis-
pre-
-ful
-less
-ish
-ism
-ness
Unhappy
Mistrust
Prejudge
Joyful
Careless
Childish
Terrorism
sadness
Affixes Use in word
SOME FAMILIAR EXAMPLES ARE :

30. Prefixes are affixes have to be added to the beginning of the
word.
Examples : un-, pre- and mis-
Suffixes are affixes have to be added to the end of the word.
Examples : -less, -ish and –ism
Disrespectful –both prefix and suffixes.
Foolishness – has two suffixes.
Retake – has prefix.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

31. It is an affix that is incorporated inside another
word.
It is possible to see the general principle at work
in certain expressions , occasionally used in
fortuitous or aggravating circumstances by
emotionally aroused English speakers.
Examples : Unfuckinbelievable
INFIXES

32. It is the case in which two or more processes are
involved in forming a neologism.
For example carphone is a new form in which telephone
is shortened to phone (clipping) and then it is combined
with car (compounding).
MULTIPLE PROCESSES

33. Identify the processes involved in the
creation of the following forms.
1. I just got a new
car-phone.
2. James wants to be a
footballer.
3. The negotiators
blueprinted
a new peace
proposal.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

34. Identify the type of word formation
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

35. Footobooru(Japanese) – football (English)
Luna de miel (Spanish “moon of
honey”) - honeymoon (English)
That’s really fandamntastic!
When I’m ill I want to see a doc, not a vet.
?

36. Carelessness
Unfaithful
Terrorism
Prepackaged
Reincarnation
IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES AND
SUFFIXES USED IN THESE WORDS

37. 1. How much RAM do you have?
2. Your friend Jason is Such a techie!
3. We‟re paying too much attention to Bloggers.
4. You should bookmark that site.
DESCRIBE THE WORD-FORMATION
PROCESSES INVOLVED

38. Questions?
Clarifications?
Reactions?

39. Thank You!
Study well.
Quiz Next Meeting
  

40. Mark Ariel T. Artiaga
Irish Joy